Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• ), the thermal evaporation is preferential [1], while for picosecond and femtosecond laser pulses of lower power density, the explosive ejection mechanism typically prevails resulting in NP formation at earlier stages from the ejected droplets or fragments. 1.3 Nanoparticle nucleation and growth After

• surface free energy is determined as work per unit area required for the formation of a new surface [12]. Therefore, it is a fundamental parameter that determines nanoparticle growth and stability of different particle shapes. The surface energy is dependent on a multitude of parameters, including NP size

• the anisotropic growth and self-assembly of nanostructures with the formation of nanorods and nanosheets. It is currently agreed that media surrounding the particles also influence the surface energy dependence on nanoparticle size. If ions or surfactants are present in the solution, their absorption

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• nanoparticle formulation is polyethylene glycol-modified (i.e., PEGylated) lipids (PEG lipids), which can significantly influence the stability, cell interactions, and overall effectiveness of LNP delivery vehicles. This review collates insights into the role of PEG lipids in LNPs by illustrating how the PEG

• chains arrange on the nanoparticle surface and the potential impacts on LNPs’ physicochemical properties by varying surface PEG density or PEG chemistry. Subsequently, PEG conformations are discussed in terms of their modulation of protein corona formation, cellular uptake, and immunogenic responses

• LNPs, PEG lipids are widely used to provide the nanoparticles with a unique outer layer. The “stealth” properties of PEG chains can prevent nanoparticle aggregation, reduce nonspecific protein adsorption, and delay immune recognition, thereby extending LNP circulation half-life in the bloodstream [2][4

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• activity and enhanced biocompatibility, achieved through phytochemically mediated synthesis. Conventional nanoparticle production often relies on toxic reagents and energy-intensive processes, posing environmental and clinical challenges. In contrast, green synthesis, using plant extracts, fungi, or

• bacteria, offers a sustainable alternative by leveraging natural reducing agents like polyphenols and flavonoids. These bioactive compounds not only facilitate nanoparticle formation but also improve stability and biological efficacy, making them ideal for dental applications such as caries prevention

• biomaterials [16][17]. Owing to their high adaptability to various metals, including silver, zinc, iron, and platinum, their operational simplicity, and the ability to control nanoparticle size and morphology by selecting plant extracts and reaction conditions, green synthesis is gaining increasing prominence

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• process. According to Goel et al., the physical methods primarily rely on magnetic separation, while chemical approaches focus on nanoparticle functionalization to improve their effectiveness in microplastic removal [74]. Accordingly, numerous magnetic nanomaterials have been investigated and modified to

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• permeability, critical factors for effective oral drug delivery, are discussed in detail. Furthermore, nanoparticle synthesis methods that enable controlled release profiles, optimized biodistribution, and improved therapeutic efficacy are also explored. Thus, polymers represent a dynamic platform for

• developing diverse nanocarriers for oral applications, and this review provides a valuable theoretical foundation for understanding the strategies currently employed in this field. Keywords: drug delivery; nanoparticle; oral administration; polymer; polymeric nanoparticle; Review 1 Introduction The oral

• overall release kinetics [24][32][33]. From a pharmacokinetic perspective, the size, surface charge, and morphology of PNs can modulate their transit through the GIT, and such properties can be tuned during nanoparticle preparation. The choice of manufacturing method considers not only these parameters

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• a single biometric element to directly analyze biomarkers [45][46], while dual-system biosensors combine two antibodies and/or aptamers [47] into a better composite material to improve the specificity and sensitivity of the sensor. Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a gold nanoparticle aptasensor

• diagnostic outcomes. The establishment of a multiprotein model [49] confirms this conjecture. There are already gold nanoparticle aptamer biosensors and fluorescent aptamer sensors that show great potential in esophageal cancer diagnosis (Table 1). 3.1 Gold nanoparticle–aptamer sensors Scholars reviewed

• , incorporating specific assessments for immunotoxicity, organ toxicity, and nanoparticle accumulation in organs. Second, the negatively charged phosphate backbone of nucleic acid aptamers generates electrostatic repulsion with the anionic phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes, significantly limiting their

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• ]. Additionally, the use of biomimetic nanoparticles, including exosome-based delivery systems and cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, has shown promise in improving targeting efficiency and immune evasion [18][19]. Despite these advances, significant challenges remain, including nanoparticle stability in

• patents analyzed primarily focused on carrier-free self-assembly nanoparticle technology, which was present in eight inventions. Other types of nanotechnology, including nanovaccine, polymeric nanocapsules, and nanodrug complexes, were each identified in a single publication. The 14 inventions based on

• characterization, and therapeutic evaluation of nanotechnology [92]. The formulation of patent CN114470229 was discussed in an article by Guo et al., which showed that the nanoparticle, as in the patent, achieved better solubility, synergistic effect, and better targeting [93]. In addition, the article published

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• barriers, their biocompatibility, and low toxicity [18]. Their manipulation at the nanoscale changes specific surface properties, possibly improving the ability to cross biological barriers targeting the affected tissues [18][19]. In this context, nanoparticle controlled release based on biodegradable

• (≈225 nm) and PDI (<0.3). In vitro protein release The Figure 4 shows the release profile of T. serrulatus venom protein-loaded PLA cationic nanoparticles with two different formulations containing 0.5% (Figure 4a) and 1.0% (Figure 4b) (w/w) of Tsv in the nanoparticle suspension. The in vitro protein

• mice immunized with venom-loaded nanoparticles and aluminum hydroxide, demonstrating higher effectiveness of NPs at a 1.0% concentration compared to that of AH. Nanoparticle results were statistically different to those of the AH immunized groups, and demonstrated that the nanoparticles can stimulate

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• techniques for the removal of MPs. Nanoparticle-based removal Advancements in characterization and synthesis techniques have enabled the manipulation of materials at the nanoscale, leading to innovations across various domains, including energy, electronics, and biomedical applications. Figure 5 depicts

• various techniques for synthesis of nanoparticles. Nanoparticle synthesis is essential for tailoring materials that effectively remove MPs. Various approaches allow researchers to customize structure and functionality based on application needs. For example, the sol–gel process transforms a colloidal

• , including MPs [86]. Figure 7 illustrate the various types of nanoadsorbents used for MP removal, while Table 3 present their operational conditions and corresponding removal efficiencies for different types of MPs. Nanoparticle-based photocatalysis: Catalytic or photocatalytic oxidation, categorized under

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• examples of nanoparticle synthesis by laser ablation were discussed [7]. They have clearly depicted how the properties of the nanoparticles (NPs) depend strongly on size, shape, and size uniformity. Pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) is a promising method for producing pristine and supported materials

• exploration of the nanoparticle formation mechanism. These advanced analytical methods offer higher temporal and spatial resolutions compared to conventional techniques [22][23][24][25]. A recent review by Byram et al. [11] highlights the significant advancements made in PLAL over the past decade using laser

• potential in applications like catalysis. This technique has become a valuable addition to the toolbox of nanoparticle synthesis, offering enhanced precision and scalability for advanced materials and applications [6][29][30]. The synthesis of lead telluride (PbTe) NPs was successfully performed through

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• candidates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) due to their strong localized surface plasmon resonance and sharp tip geometry. In this study, AgNPrs were synthesized through a photochemical method by irradiating spherical silver nanoparticle seeds with 10 W green light-emitting diodes (LEDs; 520

• began to emerge at approximately 650 nm. This shoulder became more prominent after 24 h, shifting slightly to 662 nm. The appearance of this absorption feature indicated the onset of anisotropic nanoparticle formation, such as silver nanoprisms [4][5][6][7]. After 48 h of LED irradiation, the IPD peak

• experimental conditions, small spherical silver nanoparticle seeds had been almost completely converted into silver nanoprisms. Unlike conventional chemical synthesis methods, the photochemical LED-based approach does not produce fragmented or etched structures, resulting in well-formed AgNPrs. Additionally

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• expanded (2022–2024) to encompass agricultural runoff assessments and urease enzyme activity in agricultural soils. Microplastics: “Biochar” remains the most central keyword, reinforcing its critical role in addressing MP contamination. From 2022 to 2024, the singular emergence of “nanoparticle” suggests a

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• and Bruening have reported that Ag nanoparticle-containing films have the same antibacterial effect as films containing Ag ions [49]. The nanoparticle-containing films may be much better because they minimize the amount of Ag ions absorbed in the body. The present work confirms the good antibacterial

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• delivery mechanism are broadly categorized into passive and active targeting [38]. Passive targeting is controlled by size, charge, and composition of the nanoparticle, which influences the localization, cell penetration, and release of the drug as physicochemical features of pathogenic tissues facilitate

• encapsulation in SLNs include high-pressure homogenization and microemulsion techniques. In these processes, drugs are incorporated in the melted lipid before nanoparticle formation, leading to high entrapment efficiency within the solidified lipid matrix, whereas hydrophilic drugs may be partitioned at the

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• traditional methods, such as thin film hydration, to produce liposomes and lipid nanoparticles [113][120]. Microfluidics offers exceptional control over particle size, lower variability, higher EE, and better scalability, making it the most advanced and practical approach for nanoparticle production [115][119

• the localized and controlled delivery of medicine [108]. Liposome–nanoparticle hybrids integrate the benefits of both liposomes and nanoparticles. These hybrids provide a synergistic approach to treating complicated diseases like cancer by enabling multimodal medicines, such as combining chemotherapy

• with photothermal or photodynamic therapy. These hybrids are especially promising in cancer therapy. For instance, theranostic liposome–nanoparticle hybrids integrate therapeutic agents with imaging capabilities, allowing for simultaneous treatment and real-time tumor response monitoring [136

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• inspired coatings derived from cell membranes with nanoparticle cores, these carriers become highly versatile vessels for encapsulating a wide array of therapeutic agents. As a result, they are being extensively harnessed for the precise delivery of drugs and genes, underpinning numerous biomedical

• various NPs, mostly for diagnostic or multifunctional theranostic applications. 1.3.1 Albumin. Albumin is a major protein present in blood and widely studied for drug–protein interaction and nanoparticle corona formation studies. Due to its immunocompatibility, long half-life, and abundance of binding

• –protein binding in vivo, nanoparticles can adsorb plasma proteins at their surface in blood circulation and form a corona, which can alter their biodistribution, cell uptake, and intracellular degradation [90]. Thus, as the protein corona increases, albumin proteins affect nanoparticle fate in vivo. As

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• for topical therapy. Nanoparticle-loaded hydrogels have proven to be promising carrier systems to deliver mometasone furoate [186], clobetasol propionate [198], and curcumin [185] for psoriasis therapy. For treating atopic dermatitis, PVA/alginate hydrogel loaded with prednisolone showed effective

• efficiently encapsulated 5-FU [196]. The 5-FU was encapsulated in the PLGA core using the solvent evaporation technique. Then, the nanoparticle was coated with cationic chitosan, aiming to promote ionic interactions with the anionic cell membrane of the tumor. Finally, eucalyptus oil (1%) was added to the

• surface of the nanoparticle to favor the penetration of the nanogels into the SC). Both in vitro and ex vivo results showed higher cutaneous penetration of 5-FU performed by double-walled PLGA–chitosan nanogels coated with eucalyptus oil, demonstrating the favorable potential of nanogels in skin cancer

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• for vector control. Keywords: dengue; nanoparticle; pest management; phytochemicals; Introduction Climate change has significantly impacted public health, intensifying the proliferation of disease vectors such as those transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Environmental conditions exacerbated

• selective toxicity to target organisms, making them a viable alternative for developing new insecticide formulations. Combining these attributes with nanoparticle encapsulation strategies, it is possible to considerably increase the biocidal agent efficacy while reducing the environmental and human health

• excessive cross-linking by TPP, thereby reducing both nanoparticle size and polydispersity [19]. Furthermore, the inclusion of rotenoids in the nanocomposite seemingly improved its dispersibility (Figure 2B and 2D) compared to respective controls of empty nanoparticles (Figure 2A and 2C). The presence of

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• oxides [36][37], or metal electrodes [38][39], using electrostatic [37], diffusive [40], or electrophoretic [39] pathways. Additionally, in contrast to form-in-place-methods such as CTS [20], the NP size does not depend on the loading [40]. Nanoparticle generation by laser synthesis and processing of

• , colloidal nanoparticles can be synthesized and/or processed by laser ablation in liquid (LAL) [51][52][53][54][55], laser fragmentation in liquid (LFL) [56][57], and laser reduction in liquid (LRL) [58][59][60], making LSPC an efficient method for nanoparticle research but also for scale-up, as it has been

• . Nanoparticle characterization is done by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), complemented by tempering and laser post

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• determined by Beer’s law, whereas the microscope underestimates this absorption by 10–20%. This surprising observation highlights the need for future work to identify the microscope feature(s) that lead to this quantitative discrepancy. Keywords: 3D imaging; mathematical model; Mie theory; nanoparticle

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• Taisei Himeda Risako Kunitomi Ryosuke Nabeya Tamotsu Zako Tsuyoshi Asahi Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan 10.3762/bjnano.16.80 Abstract We prepared stable nanoparticle dispersions of metal complex phthalocyanines (MPcs; M

• against cancer cells was reported. However, conventional methods of producing nanoparticle colloids require organic solvents and excessive amounts of organic adjuvants, which may have other implications for research in pharmacological, photochemical, and medical applications, and also may interfere with

• application as photosensitizers for PDT. We have already reported the nanoparticle fabrication of some MPcs by PLAL using deionized water [13][14][15]. The nanoparticles dispersed well in pure water, but precipitated in a buffer solution and a cell culture medium after one day. In this study, therefore, an

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• early-time structural relaxation and chemical bond dynamics in laser-induced ionization of liquid water. In the third chapter “Nanoparticle excitation in an ensemble and energy exchange with medium”, an approach is shown on how reactions of both the excited NPs as well as the interaction with the

• by the expanding NPs. Nanoparticle excitation in an ensemble and energy exchange with the medium With the latest advances in ultrafast imaging down to an atomic scale (see the section on single-particle imaging), it became possible to visualize photoreactions in individual particles [68][101][102

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• reduced graphene oxide (RGO), causes the drawbacks of small effective surface area and low dispersibility in media [10]. Several approaches have been reported to prevent the irreversible stacking of graphene-based nanosheets, including electrostatic repulsion, nanoparticle intercalation, three-dimensional

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• such properties [31]. For instance, it has been demonstrated that the wavelength-shifting characteristics of Si nanoparticles were caused by the effects of quantum-size confinement. The bandgap of silicon increased from its typical 1.1 eV in elemental form to nearly 3 eV in nanoparticle form, enhancing

• nanocolloid in this work. The optical properties of nanocolloids and their thin films were evaluated using UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. The nanoparticle characterization and surface morphology were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the

• standard deviation values in each case are given in the respective figures (Figures 4–6d). From the above analysis, it is evident that different morphologies of FeS2 nanoparticles are generated by PLAL as the liquid medium changes. The ablation and nanoparticle formation mechanism begins with the FeS2