Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• mesoscopic level. In the simplest case, we choose it as white zero-mean delta-correlated Gaussian noise: ⟨ξ(r,t)⟩ = 0, ⟨ξ(r,t)ξ(r’,t’)⟩ = σ2δ(r− r’)(t − t’) with the intensity σ2. The reaction term for the first adsorptive layer has the following form: Adsorption processes are described by the term Ra = ka(1

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• electrochemical process. The higher impedance of the modified Ag@ZnO NRs electrode improved signal-to-noise ratio, which means that the electrode can better distinguish the electrochemical signal of the analyte from background noise, resulting in more accurate results. Furthermore, a higher impedance of the

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• increasing (and decreasing [23]) temperatures, the slope is steeper; hence, it becomes more important to have a stable temperature while scanning. The data in this graph were collected under UHV conditions; increasing the pressure will affect the Q-factor [19] and, in turn, the signal-to-noise ratio. To

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• accurate knowledge of the quartz cantilever stiffness, the authors develop a method to quantify the stiffness based on thermal noise measurements and numerical simulation. Calibrated measurements of conductivity and resistivity are the focus of the contribution by Piquemal et al. [3]. A particular

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• ʟ-carnosine in aqueous solution compared to those in the solid is probably due to solvent effects. Figure 4c shows surface-enhanced Raman spectra (SERS) of ʟ-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio follows the order ʟ-car-AgNP4 > ʟ-car-AgNP3 > ʟ-car-AgNP2 > ʟ-car-AgNP1

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• identical normalisation parameters were applied to the descriptors in the test set (18 NMs). To identify the most relevant parameters, eliminate noise, and avoid overfitting, the BestFirst method with the CfsSubset evaluator were employed [40]. Four descriptors were selected to use in the model (see below

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• second-harmonic generation and modulation. This confinement is also crucial in reducing the impact of environmental noise on quantum systems, providing a more stable and controlled environment for quantum computing experiments. Achieving phase matching is crucial for various quantum processes, such as

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• baseline absorbance value. 5% is a sufficient threshold to overcome the noise floor of the data [33]. Clot morphology Wells of interest of a non-treated 96-well polystyrene were blocked with 300 μL 1% BSA in Milli-Q water for 2 h at 37 °C. After 2 h, wells were rinsed three times with Milli-Q water. Plates

Out-of-plane polarization induces a picosecond photoresponse in rhombohedral stacked bilayer WSe₂

• Guixian Liu,
• Yufan Wang,
• Zhoujuan Xu,
• Zhouxiaosong Zeng,
• Lanyu Huang,
• Cuihuan Ge and
• Xiao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.109

• microscopy (SPCM) with a 780 nm fiber laser (NPI Rainbow 780 OEM) mechanical chopped at 1050 Hz. The laser was focused near the diffraction limit on the samples by an objective (Olympus LMPLFLN 50×). The photocurrent was collected by a lock-in amplifier (Stanford SR830) with a background noise of

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• generally also means a shorter thermal response time, allowing the detector to respond more quickly to small temperature changes. Second, the active area is reduced, which allows for a more efficient detection of a useful signal because of the higher energy density and, therefore, a higher signal-to-noise

• estimate the TES ampere–watt sensitivity, spectral density of various noise components, and energy resolution. The ampere–watt sensitivity of TES is represented as Here, LI is the DC gain, τ is the time constant in the absence of electrothermal feedback, τI is the time constant in the limit when the

• [20]: where NEP is the noise equivalent power. The NEP is equal to the ratio of the total noise power spectral density IN to the ampere–watt sensitivity SI(ω). The total noise is composed of four components, namely, phonon noise , Nyquist TES noise , Nyquist external circuit noise , and the readout

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• signals in other individuals [178]. Moreover, the precise control over vibration frequencies observed in stridulation can inspire advancements in industrial applications where vibration control is essential. This includes machinery that operates more quietly and efficiently, reducing noise pollution and

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• analyser to assess the properties of the active device. The measured level of vibration of the MEMS bridge at a known temperature allows its stiffness to be determined with an accuracy of 5% [38]. First, the thermomechanical noise of the structure vibration was measured, then the displacement of the

• spectral analysis of vibrations [49]. The thermomechanical noise analysis approximates the bridge as a simple harmonic oscillator with one DOF, as has been used for determining the spring constant of AFM cantilevers [50]. This approach provides an approximation for the stiffness k in terms of the measured

• ranging from 200 μA (lower limit of the current source used in the experiment) to 3 mA (the assumed limit). It has been shown that achievable actuation deflections are as low as 28 pm. However, the deflection is limited by the noise of the actuation signal, which can be observed as a shift in the noise

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• -noise ratio for MM detection, surpassing levels achievable with other clinically approved imaging modalities. As early as 30 min post-administration, animals treated with the targeted usNPs demonstrated a ≈3-fold improvement in SNR for plasmacytomas in the spine. Song et al. synthesized AuNCs protected

Signal generation in dynamic interferometric displacement detection

• Knarik Khachatryan,
• Simon Anter,
• Michael Reichling and
• Alexander von Schmidsfeld

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1070–1076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.87

• a reflectivity of Rf = 0.04. The fourth end of the 3 dB coupler is connected to the detector, which is a photoreceiver (model HBPR-200M-30K-SI-FC, FEMTO Messtechnik, Berlin, Germany) converting the incoming light power into a voltage signal. The photoreceiver allows for high-sensitivity low-noise

• , which is a voltage between 0 and 10 mVpp with a typical noise level of less than 150 μVRMS. Time traces with a length of 4 μs at a sampling rate of 250 MS/s are taken and quantized with a resolution of 10 bits. Each experiment comprises a set of 20 to 30 measurements with the excitation voltage

• amplitude Vexc ramped from 0 to 7 V. This voltage is reduced by a 100:1 voltage divider before it is applied to the excitation piezo. For each amplitude, 512 traces of Vsig are taken and averaged, where the start of sampling is triggered by the zero crossing of the low-noise sinusoidal cantilever excitation

Bolometric IR photoresponse based on a 3D micro-nano integrated CNT architecture

• Yasameen Al-Mafrachi,
• Sandeep Yadav,
• Sascha Preu,
• Jörg J. Schneider and
• Oktay Yilmazoglu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1030–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.84

• measurements. The true performance of the original M-shaped CNT block with higher TCR, higher voltage, and higher current responsivity could be demonstrated. In this work, new noise measurements were performed and compared for both configurations. The new configuration 2 is superior regarding the optimization

• temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), effective thermal conductance (Gth), current responsivity ℜI = ΔI/Pin, which is the output current change per incident power, voltage responsivity ℜV = ΔV/Pin, which is the output voltage change per incident power, and noise equivalent power (NEP), which is the

• minimum power that can be detected by the bolometer for a 1 Hz detection bandwidth. The experimental setups for the responsivity and noise measurements included several devices, such as a DC power supply, an IR laser source, an optical chopper (Thorlabs MC2000B), a low-noise transimpedance amplifier (TIA

Beyond biomimicry – next generation applications of bioinspired adhesives from microfluidics to composites

• Dan Sameoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 965–976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.79

• film sheets combine under vacuum, offers more resilience and strength. However, vacuum jamming can present problems due to leaks, power consumption, noise from pumps, and the ultimate strength of the parts being limited by coefficients of friction and applied vacuum pressure. My interest in stiffness

Functional fibrillar interfaces: Biological hair as inspiration across scales

• Guillermo J. Amador,
• Brett Klaassen van Oorschot,
• Caiying Liao,
• Jianing Wu and
• Da Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.55

• together to prevent gaps between feathers [74]. Beyond forming the aerodynamic surfaces necessary for flight, feathers often exhibit species-specific adaptations. For example, owls have serrations on their leading-edge primary feathers, which are known to reduce noise during flight by mitigating flow

AFM-IR investigation of thin PECVD SiO_x films on a polypropylene substrate in the surface-sensitive mode

• Hendrik Müller,
• Hartmut Stadler,
• Teresa de los Arcos,
• Adrian Keller and
• Guido Grundmeier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 603–611, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.51

• deeper bulk phase of the substrate and more information of the near-surface region. In samples with a thicker layer of SiOx, this results in an improved signal-to-noise ratio. Even though the spectra of the sample with a low SiOx thickness still show sizable peaks originating from the substrate

Stiffness calibration of qPlus sensors at low temperature through thermal noise measurements

• Laurent Nony,
• Sylvain Clair,
• Daniel Uehli,
• Aitziber Herrero,
• Jean-Marc Themlin,
• Andrea Campos,
• Franck Para,
• Alessandro Pioda and
• Christian Loppacher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 580–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.50

• stiffness calibration of a particular type of qPlus sensor in UHV and at 9.8 K by means of thermal noise measurements. The stiffness calibration of such high-k sensors, featuring high quality factors (Q) as well, requires to master both the acquisition parameters and the data post-processing. Our approach

• relies both on numerical simulations and experimental results. A thorough analysis of the thermal noise power spectral density of the qPlus fluctuations leads to an estimated stiffness of the first flexural eigenmode of ≃2000 N/m, with a maximum uncertainty of 10%, whereas the static stiffness of the

• ; thermal noise; ultrahigh vacuum; Introduction Since the 2000s, non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) has established itself as a scanning probe method for the topographical, chemical, and electrical mapping of the surface of a sample down to the atomic scale [1][2][3]. When used in an ultrahigh

Directed growth of quinacridone chains on the vicinal Ag(35 1 1) surface

• Niklas Humberg,
• Lukas Grönwoldt and
• Moritz Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 556–568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.48

• SPIP [29], which included filtering out noise and an adjustment of the contrast. Additionally, to some images, a Prewitt or Roberts filter for edge enhancement was applied in order to enhance the visibility of the step edges. The structure models were drawn with the free software Graphics Layout Engine

Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO₂ pigments: sample preparation and measurement

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Christopher Drury,
• Markus Rohe,
• Thomas Koch,
• Jochen Winkler and
• Petr Pikal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29

• thresholding. While the former detection methods do not require any pre-processing of the image filtering of the obtained results, the automated detection methods require both noise reduction and contrast–brightness unification prior to the automated grey-value thresholding, and a shape- and grey value-based

• implemented definition. The new software package does not support the previously used watershed transform; instead, a morphological shape separator must be used. The better image quality allows one to reduce the size of the rank filter for noise reduction from five to two pixels. The differences are

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• interferometric and beam-deflection detectors of motion are sufficient to resolve the thermal noise force determined by the damping of the cantilever eigenmode in thermal equilibrium with its environment. Operation in high vacuum and at cryogenic temperatures reduces this force noise, improving sensitivity to the

• point where motion detection becomes the limiting source of noise. In this context, the principles of cavity optomechanics may improve the sensitivity of AFM force sensors. Cryogenic AFM further enables the use of superconducting microwave resonators in a cavity optomechanical detection scheme [4][5][6

• kinetic inductance also comes with intrinsic nonlinearity, or current dependence of the inductance, which enables low-noise microwave parametric amplification [20]. Different materials studied in the literature include niobium nitride (Nb-N) [21][22], titanium nitride (Ti-N) [23][24], niobium titanium

Enhanced feedback performance in off-resonance AFM modes through pulse train sampling

• Mustafa Kangül,
• Navid Asmari,
• Santiago H. Andany,
• Marcos Penedo and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 134–143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.13

• the proposed method, the reference curve is calculated by averaging multiple recorded waveforms to reduce the noise level. However, this reference only represents the tip–sample interaction for one given material, which can lead to over- or undercorrection of the interaction when the tip touches a

Measurements of dichroic bow-tie antenna arrays with integrated cold-electron bolometers using YBCO oscillators

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Viktor O. Zbrozhek,
• Andrey V. Samartsev,
• Anastasia N. Orlova,
• Dmitry V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Victoria Yu. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Leonid S. Kuzmin,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko,
• Silvia Masi and
• Paolo de Bernardis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 26–36, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.3

• measured with YBCO Josephson Junction oscillators show narrow peaks at 205 GHz for the 210 GHz array and at 225 GHz for the 240 GHz array; the separation of these two frequency bands is clearly visible. The noise equivalent power level at an operating point in the current bias mode is 5 × 10−16 W/√Hz

• [8]. The estimated photon noise equivalent power (NEP) for the auxiliary channels is about 2 × 10−16 W/√Hz. The LiteBIRD is a satellite mission that investigates the B mode polarization of the CMB radiation to test the hypothesis of an expanding universe. This mission is carried out by the Japanese

• . But because of aliasing in the SQUID readout system and microphonic noise, the NEP in first QUBIC tests was limited to 2 × 10−16 W/√Hz. The Simons Observatory [6] is a four-telescope ground-based system, including one large-aperture telescope and three small-aperture telescopes. It will be built in

unDrift: A versatile software for fast offline SPM image drift correction

• Tobias Dickbreder,
• Franziska Sabath,
• Lukas Höltkemeier,
• Ralf Bechstein and
• Angelika Kühnle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1225–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.101

• software to three examples where the drift correction is especially challenging. Namely, we drift-correct SPM images with a very high drift velocity exceeding the slow scan rate, only partly usable images, and images with an overall weak contrast and high noise level. Moreover, we show that unDrift is

• experimental noise and a small non-linearity in the drift. Instead, we use the two drift velocities with the smallest difference. Finally, the true drift velocity is calculated by averaging over the individual drift velocities. For the selection of the drift velocity in step 5, unDrift provides an alternative

• second selection procedure tends to work better for images with low signal-to-noise ratio. Images without periodic structures As discussed before, unDrift features two algorithms to drift-correct SPM images without periodic structures based on the apparent movement of stationary features in consecutive