Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• ). Phosphate-buffered saline (Ca+2, Mg+2 free; PBS; Cat. No. 14200166), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium: nutrient mixture F-12 (Ham) (1:1) powder (DMEM F-12; Cat. No. 11320033), trypsin–EDTA (Cat. No. 25200056), fetal bovine serum (FBS; Cat. No. A5256701), antibiotic and antimycotic solution (100X; 10,000 U

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• the stock solutions in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer with [Na+] = 150 mM, pH 7.4. The samples used for OT assays consist of biotin-labeled λ DNA molecules (New England Biolabs N3011S) tethered by the ends between a streptavidin-coated coverslip and a streptavidin-coated polystyrene bead (3

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• 625 nm in saline water tubes. Subsequently, 100 µL of Mueller–Hinton broth was added to all wells in 96-well plates, followed by duplicate addition of the samples using serial microdilution, and finally, 10 µL of the inoculum. The plates were then incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. After incubation, 20 µL

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• CA-RA were 0.57 mM and 0.48 mM for WI38 and Chang liver, respectively. For these cell lines, p(Hist-CA) had an IC50 higher than 1.4 mg/mL (Table 2). The agglutination activity results are shown in Figure 3. Control plate wells with erythrocytes in saline exhibited a dense layer at the bottom

• erythrocytes underwent two washes with 0.9% saline solution and were centrifuged at 2500g for 10 min at 4 °C. Following each centrifugation cycle, the supernatant was meticulously discarded. Subsequently, the red blood cells were resuspended in 0.9% saline to achieve a concentration of 2%. The hemagglutination

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, Catalog No. 10010-023), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, high glucose; Catalog No. 11965092), fetal bovine serum (FBS, Premium Grade; Catalog No. A5670701), penicillin-streptomycin (Catalog No. 15140122), trypan blue (Catalog

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• substances, increasing medication accumulation at the infection site, and reducing the adverse effects of the free medication [75]. Additionally, in tests with mice treated with PLGA-LPV@M, a 60% of improvement survival was observed compared to the control group (saline treated). Untreated animals rapidly

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• voltammogram in ENR-free blank solution with no electrochemical response for ENR. In phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing ENR, there is a peak at 0.85 V on all four electrodes, attributed to the oxidation of ENR during the anodic scanning. No reduction peak was observed, revealing that the

• %), and HCl (37%) were bought from Fisher and Sigma-Aldrich. All chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade and used without further purification. K3[Fe(CN)6] (≥99.5%) and K4[Fe(CN)6] (≥99.5%) were purchased from China. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was prepared by mixing 0.2 M KH2PO4 and 0.2 M

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• penicillin and streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich) and ii) human plasma. The human plasma was in compliance with ethics in research committee (CEP) of UNICAMP/Brazil. Particularly, the plasma was diluted (final percentage of 5.5%) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4, 10 mM) for incubation with particles. The

• ). Transfers were performed for 1 h 30 min (100 V). Next, the membranes were incubated with blocking buffer (Tris saline solution with Tween 20 (TBS-T) + 3% BSA) for 1 h (room temperature). Subsequently, they were washed with TBS-T buffer and incubated with primary antibody anti-folate alpha receptor at a

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• ) Tumor volume growth curves and (E) ex vivo weight of tumors at 14 days after treatment. Treatments included saline (control), targeted AuNCs, non-targeted AuNCs, with or without radiotherapy (RT). The figure was adapted from [122], Biomaterials, vol. 144, by G. Liang; X. Jin; S. Zhang; D. Xing, “RGD

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• saline (PBS), pH 7.4. The effect on the cancer cell line HeLa was studied after incubation for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h at 37 °C. After incubation, the medium was discarded from the wells, and 50 µL of MTT (0.5 mg/mL in 0.05 mol/L PBS, pH 7.4) were added to each well. The incubation time with MTT is 4 h

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• ligand folate to improve their capacity to target cells expressing the folate receptor. Materials and Methods Chlorambucil (C0253), PLGA 504H (719900), IR780 (425311), Pluronic™ F-127 (P2443), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) (P8136), phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (P4417), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (472301

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

• Marie Grote,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

• . Freshly molted adult and subadult individuals were acquired from laboratory stock and used for imaging as well. Three individuals were chosen for each age group. Tarsi were cut off at the tarso-tibial joint and transferred into 1.5 mL solution of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and Triton TM-X100 (Sigma

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• , USA); Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM, Gibco, USA); MEM, no glutamine, no phenol red (Gibco, USA); phosphate-buffered saline (Gibco, USA); fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, USA); penicillin/streptomycin mix (Gibco, USA); ʟ-glutamine (Gibco, USA); non-essential amino acid solution (NEAA, Gibco

• using four bacterial strains (American Type Culture Collection, ATCC): E. coli (Gram-negative), P. aeruginosa (Gram-negative), S. epidermidis (Gram-positive), and B. subtilis (Gram-positive). A 24 h culture was made from each strain, and an amount of inoculum was suspended into 5 mL of saline solution

• was removed from each well and 200 µL of phosphate-buffered saline was added to eliminate the residual media as well as cells that were either loosely attached or did not attach to the plate. Then, 100 µL of diluted WST-1 reagent was added to the cells and incubated for 4 h. The absorbance values of

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• DTAB-AuNM, respectively, over a wavelength range 300–900 nm. Stability of AuNMs (CTAB-AuNM, MTAB-AuNM, and DTAB AuNM) in different media at the ratio (NPs:media) 3:1 where (a), (b), and (c) represent the stability of AuNMs in ethanol (70%), NaCl (0.9%), and 1X phosphate buffer saline (PBS). (a) k-CG

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• to the reduction of Au salts during LRL. Moreover, formed molecular hydrogen can contribute to reduction. Hydrogen formation was first reported by Maatz et al. in 2000 by irradiating water, saline solutions, and gelatine phantoms [66]. Meader et al. correlated the formation of free electrons and H2O2

Comparative analysis of the ultrastructure and adhesive secretion pathways of different smooth attachment pads of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea)

• Julian Thomas,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 612–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.52

• tarsomeres were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in (pH 7.4) phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 24 h, washed two times in PBS for 30 min each, fixed in 1% aqueous OsO4 for 1 h, and washed two times in double-distilled water, for 30 min each. After fixation, the samples were dehydrated using an ascending ethanol

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• inflammation, lowering blood glucose, relieving hypoxia, promoting angiogenesis, and eliminating pathogenic bacteria. Other in vivo experiments demonstrated that mice treated with silver-based nanocomposites showed significantly higher (p < 0.001) wound contraction compared to saline solution (negative control

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• ), and thiol-polyethylene glycol (SH-PEG, purity: ≥95%), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, 28–30%), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Merck. The chemical vinorelbine tartrate CRS (European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, catalog no: Y0000463) was also acquired from Merck. Synthesis of

• increase in temperature was observed in the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, control) solution. As shown in Figure 5b, when exposed to NIR laser, the temperature of the Fe3O4 NP solution reached a maximum of 37.6 °C. In contrast, Figure 5b(b,d) illustrates a rapid increase in the temperature of PDA/Fe3O4

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• -127 (P2443), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) (P8136), phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (P4417), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (472301), dichloromethane (DCM), 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) (M2128), and coumarin-6 (442631), K3[Fe(CN)6] (1049730100) were purchased from

Study of the reusability and stability of nylon nanofibres as an antibody immobilisation surface

• Inés Peraile,
• Matilde Gil-García,
• Laura González-López,
• Nushin A. Dabbagh-Escalante,
• Juan C. Cabria-Ramos and
• Paloma Lorenzo-Lozano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.8

• surrogate. FITC-labelled sheep polyclonal antibody against BSA was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. The blocking buffer was phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with casein (Pierce). Solvents and additives were purchased from Aldrich (Spain). PBS was purchased from Fisher Scientific. Nanofiber

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• bacteria during 24 h of incubation with and without samples was evaluated by counting the bacterial colonies growing on the agar surface. Briefly, at each incubation time interval (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 h), the solutions in each test tube were diluted many times in physiological saline. A volume of 100 µL of

Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment

• Lester Uy Vinzons,
• Guo-Chung Dong and
• Shu-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96

• Materials, Inc. (OH, USA), respectively. Dimethylacetamide (Alfa Aesar), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), sera, rhodamine–phalloidin (RP), 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and Alexa Fluor 488–beta-III tubulin antibody (AF488-anti-β3 tubulin) were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (MA, USA). RPMI

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, were purchased from Bio basic (Toronto, Canada). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium, Ham’s F-12 nutrient mixture (DMEM/F12), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco-BRL Life Technologies (Gibco–Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Fluorescein

Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes – CD163 may just be one

• Jonathan-Gabriel Nimz,
• Pichayut Rerkshanandana,
• Chiraphat Kloypan,
• Ulrich Kalus,
• Saranya Chaiwaree,
• Axel Pruß,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Yu Xiong and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1028–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.85

• chloride was purchased from B. Braun SE, Melsungen, Germany. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) 10-fold solution was purchased from Fisher scientific, Fair Lawn, New Jersey, USA. Human serum albumin (Plasbumin®20) was purchased from Grifols Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Trypan blue 0.4