Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• findings highlight the importance of optimizing lipid composition not only according to the general hydrophilicity or lipophilicity of the drug, but also considering the molecular size, structure, and specific interactions with lipid components. The stability of formulations containing HSPC 50 was

• efficiency than the formulation prepared at room temperature (25.22% vs 19.29%). This finding is supported by other studies, which demonstrated that elevated temperatures could alter the bilayer structure, negatively affecting ligand orientation and compromising functionalization efficiency [56]. Thus, the

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• stone sculptures and building protection, silicone-based consolidants and acrylic resins were adopted [25], offering resistance by penetrating in the porous structure of the artwork surface. As an alternative, together with the protection of stone structures, the path of restoration was also considered

• terminology became necessary [47]. In accordance with these two documents, preventive conservation measures are defined as actions aimed at avoiding or minimizing future deterioration or loss without interfering with the materials or structure of cultural heritage objects. Within this framework, protective

• consolidant composed of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and PDMS, forming a protective and functional coating. The film structure fully integrated the C-dots, without altering TiO2 bonding, maintaining visual transparency and color neutrality on mortar surfaces. Under both UV and visible light, the coated mortars

Microscopic study of the intermediate mixed state in intertype superconductors

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander V. Kalashnikov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin and
• Alexei Vagov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 57–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.5

• reproduce the known topology of superconductivity-type transitions and also extend it beyond the near-Tc regime to the entire temperature interval 0 < T < Tc. We note that, at lower temperatures (), the microscopic results reveal a subdivision within the IT regime: Around g ≃ 2.8, the vortex structure

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

• parts of their linear structure. The relatively greater apical diameter and basal diameter of setae, compared to those of spines or prongs, likely serve to balance the need for stalk flexibility with maximizing adhesive potential [74][75][76][77][78]. If basal diameter and apical diameter were narrower

• between stalks by packing them closer together. The higher density of prongs and spines is likely associated with their unbranched structure and the relative rigidity of these fibrils, which bend less and can, therefore, be positioned closer together without interfering with each other’s function [77

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• carbonaceous base material was chosen due to its high conductivity. The relevance of rGO is not limited to only one electrode; Kiran et al. revealed performance enhancement of both cathode and anode materials for hybrid supercapacitors as a result of rGO application as core structure [11]. A similar approach

• lithium sulfur batteries [19]. Such an improvement is enabled by the graphene-like structure and the defects within the flakes, represented not only by non-regular rings in the carbon lattice but also by the presence of oxygen functionalities and their percentile content [20][21][22]. A schematic

• eletrochemical reduction methods may result in a more defective structure of the graphene material [29][30], which, in this case, should be considered as a shortcoming of such an approach. Thermal methods may be additionally beneficial as they promote changes in the material's morphology introducing air pockets

Competitive helical bands and highly efficient diode effect in F/S/TI/S/F hybrid structures

• Tairzhan Karabassov,
• Irina V. Bobkova,
• Pavel M. Marychev,
• Vasiliy S. Stolyarov,
• Vyacheslav M. Silkin and
• Andrey S. Vasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 15–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.2

• [1]. However, it should be emphasized that the lack of inversion symmetry is the implication of the gyrotropy in the structure of the material that supports nonreciprocal transport [39]. On the microscopic level, the lack of inversion symmetry is expressed by the SOC term. In this regard, systems

• (F denotes ferromagnetic layer) hybrid structure depicted in Figure 1. We argue that such a hybrid structure can behave as a system with two helical bands as, for example, noncentrosymmetric superconductors [26][74]. However, the two helical bands in the structure under consideration are coupled not

• The F/S/TI/S/F hybrid structure can be described by the following effective low-energy Hamiltonian in the particle–hole and spin space: where α is the Fermi velocity, μ is the chemical potential, and V is the impurity potential of a Gaussian form, which is used for further quasiclassical approximation

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• only at 0 V substrate bias of all them may arrive at the substrate. For simplicity, we assumed a single elementary charge e having a value of 1.6 × 10−19 A·s [53]. Choosing the mechanical properties of the NPs is not straightforward as their internal structure is unknown. Nevertheless, the following

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• phototoxicity [38]. The ladder-like energy level structure of Ln3+ ions enable efficient photon UC of near-infrared (NIR) light, even with moderate excitation intensities (1–103 W·cm−2) attainable with gas-based lamps or continuous wave lasers [39]. Temperature measurements using Ln3+-doped nanomaterials have

• and particle retention [57]. Figure 5b–d shows the fluorescence emission throughout the intestinal structure post-ingestion, indicating UCNP accumulation within the lumen. This localization is strongly influenced by surface chemistry. The anionic character of our DOPS-rich lipid coating likely leads

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• , we report on the synthesis of polyhedral core–shell SPIONs. Their size was tuned to improve their magnetic properties. Furthermore, by hybridizing into a core–shell inorganic/inorganic structure, the nanoparticles can achieve significantly improved magnetic-to-thermal energy conversion efficiency (at

• while expecting good biocompatibility. The use of size-controlled synthesis enables the exploration of size-dependent magnetic properties, while the direct characterization of the core–shell structure using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high-resolution transmission electron

• indexed to the (222), (400), (111), and (311) planes of a spinel-type structure, in agreement with the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data (Figure S1, Supporting Information File 1). The presence of the (222) reflection, which is forbidden in XRD for a perfect spinel () due to structure factor constraints, can

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• ; microscopies; nanostructure; supramolecular hydrogel; Introduction Hydrogels, whether based on self-assembling molecules or cross-linked polymers, are useful in fields ranging from tissue engineering to drug delivery and biosensing [1][2][3][4][5]. Their high water content and soft, porous structure make them

• diketopyrrolopyrrole bis(carboxylic acid) (DPP-BC) (Figure 1), are probed using confocal fluorescence microscopy and cryo-SEM. ZnPc is a water-soluble fluorophore with a conjugated and mainly flat macrocyclic structure, characterized by strong absorption in the red region of the visible spectrum, and has been

• relies on fluorescence to visualize hydrated gels directly, cryo-SEM provides an electron-based image of frozen desolvated gels. Rapidly freezing the sample (plunge-freezing in liquid nitrogen slush followed by freeze-fracture) preserves its near-native hydrated structure (usually not the case, often ice

Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions

• Munisa A. Tomayeva,
• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155

• assumptions such as quasiclassical approximations or linearized gap equations. Our approach thus captures both the microscopic structure of the pairing correlations and the influence of boundary-induced inhomogeneities in a unified framework. We find that the power-law decay of the induced pair amplitude in

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• nanoparticles that lack clear structural chirality limit the understanding of structure–property relationships. To increase the structural chirality in metallic chiral nanostructures, we recently developed an approach to control NC surface passivation to achieve higher dissymmetry in the spatial profile for Ag

• cPNSs synthesized with chiral molecules present [110][111]. This understanding about how CPL dictates chiral structure formation is also applicable to nanofabrication technologies. For example, the chiral EM near field or photoelectron profile can create chiral patterns in photolithography and electron

• ) measures the interaction between electrons and cPNSs upon laser excitation by mapping the EELS within an electron microscope [135] (Figure 8e). In summary, we have reviewed the nanoscale characterization tools correlating structure to chiroptical activity of PNSs in this section. CD and ORD are handy tools

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• levels of VB12 in foods and pharmaceuticals is crucial for health management and disease prevention. VB12 is also known as cobalamin due to the presence of a central cobalt ion (Co2+) within the structure of its modified tetrapyrrole ring (Figure 1). A unique feature of the tetrapyrrole-derived ring in

• symmetrical rings found in heme and chlorophyll [2][11]. The structure of VB12 also includes a nucleotide loop that contains a unique base known as dimethylbenzimidazole (DMB). This nucleotide loop is attached to one of the propionate side chains of the corrin ring via an aminopropanol linker and stretches

• out below the corrin ring’s plane. This particular arrangement allows the DMB base to act as a secondary ligand for the central cobalt ion (Co2+), playing a crucial role in the molecule’s structural integrity and biological activity. Within the structure of VB12, Co2+ is capable of binding to an upper

Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers

• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Revin and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152

• bandwidth. The trade-off between the bandwidth expansion due to miniaturization and the reduction in absorption efficiency determined by the Airy spot size of the coupling lens is investigated. To solve this issue, a simultaneous miniaturization of the size of the entire structure with an increase in the

• solver of CST MWS in 3D mode. The simulated receiving structure is placed on a 500 μm thick silicon substrate. A 4 mm-diameter silicon hyperhemispherical lens is placed on the rear side of the substrate to efficiently couple the incident radiation into the planar structure. The external signal is

• of dext = 80 μm and an inner ring diameter of dint = 70 μm. The lattice constant (period) of the metamaterial array is P = 86 μm. The total size of the structure is 424 μm. A large-scale SRR has an outer ring with an external diameter of dext,1 = 80 μm and an internal diameter of dint,1 = 70 μm. The

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• the alpha level was kept at 0.05. Structures of gold nanoparticles used in this work. (A) PEG AuNPs were obtained in the presence of carboxyl PEG thiol. (B) Dimanno-AuNPs were covered with 50% of dimannoside and 50% of carboxyl PEG thiol. Note that, in (A) and (B), the linear structure of the

Hartree–Fock interaction in superconducting condensate fractals

• Edward G. Nikonov,
• Yajiang Chen,
• Mauro M. Doria and
• Arkady A. Shanenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2177–2182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.150

• –Beenker tilings [23], well-known representations of two-dimensional quasicrystals. Recent studies confirm that the superconducting condensate in quasiperiodic systems possesses a highly nontrivial spatial structure. This finding naturally raises the question of how sensitive the theoretical predictions

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• influence the food web structure [4]. For instance, a study in Dal Lake recorded MP concentrations of 2450 particles/m2 in sediments and 9.8 particles/L in surface water [11], indicating significant ecological exposure. 3.3 Global comparison with other sensitive aquatic ecosystems Across the globe, MPs have

• ) spectroscopy is used regularly to identify the chemical structure of MPs [34]. One of the most important developments for nanoplastic detection in complex environmental matrices is micro-FTIR to analyze particles smaller than 10 µm [35]. Raman spectroscopy improves on FTIR by using higher resolution and the

• is an emerging area. The defects in the crystal structure of nanomaterials trap light energy and enhance the production of ROS. According to Kim and Youn, these developments are essential to address the robustness and effectiveness of photocatalysts in a variety of environmental conditions [77]. 6.2

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• defects are results of C–C bond rotation in the graphene plane, which isomerizes a 6–6 ring structure to a 7–5 ring structure. Stone–Wales defects are commonly observed in multilayer graphene, graphite, graphene oxide, and their occurrence is temperature-dependent [15][16]. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN

• ) is a material that shares many structural and electronic properties with graphite. It is isoelectronic to graphene with N contributing two electrons to the π-conjugated bond and B contributing zero electrons, as opposed to graphene, where each C atom contributes one electron. The h-BN structure is

• h-BN with Stone–Wales defect. For graphite and bulk h-BN, we adopt a graphite unit cell with A–B stacking consisting of two layers and two atoms per layer. We perform geometry optimization, density of states (DOS) calculations, and band structure calculations. For graphite and h-BN with Stone–Wales

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• . Accordingly, the microemulsions were evaluated for their shear stress and viscosity at both room temperature (25 ± 2 °C) and skin temperature (32.5 ± 2 °C). Microemulsions can exhibit diverse rheological behaviors depending on their type, structure, droplet density, and interdroplet interactions [49]. As

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• gram-negative (Escherichia coli) pathogenic bacteria were evaluated, along with their DPPH scavenging activities. The crystal structure of the synthesized NCs was elucidated through XRD analysis, revealing characteristic diffraction peaks corresponding to the (111), (200), (220), (311), and (222

• Structural and morphological characterization of AgSbS2 NCs The crystal structure and phase of AgSbS2 NCs were investigated by XRD analysis. The obtained diffraction pattern and a schematic representation of the crystal structure are given in Figure 1. As can be seen from the XRD pattern, five dominant peaks

• separate interaction exists between 6 sulfur atoms and silver and antimony atoms. Also, the obtained diffraction peaks are neat and intense, indicating the absence of other secondary phase peaks, and proving the successful synthesis of the desired structure. FTIR analysis was carried out in the range of

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• doxorubicin (DOX), for example. Used in cancer treatment for decades, DOX has become a mainstay in oncology and is often nicknamed “the red devil” [34]. This name stems not only from its distinctive red colour, attributed to the quinone ring in its chemical structure, which absorbs in the visible spectrum and

• class, substantial variability in structure and surface chemistry can arise depending on the synthesis and purification methods employed, resulting in divergent biological outcomes. For example, carbon dots (CDs) smaller than 6 nm are typically cleared rapidly via the renal route, whereas larger CDs

• their surface chemistry and structure, emphasizing the need for systematic evaluation of their degradation pathways and by-products to ensure the safe design of nanomedicines. Moreover, CNMs can contain impurities that may impact their biological activity and safety. Therefore, it is important to assess

Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• [26] depending on minute charges in the beam profile or cantilever alignment. Both effects result in a considerable dependence of the lateral intensity distribution in the cantilever plane [25] on details of the alignment and, in turn, have an impact on the amount and interference structure of the

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• structure similar to a fiber-reinforced elastomer, with a fibrillar nature that leads to anisotropic mechanical properties [40][41][42]. Rather than explicitly resolving individual fibers and the surrounding amorphous matrix, we represented the spatula with a coarse-grained bead network whose anisotropic

• fibrillar structure was encoded through direction-dependent bond stiffnesses. Figure 5a shows the molecular spatula with beads colored according to different regions (tip/pad/shaft). Each bead, representing approximately five keratin molecules or 2.5 keratin dimers (65228 Da), was connected to 30

• , differences in adhesion originate from structure and geometry rather than interface chemistry. We analyzed the 16 spatulae individually. Figure 10, Figure 11, and Figure 12 report, respectively, their force, contact, and displacement profiles in a representative run. Across runs, orientation (pad- vs tip

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• the chromatographic separation of enantiomers. Despite these materials being highly engineered and commercially available, optimization was often done empirically. A rational design of future and improved solid phases for chiral chromatography requires that one understands how the chemical structure

• displays the typical aerogel structure with a random pore system and polydisperse sizes from 30 to 250 nm. The high porosity was confirmed by nitrogen physisorption analysis (Figure 2b). The isotherm is typical for a material with large mesopores and macropores, and the specific surface area, ABET, is 552

• m2·g−1. The meso-macroporous structure was also found by mercury intrusion porosimetry (Figure 2c). The FTIR spectrum is consistent with the proposed composition (Figure 2d). The vibrations at ν = 3000–3600 cm−1 are characteristic for NH and OH groups. At 2982 cm−1, one sees the CH groups. Amide

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• -sectional imaging, and attenuated total reflectance with Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy provided compelling evidence for the successful formation of the intended core–shell structure. The resulting nanofibers exhibited surface hydrophobicity, suggesting potential for anti-adhesive

• properties of nanofibers and create advanced structures with enhanced functionality, coaxial electrospinning can be used to generate nanofibers allowing for the building of a core–shell structure with desirable properties, taking advantage of the positive characteristics of each component (core and shell

• applications and naturally occurring in vertebrates [26][27]. It is a key element of the extracellular matrix, providing a gelatinous structure where collagen and elastin fibers are embedded. As an endogenous molecule, it demonstrates ideal biocompatibility and full absorption by human tissues. Its natural