Recent progress in perovskite solar cells: the perovskite layer

• Xianfeng Dai,
• Ke Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 51–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.5

• control the film morphology and the crystalline quality and to prepare high-quality perovskite films with complete surface coverage, uniform morphology and large well-crystallized grains [13][14][15][16]. At the same time, research also focuses on the preparation of large-area perovskite films of high

• perovskite solar cell with lower leakage current, better surface coverage and a PCE of 15.76% was fabricated. The addition of HBr shortened the crystallization time. However, the grains of the perovskite films were still not sufficiently large and dense to reach higher PCEs. In order to solve this problem

Self-assembly of a terbium(III) 1D coordination polymer on mica

• Quentin Evrard,
• Giuseppe Cucinotta,
• Felix Houard,
• Guillaume Calvez,
• Yan Suffren,
• Carole Daiguebonne,
• Olivier Guillou,
• Andrea Caneschi,
• Matteo Mannini and
• Kevin Bernot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2440–2448, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.234

• comparison with the corresponding values of the bulk material. A weight of the molecular nanochains of 1.53 ± 0.5 ng (1.87 ± 0.6 × 10−9 mol) was found for the [Tb(hfac)3·2H2O]n@mica sample. This value compares well with the density of nanochains observed using AFM (approx. 40% surface coverage, i.e., 75

Adsorption and desorption of self-assembled L-cysteine monolayers on nanoporous gold monitored by in situ resistometry

• Elisabeth Hengge,
• Eva-Maria Steyskal,
• Rupert Bachler,
• Alexander Dennig,
• Bernd Nidetzky and
• Roland Würschum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2275–2279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.219

• resistometry. From the desorption peak related to the (111) surface of the structure, which is associated with a resistance change of 4.8%, an initial surface coverage of 0.48 monolayers of cysteine could be estimated. Keywords: L-cysteine; in situ resistometry; nanoporous gold; self-assembled monolayer (SAM

• . With a specific surface area of 10 m2/g (determined following [20]), an initial surface coverage of 0.48 monolayers can be estimated. This value agrees well with SAM surface coverages reported in the literature [21][22][23]. The sensitivity of resistance measurements towards ad-/desorption can be

• voltammetry, a desorption of the SAM could be achieved from the crystallographic (111) planes, along with a resistance decrease of 4.8%, determined by in situ resistometry. From this, an initial surface coverage of 0.48 cysteine monolayers could be estimated. As an outlook, influencing parameters such as the

Tuning the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries by modifying the structural defects of the carbon felt electrode

• Ditty Dixon,
• Deepu Joseph Babu,
• Aiswarya Bhaskar,
• Hans-Michael Bruns,
• Joerg J. Schneider,
• Frieder Scheiba and
• Helmut Ehrenberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1698–1706, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.165

• felt for the unhindered reduction of V3+ ions. In fact, carbon felt with a surface coverage as high as 23% oxygen functionality showed relatively enhanced VRFB performance [7]. Nevertheless, the above-mentioned electrode with a higher amount of oxygen functional groups, when used in a three-electrode

Pure and mixed ordered monolayers of tetracyano-2,6-naphthoquinodimethane and hexathiapentacene on the Ag(100) surface

• Robert Harbers,
• Timo Heepenstrick,
• Dmitrii F. Perepichka and
• Moritz Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1188–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.118

• ) surface. The first structure (termed “relaxed”) was observed as a pure phase for coverages between 0.3 and 0.5 monolayers (ML). We refer to 1 ML as the surface coverage that corresponds to a uniform and complete monolayer of the relaxed structure. However, a complete monolayer of this structure does not

Tailoring the stability/aggregation of one-dimensional TiO₂(B)/titanate nanowires using surfactants

• Atiđa Selmani,
• Johannes Lützenkirchen,
• Kristina Kučanda,
• Dario Dabić,
• Engelbert Redel,
• Ida Delač Marion,
• Damir Kralj,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin and
• Maja Dutour Sikirić

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1024–1037, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.103

• of promoting aggregation. The TNW dispersions were less stable as the TNW concentration increased, for all investigated systems. The effect of NaBr on TNW stability depends on the surfactant concentration, i.e., it depends on TNW surface coverage with surfactants. Due to the screening effect, at

• lower surfactant concentrations, when surface coverage is incomplete, aggregation is more pronounced. The SCM approach was applied to simulate surfactant adsorption on the TNW surface in order to quantify the contribution of the surfactant structure on the adsorption equilibrium. In the literature

Experimental study of an evanescent-field biosensor based on 1D photonic bandgap structures

• Jad Sabek,
• Francisco Javier Díaz-Fernández,
• Luis Torrijos-Morán,
• Zeneida Díaz-Betancor,
• Ángel Maquieira,
• María-José Bañuls,
• Elena Pinilla-Cienfuegos and
• Jaime García-Rupérez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 967–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.97

• work we have used an off-flow spotting process for the immobilization of the half-antibodies, which yields a higher surface coverage and thus significantly higher sensing responses, as demonstrated in the reported bovine serum albumin (BSA) detection experiments. Results and Discussion PBG sensing

• used to perform the experiments. So, in this case we have performed an off-flow immobilization of the haBSA, which were spotted over the PBG sensing structures on the silanized SOI chip (Figure 6), in order to obtain a better surface coverage leading to a higher sensitivity. By considering the

• structures having wi values of 80, 100 and 120 nm, respectively. These sensing results mean a significant improvement of our previous results obtained using an in-flow immobilization of haBSA, where shifts below 20 pm were measured for a PBG structure with wi = 120 nm [9]. This confirms the higher surface

Structural and optical properties of penicillamine-protected gold nanocluster fractions separated by sequential size-selective fractionation

• Xiupei Yang,
• Zhengli Yang,
• Fenglin Tang,
• Jing Xu,
• Maoxue Zhang and
• Martin M. F. Choi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 955–966, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.96

• Figure 7. The decrease in the Au/S atom ratio with the size of the nanocluster clearly shows that the smaller AuNCs possess higher surface coverage ratio of penicillamine. Actually, on the basis of the results, we can easily understand why the smaller NCs precipitate in the higher volume percent acetone

Direct observation of the CVD growth of monolayer MoS₂ using in situ optical spectroscopy

• Claudia Beatriz López-Posadas,
• Yaxu Wei,
• Wanfu Shen,
• Daniel Kahr,
• Michael Hohage and
• Lidong Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 557–564, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.57

• inspection reveals some detailed differences between the morphology at the front and back surfaces regarding the surface coverage and the grain size. The grains grown on the back surface have already coalesced, forming a rather compact monolayer. In contrast, the grains on the front surface are still rather

Quantification and coupling of the electromagnetic and chemical contributions in surface-enhanced Raman scattering

• Yarong Su,
• Yuanzhen Shi,
• Ping Wang,
• Jinglei Du,
• Markus B. Raschke and
• Lin Pang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 549–556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.56

• and EM enhancement factors, the Raman spectrum of neat benzenethiol is used as reference. All measurements were normalized to account for differences in surface coverage, laser power, and acquisition time, before enhancement factor calculation (for details see Supporting Information File 1). The Raman

• from where ρsurf (0.544 nmol/cm2) is the surface coverage of benzenethiol [24], and Ssurf is the size of the laser spot. The results are summarized in Table 1 for the enhancement factors for the three vibrational modes investigated and the four different metal substrates with 633 nm excitation (for 785

Mechanism of silica–lysozyme composite formation unravelled by in situ fast SAXS

• Tomasz M. Stawski,
• Daniela B. van den Heuvel,
• Rogier Besselink,
• Dominique J. Tobler and
• Liane G. Benning

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 182–197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.17

• close to that of the protein molecule [22][53]. Su et al. [54] found that at small surface coverage the lysozyme attaches to silica NPs in a side on orientation, and recently the molecular dynamics simulations by Hildebrand et al. [55] also further confirmed that the side-on orientation of lysozyme with

pH-mediated control over the mesostructure of ordered mesoporous materials templated by polyion complex micelles

• Emilie Molina,
• Mélody Mathonnat,
• Jason Richard,
• Patrick Lacroix-Desmazes,
• Martin In,
• Philippe Dieudonné,
• Thomas Cacciaguerra,
• Corine Gérardin and
• Nathalie Marcotte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.14

• . The surface area (SBET) was determined from the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis in the relative pressure range corresponding to p/p0 < 0.4 and assuming a surface coverage of 13.5 Å2 per nitrogen molecule [31][32]. The mesopore volume was calculated using the αS method; the diameter of

Friction reduction through biologically inspired scale-like laser surface textures

• Johannes Schneider,
• Vergil Djamiykov and
• Christian Greiner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2561–2572, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.238

• investigating the influence of different lubrication conditions and counter body materials are scale-like structures with a surface coverage of 100%, organized in parallel rows, resulting in a surface as presented in Figure 1a and 1b. For generating these textures, a pulse distance of 49 µm and a row distance

Phosphorus monolayer doping (MLD) of silicon on insulator (SOI) substrates

• Noel Kennedy,
• Ray Duffy,
• Luke Eaton,
• Dan O’Connell,
• Scott Monaghan,
• Shane Garvey,
• James Connolly,
• Chris Hatem,
• Justin D. Holmes and
• Brenda Long

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2106–2113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.199

• comprehensive data set available in Table S1 (Supporting Information File 1). The sheet carrier concentration (CC, dose) values, from ac mode, are virtually the same for both the 13 and 66 nm substrates. This is due to the overall dose available being limited by surface coverage of the ADP dopant molecule

Synthesis of carbon nanowalls from a single-source metal-organic precursor

• André Giese,
• Sebastian Schipporeit,
• Volker Buck and
• Nicolas Wöhrl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1895–1905, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.181

• can grow more in height and the surface show less coverage. This trend continues for the straight CNWs and, thus, these walls are even higher. The curled CNWs grow highest, although the surface coverage increases again (76% compared to 60%) for the straight CNWs). This can be explained by the higher

Interaction-tailored organization of large-area colloidal assemblies

• Silvia Rizzato,
• Elisabetta Primiceri,
• Anna Grazia Monteduro,
• Adriano Colombelli,
• Angelo Leo,
• Maria Grazia Manera,
• Roberto Rella and
• Giuseppe Maruccio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1582–1593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.150

• obtain good surface coverage, we exploited electrostatic interactions between negatively charged, polystyrene, spherical, nanoscale materials and a functionalized, positively charged surface. In the case of small spheres (diameter of 80 nm), the interparticle distance and the number of randomly adsorbed

• lateral capillary forces tend to induce aggregation and disorder. Nevertheless, we were able to control the surface coverage by tuning the absorption time in order to achieve a long range order. Notably, we showed how this method can be easily transferred for use with different materials to produce large

• , the salt concentration influences the distance between the particles, and consequently, the surface coverage. For 80 nm polystyrene spheres, the coverage increases from 18% without NaCl to 38% for 10 mM salt concentration (Table 2), as a consequence of the decreasing particle distance. Indeed, the

Formation mechanisms of boron oxide films fabricated by large-area electron beam-induced deposition of trimethyl borate

• Aiden A. Martin and
• Philip J. Depond

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1282–1287, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.120

• temperature using TMB precursor are shown in Figure 2a. The material is rapidly deposited at room temperature and the rate sharply decreases with increasing substrate temperature. The sharp decrease in the rate of material deposition is caused by surface-coverage depletion of the precursor on the substrate at

Heterostuctures of 4-(chloromethyl)phenyltrichlorosilane and 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphine prepared on Si(111) using particle lithography: Nanoscale characterization of the main steps of nanopatterning

• Phillip C. Chambers and
• Jayne C. Garno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1211–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.112

• rinsed from the sample. The uniform color contrast observed in the phase image (Figure 2d) indicates that the nanoholes do not contain OTS. The approximate surface coverage of the OTS film measured 97%. The average thickness of the OTS monolayer was measured to be 0.7 nm. The measurements indicate

• submonolayer surface coverage relative to the ideal height (2.6 nm) of a densely packed OTS monolayer [25][41]. The nanoholes within OTS that were generated with particle lithography will serve as sites for further reactions with CMPS and H2TPyP to produce multicomponent nanostructures. Methyl-terminated OTS

• Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1) The nanostructures of CMPS also showed growth in lateral dimensions after the addition of porphyrin. A comparison of the nanostructure surface coverage was conducted to evaluate lateral growth of the nanostructures before and after porphyrin addition. The percentage

Effect of annealing treatments on CeO₂ grown on TiN and Si substrates by atomic layer deposition

• Silvia Vangelista,
• Rossella Piagge,
• Satu Ek and
• Alessio Lamperti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 890–899, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.83

• the Ce(thd)4 molecules do not effectively diffuse onto the substrate surface and the surface coverage on the TiN or Si substrates remains strictly connected to the surface roughness, which is higher on the TiN surface (compared to Si). We should keep in mind that the sticking coefficient of Ce(thd)4

• depends also on the nature of the surface. Metallic surfaces offer less centers of nucleation for diketonate molecules, implying a further reduction of the complete surface coverage and leaving space between Ce atoms to be occupied by O atoms during the subsequent O3 pulse. The alternating presence of Ce

Comparative study of antibacterial properties of polystyrene films with TiO_x and Cu nanoparticles fabricated using cluster beam technique

• Vladimir N. Popok,
• Cesarino M. Jeppesen,
• Peter Fojan,
• Anna Kuzminova,
• Jan Hanuš and
• Ondřej Kylián

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 861–869, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.80

• . Since the AFM measurements do not show any considerable decrease in the particle surface coverage with increased number of cycles, the reduction of antibacterial efficiency of Cu NPs can be assigned to a degradation of metallic copper and conversion to copper compounds due to the long-time exposure to

• the surface coverage of NPs for optimisation of the coating properties. Polymer film as a host material provides flexibility and plasticity to form the composites in required shapes. The tests with E.coli show the antibacterial efficiency of composites with both types of NPs. Since the mechanisms of

Anchoring of a dye precursor on NiO(001) studied by non-contact atomic force microscopy

• Sara Freund,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Nathalie Marinakis,
• Edwin C. Constable,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Catherine E. Housecroft and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 242–249, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.26

• , no enhanced diffusion or island formation of the organic ligand at this low surface coverage and under these annealing conditions was observed (see Figure S1 in Supporting Information File 1). Also annealing at higher temperatures did not increase the mobility of the molecules, but rather led to

The role of ligands in coinage-metal nanoparticles for electronics

• Ioannis Kanelidis and
• Tobias Kraus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2625–2639, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.263

• by 7%. The reduced surface coverage facilitated desorption of the surface molecules and bridging of the metal cores at reduced temperatures [99]. Some ligands, for example 2-mercaptoethanol or thioglycolic acid, have been reported to cause chain-like agglomeration of gold nanoparticles during their

• ]. Elimination of a labile ligand (e.g., 3-mercaptopropanol) from the mixed ligand shell during purification of the gold nanoparticles in water created particles that were protected by only a sparse monolayer of ω-functionalized ionic ligands (25% surface coverage). The particles with the sparse layer remained

Expanding the molecular-ruler process through vapor deposition of hexadecanethiol

• Alexandra M. Patron,
• Timothy S. Hooker,
• Daniel F. Santavicca,
• Corey P. Causey and
• Thomas J. Mullen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2339–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.233

• layer of metal-ligated multilayers. During this study, it was discovered that the solution deposition of alkanethiol molecules resulted in low overall surface coverage with features that varied in height. Because features with varied heights are not conducive to the production of uniform nanogaps via

• deposition results in a RMS roughness of 1.3 ± 0.1 nm, which is smaller than a Cu-ligated MHDA-C16 bilayer formed via solution deposition. Further, the surface coverage of these C16 islands (69.9 ± 1.8%) is considerably higher than the C16 surface coverage for the MHDA-C16 bilayer formed via solution

• deposition. Given the increase in surface coverage coupled with the marked decrease in roughness, this method is far more amendable to our goal of nanogap formation. It should be noted that thickness of the C16 islands is roughly twice as thick as predicted, which has been observed in other studies [27][33

Tailoring the nanoscale morphology of HKUST-1 thin films via codeposition and seeded growth

• Landon J. Brower,
• Lauren K. Gentry,
• Amanda L. Napier and
• Mary E. Anderson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2307–2314, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.230

• , surface coverage, and film thickness. In juxtaposition to the LBL method that generated films and crystallites in the sub-100 nm regime, MOF film deposition from mother liquor solutions, which are used to solvothermally produce powders, yield films that have thickness, roughness, and grain sizes on the

• increased (from 11.8 ± 2.2 nm to 19.3 ± 5.6 nm) corresponding with increased surface coverage that reflected the ellipsometrically observed film thickness increase. When the deposition time was increased to 5 and 24 h (Figure 1c,d), fewer large particles were observed and the average observed film roughness

• surface coverage with larger particles relative to the 48 h sample. Quantitative analysis of AFM images showed that the roughness of the 1.5 h sample was four times that of the 48 h sample. While this type of control of surface morphology has potential, the time requirements for the smooth film could be

Modelling focused electron beam induced deposition beyond Langmuir adsorption

• Dédalo Sanz-Hernández and
• Amalio Fernández-Pacheco

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2151–2161, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.214

• changes in FEBID characteristic frequencies. Additionally, we present a set of FEBID frequency maps where growth rate and surface coverage are plotted as a function of characteristic timescales. From the analysis of Langmuir, as well as homogeneous and heterogeneous multilayer maps, we infer that three

• disappears, whereas for heterogeneous MLs with high chemisorption energies (Figure 3c), there is no DD regime. The lack of RRL for a homogeneous ML model is a consequence of the disappearance of any saturation mechanism for surface coverage, as occurs for Langmuir adsorption (see how the white colour in

• GR. FEBID isotherms The maps in Figure 3d–f can be employed to extract FEBID isotherms (surface coverage vs pressure at constant temperature) for different models and regimes. These are obtained by evaluating the dependence of <θ> with vGAS/ve for constant v2/ve values, that is, via the colour