Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• [41]. Wayteck et al. have prepared liposomes that can hitchhike on cells to the tumor site and get separated to perform their cytotoxic activity [42]. 1.1.5 Cancer cells. Cancer cells establish their own mechanism to escape immune response [43]. They are tightly bound by surface proteins to hinder the

• with chemotherapeutic agents, rHDL shows outstanding active targeting and anticancer activities [57]. Moreover, rHDL showed potential to co-load hydrophobic paclitaxel and hydrophilic doxorubicin in apo A-I targeted rHDL nanoparticles. These nanoparticles showed superior antitumor activity in vitro and

• -modified nanosystem showed increased drug accumulation and enhanced therapeutic activity both in subcutaneous and orthotopic tumor models [125][126]. Another study regarding targeted therapy and improved drug delivery to the brain used the dual modification of RBC-coated lipid nanoparticles with T7 peptide

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• exhibits good heat-resistance, mechanical, and water-barrier properties. At an emulsion concentration as low as 10% (v/w) in the casting solution, high UV absorbance capacity (up to 100% UVC), high antibacterial activity (92.4% Escherichia coli inhibition), and good antioxidative properties (up to 43% DPPH

• antimicrobial and antioxidation properties that can offer extended shelf life [27][28][29]. Essential oils are great candidates and possess a variety of bioactive properties while maintaining a high biocompatibility [30]. Cinnamon essential oil (CEO) is one of the best-known essential oils with strong activity

• properties The DPPH radical scavenging (Figure 4a) showed a linear increase in scavenging activity with increasing CEO concentration, reaching a maximum of 43% at 10% (v/w) CEO incorporation. This trend suggests a direct correlation between the phenolic content of CEO and its ability to inhibit DPPH free

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• as cellulose ether [90], carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) [82], hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) [113], or cellulose nanofibers [135] yield valuable hydrogels. Keratin hydrogels are interesting for the properties of keratin, as they have intrinsic biocompatibility, therapeutic activity, and favorable

• thermodynamic activity of the system). Thus, the physicochemical properties related to the first approach involve only the interactions between drugs and vehicles. On the other hand, changing the drug solubility and/or its diffusion through SC is much more complex and comprises multiple interactions among drug

• through the oxidative coupling of catechol groups using a hydrogen peroxide/horseradish peroxidase (H2O2/HRP) catalytic system [41]. The addition of the antibiotic doxycycline provided the hydrogels with antimicrobial activity to treat infected full-thickness defect wounds. Flexible films composed of

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• PSs have their hydrophobicity as drawback, which can lead to the formation of aggregates in aqueous solutions, compromising bioavailability and photodynamic activity [5]. The aggregation of the PS decreases its photoactive properties since, for its action, it must be in the monomeric form, in which

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• delivery system for rotenoids isolated from Clitoria fairchildiana seeds, leveraging their larvicidal activity against third-instar larvae of Ae. aegypti. The nanocomposite was synthesized using a controlled ionic gelation method incorporating the TPP-β-CD inclusion complex, which resulted in nanoparticles

• Clitoria fairchildiana seeds with larvicidal activity against third-instar Ae. aegypti larvae. These studies revealed morphological and metabolic changes in the larvae, suggesting that V-ATPase inhibition triggers oxidative stress, resulting in high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the midgut

• isolated and characterized from C. fairchildiana seeds [14]. These compounds exhibited larvicidal activity against third-instar Ae. aegypti larvae, causing morphological changes and metabolic alterations as a result of increased production of ROS in the insect midgut [14]. It is already well-documented in

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• adaptability to diverse environments. They also highlight the potential of the experimental approach to study the activity of rationally designed molecular channel inhibitors that can specifically bind channel proteins. Schematic representation of the force–volume approach to quantify nanomechanical

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• decomposition [4], oxygen evolution reactions (OER) [14], oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) [15], in CO oxidation [16], and in CO2 and CO reduction [17]. This high activity in catalysis has been attributed to adsorption energy distribution patterns (AEDP) during catalytic reactions [18], which may be tuned based

• to be the catalytically active species [108] while in HEA NP electrocatalysis, such oxides are formed under anodic potential [19]. Also, the presence of surface manganese oxide still provides good catalytic activity with sharp performance profiles allowing for derivation of composition–activity

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• TiO2 coatings (Figure 1). Therefore, post-deposition annealing becomes one of the key pathways in controlling the structure, morphology, and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 films [3]. After post-process annealing, all thin films exhibited peaks related to the (101) and (004) planes of anatase, for

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• the activity of the target substance in general. An alternative and promising method for dispersing hydrophobic organic compounds as colloids is pulsed laser fragmentation in liquids (PLFL) [9][10]. This relatively new fabrication method has advantages because a microcrystalline sample powder

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with ultrasound (US) stimulation is an emerging therapeutic approach. While polymers such as PVDF require electrical poling and often exhibit lower piezoelectric activity, inorganic materials inherently possess stronger piezoelectric properties and greater mechanical stability

• osteoblast cell activity, the HOb cell line (cell line no. 406-05a, European Collection of Cell Cultures, UK) was chosen due to its sensitivity to mechanical and electric stimuli. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, cellular uptake, scratch, and von Kossa staining assays (Abcam, UK) were

• ) colorimetric assay to determine the nontoxic concentration levels of both NMs and the impact of US exposure on viability. The oxidized form of the dye enters the cytosol when it is added to the cell culture, and it is converted to its reduced form by the mitochondrial enzyme activity of living cells [39

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• electroactivity. This combination is intended to result in enhanced ORR activity. The LbL-assembled films were electrically connected, thereby increasing the electrocatalytic current obtainable for ORR in aqueous environments with neutral pH. Furthermore, the selective incorporation and enrichment of oxygen

• within the MOF microporous matrix, which serves as an oxygen reservoir linked to the polymer electrocatalytic material, enhances the overall ORR activity. This exemplary work demonstrated the potential for a new method of fabricating MOF-based electrocatalytic surfaces. Further enhancements in

• gentamicin sulfate through electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding in a mixture of gentamicin sulfate and Pluronic F127. The prepared material demonstrated sustained antibacterial activity and facilitated osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) differentiation, which is essential for bone formation. Moreover, the

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• improved thermal stability, crystallization temperatures, stiffness, and electrical conductivity (not investigated in this work), a significant gap remains regarding tribological performance, surface activity, and rheological responses under varying loads and temperatures. This study demonstrates that the

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• ablation and fragmentation products with a high defect density, and enhances catalytic activity. In addition, the liquid may also participate in the reaction by electrostatic stabilization [12], formation of gases [16], or chemical interaction with the target to enhance redox reactions or passivating

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• citric acid cycle, mitochondria facilitate oxidative phosphorylation, which generates the energy carrier adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Indicators of mitochondrial metabolic activity include a high membrane potential and oxygen consumption [4][5]. Recent research emphasises that mitochondria should not be

• 2.05 μm and a maximum apparent height of 2.28 μm. To explore the relationship between shape and metabolic activity, we also measured seven fixed mitochondria using SICM (Figure 4a). These fixed mitochondria had diameters ranging from 0.2 to 1.4 μm (average: 0.8 μm) and apparent heights between 0.2 and

• SPM techniques, the time constant is sufficiently large to allow a morphodynamic response. Morphodynamic effects are particularly pronounced at the edges of mitochondria. When a mitochondrion adopts a more spherical shape through morphodynamic activity, the maximum apparent height increases slightly

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• activity, which can then optimize the capacitive response. Supporting Information File 1, section S1 contains the details of the electrochemical characterization techniques. Figure 5a depicts the CV plot of PG-CDs-AgNPs electrode at various scan rates (5–200 mV/s). It is evident through the PG-CDs-AgNPs CV

• -CDs-AgNPs has a greater slope suggests that these particles have optimal supercapacitive properties and electrochemical activity. In the three-electrode investigation, PG-CDs-AgNPs showed better electrochemical activity overall in terms of capacitive performance, charge-transfer activity, and

• discharge time. Electrochemical analysis of the asymmetric supercapacitor device in a 1 M TEABF4/DMSO organic electrolyte Electrochemical evaluations attributed that in the three-electrode configuration, the PG-CDs-AgNPs electrode possessed superior electrochemical activity. Thus, utilizing carbon black (CB

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• for supercapacitor applications. In another work, Mn3O4 nanograins-intercalated rGO NC was synthesized through the MW-assisted hydrothermal approach, which showed superior oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity [11]. Aside from the oxides, mixed metal sulfides are likewise reported to be combined

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• rationalized the observed high activity of the material in direct methanol fuel cells [37]. Regarding the Ni-CeO2−x(111) system, a study of the methanol reaction revealed that the strong metal–support interactions between Ni and CeO2 determines the high selectivity for CO2 production, instead of the formation

• -ray irradiation. The observed effect was identified as responsible for the enhanced catalytic activity of mixed ceria–zirconia materials in the applications [39]. Photoemission is a technique with a sensitivity limited to the topmost surface layers. In typical resonant photoemission experiments on

• associated to the formation of a Ce–Pt alloyed interfacial phase exhibiting a (2 × 2) periodicity [47]. The influence of the substrate on the stability and reactivity of supported ceria nanoislands has also been investigated by Ce M5 XANES in the case of Au(111) [48]. A loss of redox activity accompanied by

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• , which could reduce the catalytic activity of metallic Ni phases [52]. Meanwhile, metallic Ni phases favor the recombination of Hads to produce H2 gas, implying a perfect pair of Ni/NiO for the HER catalytic process [53][54][55]. Therefore, the Ni/NiO/SS-10 electrode exhibits higher HER activity than SS

• catalytic activity than the other samples. Also, the turnover frequency (TOF) is a vital factor for investigating the intrinsic catalytic activities of electrodes for the HER [56]. Hence, we determined the TOF of different electrodes at an overpotential of 200 mV for comparison. The TOF of Ni/NiO/SS-10 is

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus (the positive control was the antibiotic penicillin). Inhibition zone assays were used to evaluate antibiofilm properties of uncoated and coated plastic films [14][25]. Coating stability of plastic films in an environment simulating aqueous food was tested

• GO sharp edges with bacterial membranes [57][58]. The crucial antibacterial activity of ZH nanostructures is the delivery of Zn2+ ions to disrupt bacterial membranes and intracellular processes [59][60]. Antibacterial activity of the GO-SG-ZH hydrogel was tested in agar well diffusion assays (Figure

• sustainability. The GO-SG-ZH hydrogel is a supramolecular hydration structure with the advantages of aqueous dispersibility, antibacterial activity, and hydration lubrication. Water evaporation analysis suggested that the last 4% of water in the GO-SG-ZH hydrogel are interfacial hydration shells on graphene

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• total siRNA was added and incubated for 48 h. Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (ThermoFisher) was used as a positive control according to manufacturer’s protocol. Afterwards, luciferase activity was determined using the Dual-Luciferase reporter system kit (Promega) according to manufacturer’s instructions. In

• (Molecular Devices). Subsequently, the second reagent is added which quenches firefly luminescence and provides the Renilla substrate. After 10 min, Renilla luminescence is measured as an internal control to account for any non-specific luciferase activity knockdown such as treatment induced cell death. A

• results, MC3 LNPs knocked down ≈89% of U87 and ≈94% of MDA-MB-231 firefly luciferase activity in NHI FCS, while the same particles in HI FCS achieved 61% and ≈81% silencing, respectively. The addition of recombinant ApoE improved knockdown efficiency to ≈93% for U87 and >95% for MDA-MB-231 (Figure 5

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• studies indicate that oxytetracycline (OTC), a TC derivative, is the predominant antibiotic used in Vietnam’s white leg shrimp farming industry, particularly during the 10–30 day and 30–45 day rearing periods [5]. The extensive use of OTC is primarily attributed to its broad-spectrum activity, rendering

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• greater intracellular uptake and increased cytotoxicity on rat C6 glioma cells [36]. Laser-generated nanoscale cinnamon was also synthesized and showed enhanced antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria after particle size reduction compared to the unirradiated educt [37

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• (Italy) within the framework of the NFFA-Europe Transnational Access Activity.

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• TA molecules demonstrated antioxidant activity. We assume that the granules observed in TEM micrographs (Figure 1E) are probably TA aggregates that partially retain their antioxidant properties. These findings align with previous studies where TA was reported to form aggregates through intermolecular

• suspension could not be determined owing to uncontrolled heating of the cell during illumination of the black suspension with laser light. FLG–TA preserves the metabolic activity of PDL cells Previous findings demonstrated that TA adheres to the surface of graphene layers, with a portion of it retaining its

• the metabolic activity of PDL cells. TA’s cytotoxicity on PDL cells was first tested. Note that in each experiment the amount of free TA acid per unit volume (Figure 3A) was compared with a concentration of the FLG–TA composite incorporating the same amount of TA (Figure 3B) remembering that almost

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• bactericidal, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic effects. Therefore, this study aims to obtain a microemulsified formulation containing the essential oil of Cymbopogon flexuosus (EOCF) and to evaluate its antioxidant and antidiabetic activity in diabetic rats. The microemulsion (ME) was

• obtained after consulting the corresponding pseudoternary phase diagram and showed stability, isotropy, Newtonian behavior, nanometric size (15.2 nm), and pH 4.2. Both EOCF and the ME showed high antioxidant activity, but the ME resulted in greater antioxidant activity, potentiating the activity of

• activity and showing promising results for use in the treatment of DM via the oral route. Keywords: diabetes mellitus; essential oil; lemongrass; microemulsion; Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the main public health problems. It affects around 463 million people worldwide, and it could