Modelling focused electron beam induced deposition beyond Langmuir adsorption

• Dédalo Sanz-Hernández and
• Amalio Fernández-Pacheco

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2151–2161, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.214

• physi-adsorption when E1 ≠ E2. This is essential when working on surfaces which may be chemically activated by electron irradiation [48]. Chemisorbed adsorbates are common, for instance, when using FEBID precursors leading to highly metallic deposits, such as Co2(CO)8, Co(CO)3NO and Fe(CO)5, where

Adsorbate-driven cooling of carbene-based molecular junctions

• Giuseppe Foti and
• Héctor Vázquez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2060–2068, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.206

• also find that the direct influence of adsorbate states is significantly smaller and tends to heat adsorbate vibrations. Our results highlight the important role of molecular adsorbates not only on the electronic and elastic transport properties but also on the current-induced energy exchange and

• only indirect information on the nature of the junction from conductance and forces [14][23][24]. In spite of this, the role of molecular co-adsorbates in elastic and inelastic transport processes has not been studied in detail. Therefore going beyond the approximation of a “clean” junction and

• analyzing the effect of adsorbates is particularly relevant. Here we address this issue by investigating the effect on the current-induced heat exchange of a molecular species adsorbed in the vicinity of the molecular junction. As we show in this paper, the presence of adsorbates not bonded directly to the

A comparative study of the nanoscale and macroscale tribological attributes of alumina and stainless steel surfaces immersed in aqueous suspensions of positively or negatively charged nanodiamonds

• Colin K. Curtis,
• Antonin Marek,
• Alex I. Smirnov and
• Jacqueline Krim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2045–2059, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.205

• NDs or physisorbed adsorbates, neither of which would be readily observed by AFM. In order to convert the frequency shifts to particle density on the surface, we assume a cluster size of 25 nm and a packing fraction within the cluster of 0.7. The mass of each cluster would be [(25 nm/5 nm)3] × 0.7

Stable Au–C bonds to the substrate for fullerene-based nanostructures

• Taras Chutora,
• Jesús Redondo,
• Bruno de la Torre,
• Martin Švec,
• Pavel Jelínek and
• Héctor Vázquez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1073–1079, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.109

• to the herringbone corner sites were only observed after soft sputtering of the fullerene films, implying that these adsorbates result from an increased reactivity of the molecules after sputtering. Isolated fullerenes with C vacancies In order to understand the STM measurements, we carried out

Nanoantenna-assisted plasmonic enhancement of IR absorption of vibrational modes of organic molecules

• Alexander G. Milekhin,
• Olga Cherkasova,
• Sergei A. Kuznetsov,
• Ilya A. Milekhin,
• Ekatherina E. Rodyakina,
• Alexander V. Latyshev,
• Sreetama Banerjee,
• Georgeta Salvan and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 975–981, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.99

• enhance the SEIRA signal by molecular vibrations in model adsorbates such as octadecanthiol (ODT) [16] and 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (CBP) by up to five orders of magnitude [17]. The IR absorption bands of these molecules become pronounced, even for molecular monolayers, by tuning the localized

Graphene functionalised by laser-ablated V₂O₅ for a highly sensitive NH₃ sensor

• Margus Kodu,
• Artjom Berholts,
• Tauno Kahro,
• Mati Kook,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Helina Seemen,
• Tea Avarmaa,
• Harry Alles and
• Raivo Jaaniso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 571–578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.61

• adsorbed gas molecules, but during adsorption, the excitation is not used [1][26][31]. However, in practical applications there is a constant need to activate the sensor surface by cleaning it of H2O, O2 and other adsorbates, which would otherwise passivate it. The illumination by UV light as a tool for

Impact of air exposure and annealing on the chemical and electronic properties of the surface of SnO₂ nanolayers deposited by rheotaxial growth and vacuum oxidation

• Monika Kwoka and
• Maciej Krzywiecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.55

• led us to conclusion that carbonaceous and water-related species are partially strongly chemisorbed and partially physisorbed or weakly reversibly chemisorbed. Especially the water-related adsorbates are most probably a consequence of a partial dissociation of water vapor during the annealing process

• SnO2 nanolayers. Such adsorbates are often creating so-called surface dipoles [37] influencing the local charge distribution and, in consequence, the energy distance between the Fermi level position and the top of valence band at the surface, EF − EV. This statement is justified because the observed in

Fiber optic sensors based on hybrid phenyl-silica xerogel films to detect n-hexane: determination of the isosteric enthalpy of adsorption

• Jesús C. Echeverría,
• Ignacio Calleja,
• Paula Moriones and
• Julián J. Garrido

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 475–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.51

• confinement effects related to the condensation of adsorbates in narrower mesopores [27][28]. The solid–fluid interaction increases as the pore size diminishes and, therefore, the adsorption enthalpy in the phase transition region [26]. Conclusion We investigated the response, in the presence of n-hexane, of

Monolayer graphene/SiC Schottky barrier diodes with improved barrier height uniformity as a sensing platform for the detection of heavy metals

• Ivan Shtepliuk,
• Jens Eriksson,
• Volodymyr Khranovskyy,
• Tihomir Iakimov,
• Anita Lloyd Spetz and
• Rositsa Yakimova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1800–1814, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.173

• electronic properties to a change in concentrations of surface functional groups and adsorbates. However, sensors based on reduced graphene oxide are only well investigated in terms of determination of the concentration limit of heavy metals and improving the response time [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26

• favorable (from the energetic and thermodynamic point of view) geometrical configuration of incoming adsorbates, we consider the adsorption of Cd, Hg and Pb at different high-symmetry positions on the graphene surface, such as on-top site, hollow site and bridge site. For simulation of graphene, we used a

• properties of graphene. In fact, instead of considering the interaction between neutrally charged graphene surfaces with incoming adsorbates, it would be more correct to take into account the accumulation of n-type charge carriers at the surface of the graphene/SiC structure to study the adsorption of metals

Active and fast charge-state switching of single NV centres in diamond by in-plane Al-Schottky junctions

• Christoph Schreyvogel,
• Vladimir Polyakov,
• Sina Burk,
• Helmut Fedder,
• Andrej Denisenko,
• Felipe Fávaro de Oliveira,
• Ralf Wunderlich,
• Jan Meijer,
• Verena Zuerbig,
• Jörg Wrachtrup and
• Christoph E. Nebel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1727–1735, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.165

• terminations and adsorbates. Hence, its charge state switches in an uncontrolled way between NV−, NV0 and presumably NV+ [8][9][10]. In addition, for realizing quantum computing applications such as quantum information processing with the electron spin of the NV− centre and quantum information storage with the

Scanning probe microscopy studies on the adsorption of selected molecular dyes on titania

• Jakub S. Prauzner-Bechcicki,
• Lukasz Zajac,
• Piotr Olszowski,
• Res Jöhr,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Bartosz Such,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Marek Szymonski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1642–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.156

• layers of physisorbed species. Interestingly, an increased density of the molecular adsorbates leads to changes in the adsorption mode from physisorption to chemisorption, leaving the molecules arranged in a well-ordered brick-wall-like structure. In a more recent study, the same authors examined the

• interact strongly with the substrate and eventually form domains that have a (1 × 5) molecular superstructure [34]. Interestingly, it appeared possible to study charge donation from the substrate to the molecular adsorbates in the PTCDI/TiO2(110) system. Excess electrons in rutile TiO2(110) are introduced

• charges may be extracted from the surface and lead to reduction of molecular adsorbates. Lanzilotto et al. [35] have shown that the interaction range of the excess electrons is limited to a single unit cell, i.e., ca. 1 nm2, and, hence, reduced PTCDI is identified as single molecules within the (1 × 5

Enhanced detection of nitrogen dioxide via combined heating and pulsed UV operation of indium oxide nano-octahedra

• Oriol Gonzalez,
• Sergio Roso,
• Xavier Vilanova and
• Eduard Llobet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1507–1518, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.144

• (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen dioxide), UV irradiation will result in the lowering of the amount of oxygen and/or nitrogen dioxide adsorbates. Since indium oxide is an n-type semiconductor, the desorption of oxidizing species from its surface translates into an increase in the number of free charge carriers

• and, thus, in a decrease in the DC resistance of the gas sensor [18][19]. Furthermore, the partial removal of oxygen adsorbates may trigger the diffusion of bulk oxygen towards the surface, especially when the UV irradiated metal oxide sensor is operated at temperatures well above room temperature [20

• regained. This behaviour can be explained as follows. UV light helps desorbing ionosorbed species from the surface of indium oxide [18]. Therefore, during the cleaning phases in which the sensor is flushed with dry air, UV light helps desorbing nitrogen dioxide adsorbates, reducing the indium oxide and

In situ characterization of hydrogen absorption in nanoporous palladium produced by dealloying

• Eva-Maria Steyskal,
• Christopher Wiednig,
• Norbert Enzinger and
• Roland Würschum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1197–1201, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.110

• expected. An additional resistance contribution by adsorbates might arise in the present case, in analogy to the oxygen regime of porous nanophase metals [16][21].This is, however, unlikely as the variations of R during adsorption are small. The striking similarities between ΔR/R0 and ΔL/L0 suggest that

Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in pure water and in chloride solution

• Brunella Perito,
• Emilia Giorgetti,
• Paolo Marsili and
• Maurizio Muniz-Miranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 465–473, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.40

• a strong increase of the Raman response of molecular adsorbates in the SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering) effect. A strong SERS signal from such AgNPs can be obtained by “activating” the NP surface by addition of a small quantity of LiCl to the colloid. In addition, a sizeable catalytic effect

• enhancement of adsorbates and also in the catalytic activity could be responsible for the increased antimicrobial activity observed for the Ag colloids ablated in chloride solution. These positive charges on the surface of AgNPs prepared in LiCl solution could effectively interact with the negatively charged

Length-extension resonator as a force sensor for high-resolution frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy in air

• Hannes Beyer,
• Tino Wagner and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 432–438, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.38

• stiffness of the LER. Depending on the sample and its preparation larger attractive forces have also been observed. To prove the feasibility of scanning with small forces a surface decorated by adsorbates was chosen. For this purpose we rinsed a freshly exfoliated (adhesive tape, BT-150E-AT, Nitto Denko

• . Conclusion We have demonstrated high-resolution FM-AFM imaging under ambient conditions with the length-extension resonator. The resonator can be operated stably at small as well as large tip–sample interaction forces. Adsorbates of nitrogen were imaged on HOPG, which paves the road for high-resolution

Rigid multipodal platforms for metal surfaces

• Michal Valášek,
• Marcin Lindner and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 374–405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.34

• electronic coupling with the gold electrode is required. We note that tripodal adsorbates reported so far adopted anchors with aliphatic thiol groups that are not π-conjugated, such as benzylthiol and adamantylthiol. While some synthetic papers focused mainly on the concept [75][76][77][78][82], initial

• . Review Aliphatic tripodal adsorbates Tripodal structures have been employed to engineer assemblies where three anchoring groups of a single platform can bind to the metal surface. First aliphatic aminotrithiol-based tripodal structure 1 (Figure 2) was introduced by Whitesell and Chang in 1993 [99]. They

• surface, probably due to heavy steric interactions as suggested by molecular mechanics modelling. Afterwards, Lee et al. introduced and synthetized a series of new tridentate chelating adsorbates 2 (Figure 2) having different alkyl chain lengths ranging from C12 to C18 and used them to prepare loosely

Hydration of magnesia cubes: a helium ion microscopy study

• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Johannes Schneider,
• Gilles R. Bourret and
• Oliver Diwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 302–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.28

• . 0.25 pA, respectively. The MgO cube powders were vacuum annealed at T = 1173 K for a minimum duration of one hour in order to eliminate surface adsorbates including residual hydroxyls of high thermal stability [25]. After breaking the vacuum, we immobilized the particles in air by pressing the powder

Surface-site reactivity in small-molecule adsorption: A theoretical study of thiol binding on multi-coordinated gold clusters

• Elvis C. M. Ting,
• Tatiana Popa and
• Irina Paci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 53–61, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.6

• have so far been done for aminoacids. That unsaturated metal atoms bind more strongly to adsorbates has been long established in the literature, particularly as a result of nanoparticle–molecule studies. Several thorough studies by Nørskov and co-workers [46][47][48] investigated site coordination

• projection of the adsorbate principal axis), and the relative location of the headgroup with respect to the substrate atoms (Figure 1). Three initial molecule–surface distances were used for all adsorbates (4.1, 4.3 and 4.5 Å), equilibrating to an average S–Au distance of 2.5 Å. Initial configurations were

Large area scanning probe microscope in ultra-high vacuum demonstrated for electrostatic force measurements on high-voltage devices

• Urs Gysin,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Thomas Schmölzer,
• Adolf Schöner,
• Sergey Reshanov,
• Holger Bartolf and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2485–2497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.258

• samples of interest are semiconductor surfaces involving various doping concentrations and even cross-sections of interfaces [41][42]. Such measurements are influenced by surface band-bending effects induced by either intrinsic surface defects, adsorbates, interface states and last but not least by the

Self-organization of gold nanoparticles on silanated surfaces

• Htet H. Kyaw,
• Salim H. Al-Harthi,
• Azzouz Sellai and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2345–2353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.242

• Molecular self-assembly or self-organization is a technique which is widely used for the spontaneous arrangement of nanomaterials. Coupling agents such as thiol-terminated, amine-terminated, alkyl-terminated and phenyl-terminated silanes on metal nanoparticles (so called adsorbates) attach on various

Electrospray deposition of organic molecules on bulk insulator surfaces

• Antoine Hinaut,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1927–1934, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.195

• exposure time compared to the generally applied molecules deposition time of 1–5 min. As can be seen, terraces remain large and flat, and step-edges remain clean from adsorbates. However, some pits are observed on the terraces and step-edges present lots of kinks. Such pits are known from the bombardment

Atomic scale interface design and characterisation

• Carla Bittencourt,
• Chris Ewels and
• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1708–1711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.174

• surface adsorbates [28], and nanosystems structured from misfit layer compounds [29]. Planar and bended misfit structures, such as tubes, scrolls or nanoparticles, with intriguing electronic and magnetic characteristics have been synthesized, while calculations explained their electronic structure and

Continuum models of focused electron beam induced processing

• Milos Toth,
• Charlene Lobo,
• Vinzenz Friedli,
• Aleksandra Szkudlarek and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1518–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.157

• species ‘a’, Na, their desorption rate ka and desorption flux Naka have units of [adsorbates/Å2], [molecules/s] and [molecules/Å2/s], respectively. Frequently used symbols in this review are defined in Table 1. The term “growth” is applied to both FEBIE and FEBID (positive and negative growth rates refer

• ]. Reaction rate limited growth regime In order to reach clear conclusions it is often desirable to perform simulations and experiments under simplified conditions where one or more processes are negligible. In the case of FEBIP models, a useful simplification occurs when the net transport of adsorbates via

• called the adsorbate-limited growth regime) is defined as . In the mass transport limited regime, the magnitude of the electron flux is sufficiently high to cause significant depletion of precursor adsorbates, and adsorbate diffusion into the area irradiated by electrons makes an important contribution

Formation of pure Cu nanocrystals upon post-growth annealing of Cu–C material obtained from focused electron beam induced deposition: comparison of different methods

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Alfredo Rodrigues Vaz,
• Yucheng Zhang,
• Andrzej Rudkowski,
• Czesław Kapusta,
• Rolf Erni,
• Stanislav Moshkalev and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1508–1517, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.156

• nanolithography technique, based on the local dissociation of adsorbates upon the irradiation with electrons [1]. The molecules are delivered into the microscope chamber by a gas injection system (GIS) where they reversibly physisorb onto the substrate surface. Part of the energy from the primary electron beam or

• from the secondary electrons generated in the vicinity of the impinging primary beam is transferred to the adsorbates and breaks their chemical bonds. The non-volatile fragments stick to the substrate surface whereas the volatile fragments are removed from the chamber by the pumping system. By

• ) with the best purity enhancement for W(CO)6 (from 37 atom % at 25 °C to 59 atom % of W at 280 °C). However, the temperature rise during the deposition may not be favorable as it also decreases the residence time of adsorbates, significantly lowering the growth rate. Furthermore, the high temperature

Pt- and Pd-decorated MWCNTs for vapour and gas detection at room temperature

• Hamdi Baccar,
• Atef Thamri,
• Pierrick Clément,
• Eduard Llobet and
• Adnane Abdelghani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 919–927, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.95

• area, is essential to maximize the effect of adsorbates on metal clusters, which may result in higher sensitivity. Second, while the duration of the sputtering decoration step was basically the same for Pt and Pd, the power used for decorating MWCNTs with Pd was significantly higher than for Pt