Fully scalable one-pot method for the production of phosphonic graphene derivatives

• Kamila Żelechowska,
• Marta Prześniak-Welenc,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Izabela Kondratowicz and
• Tadeusz Miruszewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1094–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.111

• hydroxy groups are present on the basal planes of GO, whereas at their edges carboxyl groups are dominant [1][2][3]. As stated above, GO platelets have chemically reactive oxygen groups, among which carboxylic groups are considered to be the most active ones. The activation of the –COOH group is usually

Recombinant DNA technology and click chemistry: a powerful combination for generating a hybrid elastin-like-statherin hydrogel to control calcium phosphate mineralization

• Mohamed Hamed Misbah,
• Mercedes Santos,
• Luis Quintanilla,
• Christina Günter,
• Matilde Alonso,
• Andreas Taubert and
• José Carlos Rodríguez-Cabello

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 772–783, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.80

• designed with different polarities. This variability provides access to a multitude of related, but different, amphiphilic multiblock ELRs with pre-programmed self-assembling capabilities. Moreover, if the guest residue X carries amino or carboxyl groups, for example in lysine or glutamic acid, different

Comparison of four methods for the biofunctionalization of gold nanorods by the introduction of sulfhydryl groups to antibodies

• Xuefeng Wang,
• Zhong Mei,
• Yanyan Wang and
• Liang Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 372–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.39

• modified GNRs through an EDC/NHS coupling reaction [15][16]. Nevertheless, this ligand exchange method easily causes aggregation of GNRs because the amino and carboxyl groups of biomolecules can cross-link well with gold nanoparticles. Thus, an effective method should be developed to functionalize GNRs for

• functionalization strategy is through the reaction of amino groups of thiol-poly(ethylene glycol)amine (SH-PEG-NH2) with carboxyl groups in the anti-IgG by using EDC. The thiol moiety of SH-PEG-NH2 can be directly conjugated to GNRs through the Au–S bond. In the current work, we compared the four abovementioned

Streptavidin-coated gold nanoparticles: critical role of oligonucleotides on stability and fractal aggregation

• Roberta D'Agata,
• Pasquale Palladino and
• Giuseppe Spoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1–11, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.1

• nanoparticle surface. The large red-shift of the plasmon band (Figure 4A) attributed to the nanoparticle linear aggregation caused by BiotinDNA displacement is not observed in this case. At pH 6 an almost complete deprotonation of citrate carboxyl groups is observed (citrate pKa values are 3.2, 4.8, 6.4). It

From iron coordination compounds to metal oxide nanoparticles

• Mihail Iacob,
• Carmen Racles,
• Codrin Tugui,
• George Stiubianu,
• Adrian Bele,
• Liviu Sacarescu,
• Daniel Timpu and
• Maria Cazacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2074–2087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.198

• carboxyl groups at 1649–1641 cm−1 and 1439 cm−1. The bands at 2853–2851 cm−1 and 2922 cm−1 are attributed to CH2 groups, which are characteristic of fatty acids [26]. Absorption bands characteristic for CH3 groups were identified at 2955 cm−1 in the spectra of all the samples. From the data obtained by IR

3D printing of mineral–polymer bone substitutes based on sodium alginate and calcium phosphate

• Aleksey A. Egorov,
• Alexander Yu. Fedotov,
• Anton V. Mironov,
• Vladimir S. Komlev,
• Vladimir K. Popov and
• Yury V. Zobkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1794–1799, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.172

• by an increase in concentration of heterogeneous nucleation centers of a calcium phosphate phase on the carboxyl groups of the amino acids. X-ray diffraction data lend support to this tendency: the height of the strongest peak (020) of DCPD decreases by a factor of 7 as the alginate and

• phosphate reacts with alginate through the carboxyl groups of amino acids and calcium in calcium phosphate, because the frequency changes are observed for groups located near calcium ions in the phosphate structures [13]. The compressive strength of 3D printed samples is shown in Figure 6. The mechanical

Scanning probe microscopy studies on the adsorption of selected molecular dyes on titania

• Jakub S. Prauzner-Bechcicki,
• Lukasz Zajac,
• Piotr Olszowski,
• Res Jöhr,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Bartosz Such,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Marek Szymonski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1642–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.156

• to the experiment from Lovat et al. [52] discussed earlier, it is evident that the proper choice of side groups in zinc porphyrins may influence the adsorption behaviour of the molecules. Once the molecules are equipped with carboxyl groups, their adsorption geometry changes from flat lying to

• implications because it changes the inherent chemical and physical functionalities of the metal porphyrins in the layer. The influence of carboxyl groups on the behaviour of the porphyrin molecules has also been studied with STM [56][57]. Olszowski et al. [56] compared the adsorption of meso

• carboxyphenyl groups are aligned along the [001] direction forming two covalent bonds between the carboxyl groups and the surface five-fold coordinated titanium atoms in a monodentate fashion; the other two carboxyphenyl groups are aligned along the [1−10] direction. In the second geometry, Cu-TCPPs are rotated

Antitumor magnetic hyperthermia induced by RGD-functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, in an experimental model of colorectal liver metastases

• Oihane K. Arriortua,
• Eneko Garaio,
• Borja Herrero de la Parte,
• Maite Insausti,
• Luis Lezama,
• Fernando Plazaola,
• Jose Angel García,
• Jesús M. Aizpurua,
• Maialen Sagartzazu,
• Mireia Irazola,
• Nestor Etxebarria,
• Ignacio García-Alonso,
• Alberto Saiz-López and
• José Javier Echevarria-Uraga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1532–1542, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.147

• absorption is related to the carboxyl groups in PMAO, resulting from the opening of anhydride rings, confirming the recovery of the nanoparticles by the amphiphilic ligand. The percentage of organic coating has been calculated by TGA measurements performed in Ar atmosphere. A weight loss of 8% was observed

Photocurrent generation in carbon nanotube/cubic-phase HfO₂ nanoparticle hybrid nanocomposites

• Protima Rauwel,
• Augustinas Galeckas,
• Martin Salumaa,
• Frédérique Ducroquet and
• Erwan Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1075–1085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.101

• nanoparticles in the process of CNT decoration. In fact, acid treatment creates defects (vacancies and holes in the side walls) on the CNT surfaces along with carboxyl groups in the case of carboxylic acid treatment [24]. The bond with these carboxyl groups is then created via hydroxyl groups present on the

Assembling semiconducting molecules by covalent attachment to a lamellar crystalline polymer substrate

• Rainhard Machatschek,
• Patrick Ortmann,
• Renate Reiter,
• Stefan Mecking and
• Günter Reiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 784–798, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.70

• lamellar crystal. Thus, the surfaces of these crystals were covered by side-branches. By using carboxyl groups as side-branches, which allow for chemical reactions, we could functionalize the crystal with semiconducting molecules. Here, we compare properties of crystals differing in size: small

• larger scales, as has been demonstrated for colloidal particles for which ordered monolayers of square centimeter sizes were achieved [7]. The polymer, which we chose for our experiments, was polyethylene with carboxyl groups at every 45th carbon atom, denoted as CPE45. The carboxyl groups were chosen

• how smooth CPE45 surfaces can be produced and under which conditions the density of carboxyl groups is sufficient to allow for the formation of a compact layer of covalently attached semiconducting molecules. Finally, we will also examine the morphology and spectroscopic properties of the layer of

Nanostructured surfaces by supramolecular self-assembly of linear oligosilsesquioxanes with biocompatible side groups

• Maria Nowacka,
• Anna Kowalewska and
• Tomasz Makowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2377–2387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.244

• adherence is good. The morphology of the samples prepared on muscovite mica treated with citric acid (mica-CA, Figure 5) is governed by the presence of the residual carboxyl groups. The homopolymer P1 (LPSQ-COOH) can form very smooth assemblies on native mica but on mica-CA it tends to coil into fine

• functions (less effective in hydrogen bonding) is uniform and very smooth (Rq = 0.117 nm) except for visible drops of excess primer. Priming mica with NAC, CA and TG thus yields smooth, chemo-specific, hydrophilic supports (see later also Figure 9a and Discussion). The abundance of hydroxyl and carboxyl

• groups on mica treated with CA is responsible for its exceptionally high surface energy. AFM studies of LPSQ-COOH/X adsorbed on primed mica After priming, the mica tiles were air-dried and then the polymer layer was adsorbed from diluted solutions of functionalized LPSQ-COOH/X and analysed with AFM and

Protein corona – from molecular adsorption to physiological complexity

• Lennart Treuel,
• Dominic Docter,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 857–873, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.88

• the HSA molecule from (−10.5 ± 1.3) mV for native HSA to (−19 ± 4) mV for HSAsuc (both in PBS at pH 7.4). For comparison, they also altered the carboxyl groups of the native HSA molecule by reacting them with ethylenediamine, thus, converting them into positively charged amino groups, creating an

Self-assembled anchor layers/polysaccharide coatings on titanium surfaces: a study of functionalization and stability

• Ognen Pop-Georgievski,
• Dana Kubies,
• Josef Zemek,
• Neda Neykova,
• Roman Demianchuk,
• Eliška Mázl Chánová,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Milan Houska and
• František Rypáček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 617–631, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.63

• the set prerequisites. This polysaccharide is biocompatible and degradable under normal physiological conditions [40] and has been used in various biomedical applications [41][42]. The presence of carboxyl groups in the structure of β-D-mannuronate and α-L-guluronate monomer units can be utilized for

• The tethering of alginate (ALG) chains by reaction of the carboxyl groups to the amine-functionalized titanium surfaces was performed by following standard EDC/NHS protocols. The binding reaction resulted in the formation of 5.0 ± 1.9 nm thick alginate films, irrespective of the anchor layer. The

• activated carboxyl groups of ALG and the amines present in the anchor layer were probed by IRRAS measurements. A representative IR spectrum of free alginate deposited on the flat titanium surface is presented in Figure 5. The spectrum is dominated by the symmetric νsym (C=O) and asymmetric νasym (C=O) modes

The fate of a designed protein corona on nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo

• Denise Bargheer,
• Julius Nielsen,
• Gabriella Gébel,
• Markus Heine,
• Sunhild C. Salmen,
• Roland Stauber,
• Horst Weller,
• Joerg Heeren and
• Peter Nielsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 36–46, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.5

• charged due to the formation of carboxyl groups at the surface. To get a platform of particles with different surface characteristics we then used a poly(ethylenglycol)(PEG)-amine (C-PEG) or a PEG-α,ω-bisamine (N-PEG) in the presence of the coupling agent, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide

• bifunctional PEGs. Monodisperse oleic acid stabilized iron oxide cores (11 nm iron oxide core, see electron micrograph) were used as starting material. Whereas our polymer coated model SPIOs (A) is negatively charged due to free carboxyl groups (25 nm, hydrodynamic diameter), reaction with methoxy-PEG amine

Functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles as a platform for studying bio–nano interactions

• Cornelia Loos,
• Tatiana Syrovets,
• Anna Musyanovych,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Katharina Landfester,
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus and
• Thomas Simmet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2403–2412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.250

• used superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Keywords: amino groups; apoptosis; carboxyl groups; cell proliferation; leukemia cell lines; macrophages; mTOR; polystyrene nanoparticles; Review Applications of polystyrene Polystyrene, one of the most extensively used types of plastic [1], is an

Nanoparticle interactions with live cells: Quantitative fluorescence microscopy of nanoparticle size effects

• Li Shang,
• Karin Nienhaus,
• Xiue Jiang,
• Linxiao Yang,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Thomas Simmet and
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2388–2397, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.248

• essentially the same size and surface charge, namely plain, CTMA-stabilized PS+ NPs and amino-functionalized PS NPs (NPS NPs) carrying about 6,000 amino groups on their surfaces (Table 1) [33]. This study was further extended to include the effect of surface carboxyl groups on the interaction of anionic NPs

• groups on the NP surface, e.g., carboxyl groups, overcome the Coulomb repulsion and facilitate binding to membrane-bound receptors that activate the endocytosis machinery. However, independent of the surface charge and functionalization, NP accumulation on the membrane was entirely absent during uptake

In vitro and in vivo interactions of selected nanoparticles with rodent serum proteins and their consequences in biokinetics

• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Stefanie Fertsch-Gapp,
• Martin Schäffler,
• Blair D. Johnston,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Christian Pfeiffer,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Manuela Semmler-Behnke,
• Matthias Epple and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1699–1711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.180

• ; details are given in [5]. We chose nano-sized and submicrometer-sized carbon black versus 50 nm monodisperse polystyrene NP with surface modifications of either carboxyl groups (negative charge), or amino groups (positive charge) or plain surface (neutral charge) as measured by their zeta potential and

• supernatant after BSA separation from the 50 nm Polystyrene (PS) NP–protein complexes (PS-Plain: neutral charge, PS-COOH: negative charge by carboxyl groups, PS-NH2: positive charge by amino groups) depending on the NP dose; the error bars show the standard deviation). Each line represents the linear

• three routes: intratracheal instillation into the lungs, intravenous injection into blood and intra-esophageal instillation into the gastro-intestinal tract. The AuNP were synthesized and surface-modified not only with small ionic ligands such as sulfonated triphenylphosphine, amino groups, or carboxyl

Donor–acceptor graphene-based hybrid materials facilitating photo-induced electron-transfer reactions

• Anastasios Stergiou,
• Georgia Pagona and
• Nikos Tagmatarchis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1580–1589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.170

• electron donor and C60 were added to GO through an esterification reaction between the carboxyl groups of GO and the hydroxy groups present on ZnPc as well as on the fullerene derivative. Photoexcitation of ZnPc–GO–C60 at 390 nm, the wavelength at which ZnPc was predominantly excited, resulted in the

The cell-type specific uptake of polymer-coated or micelle-embedded QDs and SPIOs does not provoke an acute pro-inflammatory response in the liver

• Markus Heine,
• Alexander Bartelt,
• Oliver T. Bruns,
• Denise Bargheer,
• Artur Giemsa,
• Barbara Freund,
• Ludger Scheja,
• Christian Waurisch,
• Alexander Eychmüller,
• Rudolph Reimer,
• Horst Weller,
• Peter Nielsen and
• Joerg Heeren

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1432–1440, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.155

• through a 0.45, 0.2, and 0.1 μm Millipore filter. Based on dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements, the size of polymer-coated nanocrystals is 25 nm. These polymer-coated nanoparticles are negatively charged due to the formation of carboxyl groups at the surface. Labelling of lipid micelles with

Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by combining water soluble graphene with cobalt salts

• Jing Wang,
• Ke Feng,
• Hui-Hui Zhang,
• Bin Chen,
• Zhi-Jun Li,
• Qing-Yuan Meng,
• Li-Ping Zhang,
• Chen-Ho Tung and
• Li-Zhu Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1167–1174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.128

• –C (epoxy), C=O (carbonyl), and C(O)O (carboxyl) groups, respectively [55]. For G-SO3, the peak centered at 284.6 eV becomes narrower, suggesting the partial restoration of the π-electron network in G-SO3. Other oxygen-containing carbon peaks, decreased sharply, indicating GO is reduced efficiently

Organic and inorganic–organic thin film structures by molecular layer deposition: A review

• Pia Sundberg and
• Maarit Karppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1104–1136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.123

• acids used to fabricate hybrid films together with TMA vary from each other regarding the number of carboxyl groups attached to the aromatic ring and how the groups are positioned. Benzoic acid has only one carboxyl group, which may explain why no decent growth for these films were observed. From

Nanodiamond-DGEA peptide conjugates for enhanced delivery of doxorubicin to prostate cancer

• Amanee D Salaam,
• Patrick Hwang,
• Roberus McIntosh,
• Hadiyah N Green,
• Ho-Wook Jun and
• Derrick Dean

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 937–945, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.107

• system ND-DGEA conjugates were successfully synthesized utilizing a carbodiimide reaction between the carboxyl groups on the surface of the NDs and the free amine groups on the peptide. The absorbance spectra shown in Figure 1a were taken of DGEA peptide before and after conjugation to NDs. The

• acids between 1130 and 1390 cm–1, carbonyl stretching in the amide I bonds (1655 cm–1), and NH bending of the primary amine (1544 cm–1). There was also a broadening of the 1544 cm–1 peak (amide II), signifying successful conjugation as additional amide bonds were formed between the carboxyl groups on

Enhancement of photocatalytic H₂ evolution of eosin Y-sensitized reduced graphene oxide through a simple photoreaction

• Weiying Zhang,
• Yuexiang Li,
• Shaoqin Peng and
• Xiang Cai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 801–811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.92

• ][25][26]. The GO contains not only hydroxy and epoxy groups in the 2D sheet, but also carbonyl and carboxyl groups at the edges of the sheet [27][28]. The oxygen-containing groups in the sheet break the sp2 π-conjugation, leading to the formation of oxidized aliphatic six-membered rings with sp3

A visible-light-driven composite photocatalyst of TiO₂ nanotube arrays and graphene quantum dots

• Donald K. L. Chan,
• Po Ling Cheung and
• Jimmy C. Yu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 689–695, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.81

• . The result agrees with typical absorption spectra of GQDs being reported [28]. Figure 1d shows the excitation-dependent emission of GQDs. This behavior could be explained by the differences in size and emissive states of GQDs [40]. To provide evidence for the existence of carboxyl groups in GQDs

A catechol biosensor based on electrospun carbon nanofibers

• Dawei Li,
• Zengyuan Pang,
• Xiaodong Chen,
• Lei Luo,
• Yibing Cai and
• Qufu Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 346–354, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.39

• bond [39]. This proved that there were numerous carboxyl groups on the surfaces of the ECNFs which were expected to improve the electrocatalytic properties and biocompatibility of the ECNFs [40]. The three solutions, containing laccase, laccase–Nafion, and laccase–Nafion–ECNFs, respectively, were