Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• material gradient that can either enhance or counteract the gradient effect, opening up even more possibilities for advanced programmable metamaterials, which could find applications, for example, in crash-resistant components to selectively absorb impact energy or in material systems for targeted

Few-photon microwave fields for superconducting transmon-based qudit control

• Irina A. Solovykh,
• Andrey V. Pashchenko,
• Natalya A. Maleeva,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Olga V. Tikhonova and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1580–1591, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.112

• populate on demand even relatively high energy levels of the qudit starting from the ground state; (ii) by changing the difference between the characteristic frequencies of the superconducting atom and a single field mode, we can choose which level to populate; and (iii) even the highest levels can be

• transmon (a slightly nonlinear oscillator) is quite close to the equidistant one; however, a number of widely used theoretical models describing its evolution in an external electromagnetic field (the Jaynes–Cummings model) do not take into account the high-lying energy levels of the artificial atom, nor

• factor is about 105–106 and depends mainly on the external coupling Cin/out) connected to a transmon [34] by a capacitance Cg (see Figure 1). The resonator in this system is a quantum harmonic oscillator with a fully equidistant energy spectrum described by the bosonic ladder operators and , and the

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• (HRTEM) conducted with a JEM-2100 microscope (Jeol, Tokyo, Japan). Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental mapping was performed using the FESEM system to examine the distribution of Ti and O on the carbon cloth substrate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were conducted using a SmartLab

• . The C 1s spectrum shows a peak at 284.8 eV, corresponding to adventitious carbon, which was used as the reference for binding energy calibration. Additional peaks at higher binding energies (286–288 eV) are attributed to oxygen-containing functional groups (C–O and C=O), indicating partial oxidation

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• parameters of the modeled nanoscale systems. It was found that the magnetic energy and magnetization norm of the system change in a nonlinear manner with increasing number of crystalline layers of the nanofilm. The peaks found on the graph of the magnetization rate change can be caused by surface effects in

• are currently used, as well as fundamental features of the thin film formation processes with new composition and coatings of various types. These types of nanomaterials are very promising (in terms of computational performance and energy dissipation efficiency) for use in superconducting digital

• : where UMEAM(r) is the force potential, the modified embedded atom method (MEAM) potential was used in this work; Hex(r) is the exchange interaction energy of spins; r = {r1,r2,…,rN} is the generalized variable showing the dependence on the whole set of radial vectors of atoms; κ,λ are viscous friction

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• include materials with diverse bandgap properties remains a key challenge as it would enable wavelength-specific and electrically optimized device designs across a wide array of applications, including sensors, radio frequency (RF) devices, energy harvesters, and optoelectronic systems. For instance, low

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• laser beam energy distribution (Gauss, Bessel, or annular) for the synthesis of silicon nanomaterials of different shapes by laser ablation in a liquid. The advantages of laser beams with Bessel and annular profiles were demonstrated earlier in the fields of material processing, such as microdrilling

• -uniform energy distribution, which will affect plasma generation and confinement, the hydrodynamic trajectory of the ejected target material and pressure relaxation, as well as plasma and cavitation bubble propagation and temporal evolution. In the case of a Bessel beam, the focusing with an axicon

• of the synthesized products towards energy- and catalysis-related applications due to materials’ high surface area and prompt reaction kinetics. The potential benefits of the beam shape variation have recently initiated more active research on the ablative generation of NPs using spatially shaped

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• materials have shown improved performance, the modification processes are generally energy-intensive and require harmful chemicals. Moreover, the optimum incorporation of chemical functionality, responsible for binding the trace metal ions, still needs to be achieved. Therefore, it is always a race to

• biosynthesis, extraction processes, and organic reactions [43]. In this study, we focus on the pre-functionalization of CNTs via Diels–Alder reaction using DES as the sole catalytic system under sonication energy and subsequent growth of dendrimers. We further evaluate the potential of the CNTs in the removal

• of trace heavy metals from aqueous solutions explaining the kinetics and thermodynamics of adsorption process. Results and Discussion Dendrimerized CNTs have been fabricated by pre-functionalizing the CNTs with MA via Diels–Alder reaction, excluding harmful chemicals and energy-intensive processes

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• majority of the bound CySH is either coordinated to surface Fe through the amine, or possibly bound to 3,4-DHBA quinones through its thiol. The presence of a higher binding energy feature in the S 2p spectra at >166 eV is attributed to a Si 2s plasmon loss peak, derived from the Si substrate (Supporting

• -maleimide binding to both the cleaved CySS groups, and bound DTT ligands. Analysis of the S 2p XPS spectrum of IONP-CySS (Figure 11B.i) reveals the absence of the low binding energy Fe–S doublet, which is expected due to the presence of disulfide bonds that cannot bind surface Fe. After treating IONP-CySS

Nanomaterials for biomedical applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Filippo Pierini,
• Seda Kizilel and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105

• nanoparticles are most often used in photothermal therapy. These nanomaterials can capture specific wavelengths of light from the near-infrared spectrum and then use that energy to generate heat. This heat from the laser points causes cancer cells to be damaged or destroyed, while reducing the damage to nearby

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• catalysis, solar energy, and light emission. A critical review on the emerging topic of laser ablation, fragmentation, and melting in liquids, and key reports on both the fundamental principles and applications related to these processes are available in [6]. In another review, the formation mechanism and

• specific applications will be crucial for realizing the full potential of laser-based techniques and addressing challenges in LAL such as low productivity, high energy consumption, and wide size distribution. Additionally, advancing in situ characterization methods, such as time-resolved shadowgraphy [26

• pulsed laser fragmentation of PbTe micrometer-sized powders in distilled water using a Nd:YAG laser [31]. The study examined the impact of various experimental parameters, including laser wavelength (Figure 3a), treatment duration, and output energy, on the fragmentation yield, nanoparticle size, and

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• complete as intended and these electrodes were discarded. A thin layer of copper deposition on the exposed platinum nanowire tip was further examined using SEM imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental composition analysis. Figure 2b presents an SEM image of the copper-coated

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• these, membrane-based desalination stands out due to its numerous advantages, such as low energy consumption, compact footprint, and ease of operation [11][12]. Over the past decade, there has been a substantial increase in research publications related to membrane desalination, with the number reaching

• result cannot exclude the possibility of instrumental error. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is utilized to analyze the surface chemical compositions of Ag@PCTA, PCTA, and CTA. Figure 3a shows the XPS wide scan spectrum of CTA, PCTA, and Ag@PCTA. The C 1s peak at a binding energy (BE) of 284.94 eV

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• properties of surfaces and molecules with atomic precision. This opens up the ability to map the local density of states (LDOS) of a sample with high spatial resolution [1][2][3]. Peaks within a map of the LDOS correspond to increases in conductance at specific bias values, revealing the energy levels of key

• was operated using an RC5 Nanonis controller, with all experiments carried out in UHV (base pressure ≤5 × 10−11 mbar) cooled to 5 K. Gold and silver crystals (spl.eu) were prepared via repeated sputter–anneal cycles, sputtering under an argon pressure of ≈5 × 10−5 mbar, with a beam energy of 1.5 kV

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• receptors and ligands, as well as the number of interactions necessary to overcome the energy barrier for cellular uptake. Properly balancing these factors ensures efficient binding and internalization of the nanoparticles by the target cells [50][51]. For example, nanoparticles can be engineered to

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• modulation of the net localized energy distribution on the surface, and this field absorption is manifested as LIPSS on the surface. This process depends on several experimental factors, namely, incident wavelength, polarization, material dielectric, dielectric, fluence of the laser, pulse width, repetition

• pulse duration, 5.5 mJ/pulse energy, and a repetition rate of 1 kHz, was utilized for laser direct writing experiments. The fundamental part of the laser, providing 2.6 mJ/pulse, acted as the pump for an optical parametric amplifier (OPA), allowing for flexible tuning of the laser wavelength from 400 to

• one has to attain structural uniformity across the entire surface [52]. A notable observation is that the periodicity of LIPSS increases when using laser wavelengths from 400 to 2000 nm, after which it decreases at both 2200 and 2400 nm irradiation. Naturally, as the photon energy decreases, the

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• samples fabricated with lower current density, highlighting the benefits of the optimized electrodeposition conditions for the former. Keywords: BiOI; BiVO4; electrodeposition; photoelectrochemical water splitting; Introduction In the context of the increasing global energy demand, the development of

• renewable and sustainable energy sources has become a top priority in science and technology [1][2]. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-splitting systems hold significant promises for converting abundant solar energy into chemical fuels, such as hydrogen [3][4]. However, their widespread application is still

• ). Bandgap values were determined using Tauc plots for indirect allowed transitions, based on (αhν)2 ∝ (hν – Eg), where α is the absorption coefficient, h is Planck’s constant, ν is the frequency, and Eg is the bandgap energy. The (αhν)2 values plotted against the photon energy determined Eg at the

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• light energy into heat, resulting in photoablation, which leads to cell damage and death [166]. Overall, PTT presents great potential in improving recovery time and better outcomes in cancer treatment [163][167]. To enhance the therapeutic efficiency of PTT, biomimetic NPs have been developed by

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• , at a specific wavelength, PpIX absorbs energy and transfers it to molecular oxygen, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS are highly toxic to cells, inducing oxidative damage in various biomolecules such as lipids, proteins and DNA, leading to cell death [6][7]. However, PpIX and other

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• adsorption energy ranges from −0.389 to −0.657 eV, indicating weak physisorption. The Mulliken charge transfer varies between 0.06e and 0.109e, confirming effective but nondestructive interaction. A favorable recovery time of ≈3.533 μs at room temperature, along with a significant red shift in the absorption

• the axis of the nanotube. A density mesh cutoff of 150 Rydberg was applied to define the real-space grid for energy calculations. The ZnS NT model, consisting of 36 atoms periodically arranged along the Z-direction, was structurally optimized to achieve geometric and energetic stability. Optimization

• of the NT. The cohesive energy (EC) per atom of ZnS NT is calculated using the Equation 3 [51][52][53], where, EZnS NT, EZn and ES illustrate the corresponding energy of pristine ZnS NT, isolated Zn and S atoms, respectively. The number of Zn and S atoms in pristine ZnS NTs is called “a” and “b

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• , prediction, pattern recognition, and image and video generation. The increasing number of tasks and the growing volume of processed information highlight the relevance of using superconducting elements, which offer the advantages of high clock frequency and energy efficiency [1][2]. Studies [3][4][5][6

• ] describe neuromorphic elements based on superconducting interferometers that emulate the signal response of biological neurons in various real-world scenarios. In [1][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], adiabatic neuromorphic interferometers were presented, whose energy consumption can be reduced to the

• ]. Indeed, the inductance of a superconducting film carrying an electric current consists of two components, namely, the magnetic inductance (originating from the magnetic field energy) and the kinetic inductance (originating from the kinetic energy of the superconducting electrons). Should one want to

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• in organic solvents (acetone, ethanol, acetonitrile). In a systematic experimental series using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, selected-area electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, electron energy

• solution; EELS; electron energy loss spectroscopy; laser processing in liquids; multicomponent alloy; STEM-EDX; selected area electron diffraction; X-ray diffraction; Introduction High-entropy alloys (HEAs), also referred to as compositionally complex solid solutions (CCSS) [1], are of great interest in

• nanomaterials, usually consisting of single-phase solid solutions made of five or more elements, forming relatively simple face-centered cubic [6][7][8] (fcc) or body-centered cubic [9][10] (bcc) crystal structures, stabilized by the configurational part of Gibbs-free energy. It is worth noting that high

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• ; transmission X-ray microscope; Introduction Transmission X-ray microscopes (TXMs) operating in the soft and tender X-ray energy range are valuable tools for structural analysis in both biomedical and materials science research [1][2][3][4]. These microscopes yield images at a lateral resolution approaching 25

• then propagated through a beamline about 26 m in length [24], which consists of several mirrors and a plane-grating monochromator that yields highly monochromatic light (E/ΔE ≈ 10000 for the energy of 510 eV used in the current study). This monochromator source is then re-focused and demagnified onto

• crystalline order extended over the full particle. Fourier transform of a sub-region of this image yielded a lattice spacing for Au(111) of 0.236 nm, close to the nominal value of 0.235 nm (Supporting Information File 1, Section S13, Figure S12b). Finally, an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• are very high. The electron beam evaporation process uses the high kinetic energy of an electron beam to generate the thermal energy required to melt and then evaporate the source material to deposit it on the substrate [4]. Evaporation is an attractive deposition technique because of its many

• adhesion to substrates and a densely packed structure. Also, the deposition rate is low, which affects the high residual stress of the coating [7]. In order to improve the properties of vapor-deposited coatings, it is necessary to increase the total energy of the particles reaching the substrates. In

• practice, additional heating of the substrates, reducing the pressure in the working chamber, applying additional electrical bias to the substrates, or using ion beam assistance are used. All of these methods lead to an increase in the total energy of the nucleating particles on the substrate. Ion beam

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• Shiro Entani Mitsunori Honda Masaru Takizawa Makoto Kohda Quantum Materials and Applications Research Center, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan Honda’s Lab for Development of Future Clay Materials Research, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai

• , a broad structure arose in the higher binding energy region of the intense peak. The structure is originated from the introduction of the oxygen functional groups such as hydroxy and carbonyl groups [24]. It can be reasonably considered that the introduction of the local structures in SLGO causes

• adsorbing mechanism of the Cs atoms to the SLGO sheet, we investigated the electronic structure and chemical properties of adsorbed Cs by changing the pH level of the Cs aqueous solutions. Figure 5 shows Cs 3d XPS spectra of Cs-adsorbed SLGO under three different pH values. No energy shift was observed