Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• decades of technological evolution, during which NCs have become indispensable components of drug delivery systems, known for their adaptability and efficiency [2]. The “family” of nanoparticles (NPs) includes a broad range of materials such as lipids, polymers, proteins, dextran, silica [3], and metals

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• . Deposit shapes from the three distinct growth regimes. Evolution of an indented deposit with beam size and growth regimes of an indented deposit with a plateau. 3D images from AFM scans of depositions with the Cr-precursor fabricated using 5 keV at a 400 pA beam (a, c). In the right corner are the beam

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• Horiba LabRAM HR Evolution (Excitation: 325 nm, Lens: 40×, spot size: 1 μm) was used. Image J software was used to extract spatial periodicities and to generate 2D fast Fourier transform images (2D FFT) of the Hf surface structures. Results and Discussion Nanoparticles Figure 3 shows TEM images, the

Ultrablack color in velvet ant cuticle

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Wencke Krings,
• Juliana Reis Machado,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1554–1565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.122

• ultrablack colors in animals underscores the convergent evolution of anti-reflective mechanisms as an important strategy for survival and reproductive success across diverse habitats and ecological contexts. The evolution of ultrablack colors in animals highlights nature’s ingenuity in achieving structurally

• driving their evolution. Recent studies propose that ultrablack coloration may enhance visual signals from bright colors in peacock spiders and birds-of-paradise, traits that are sexually selected [10][13]. However, in velvet ants, sexual behavior in most species remains largely unexplored, and the sparse

• evidence suggests little correlation between female coloration and male preference [28]. As a result, an alternative hypothesis regarding the evolution and function of ultrablack colors in velvet ants is the amplification of antipredatory visual signals. Female velvet ants are renowned for their effective

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• . Chemical rate theory approach The chemical rate theory approach involves the application of concepts from chemical kinetics to describe the evolution of defects in materials under irradiation. It considers the rates of defect formation, migration, and annihilation processes and aims to predict the steady

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• )2Cl2. The right panel of Figure 1 compares the rate of 13CO evolution (measured at m/z 29) for different ion fluxes (black: 60 nA; blue: 90 nA). When 13CO evolution is plotted in terms of the ion dose for both fluxes, both profiles follow a first-order decay process with similar rate constants as seen

• production observed at m/z 29 for two different ion fluxes. The inset shows the linearization of the kinetic decay profiles with the corresponding fits for a first-order decay process. Evolution of the C 1s, Cl 2p, and Pt 4f XP regions for a thin film (≈2 nm) of Pt(CO)2Cl2 on a cooled (230 ± 5 K) tantalum

• Pt(CO)2Cl2 as functions of the Ar+ dose. The fits to the data based on a first-order kinetic process are shown in red. No further changes to C 1s and Pt(II) are observed after a 0.7 mC/cm2 Ar+ dose because the reaction has reached completion. Evolution of the C 1s and Pt 4f XP regions for a thin film

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• evolution of stored energy with a probe pulse. The study demonstrated superextensive charging dynamics, where the rise time decreases as the stored energy density increases. The DBRs in the structure play a crucial role in the experimental setup. Firstly, allowing for the confinement of the optical field

• and driving coherent interactions with the organic semiconductor molecules. Secondly, enabling the measurement of the evolution of stored energy and the differential reflectivity induced by the pump pulse, which is essential for monitoring the charging dynamics at a femtosecond resolution. The

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• animal clade where complex forms of cooperative behavior (eusociality) arise most independent times, and such behavioral specialization also drove the evolution of novel morphologies related to, for instance, task specialization in the different castes [8][9][10]. Studying and emulating these features

• the result of co-evolution of these traits with ecological requirements [56][92][93][94]. Furthermore, they are essentially in both intra- and interspecific communications [95][96][97]. These antennal sensors have inspired the development of devices for the detection of volatile compounds, which have

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• mechanisms of toxicity mitigation, we employed a computational workflow that involved studying the interactions between GO and TA at different theoretical levels. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed using the ReaxFF reactive force field to examine the evolution of TA conformation on the

• defects, one of the armchair edges presents hydroxy groups and one of the zigzag edges presents a broken epoxy site. Figure 3 presents the dynamics of a representative configuration of TA interacting with GO flake. Comparing the evolution of the TA’s configurations in the different simulations, the

• provide information regarding how the loss or gain of electrons affects the spatial electronic density of the atoms [49][50], revealing the most reactive sites of the system. We applied Fukui functions to assess the most reactive sites of GO in its initial configuration and after evolution of the sheet

Functional morphology of cleaning devices in the damselfly Ischnura elegans (Odonata, Coenagrionidae)

• Silvana Piersanti,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Wencke Krings,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Manuela Rebora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1260–1272, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.102

• enhance our understanding of different insect behavior and evolution (e.g., [32] for Mantodea and [26] for Hymenoptera). Moreover, they can represent the starting point to develop useful biomimetic tools [33]. Studies on grooming devices in Paleoptera (Odonata and Ephemeroptera) are scarce. Except for an

• ingestion in their grooming behavior [2]. As reported above, grooming behavior and devices, especially in insects, have been used to investigate phylogeny and evolution because of their low variability within species and relative evolutionary conservatism [26][30][52]. Further investigation of the grooming

• devices of different Odonata families, which diverged relatively early in their evolution, especially in relation to morphology of their compound eyes, would be interesting in this context. Left foreleg of Ischnura elegans (female) in SEM (a–e) and semithin section (f) of a grooming device under a light

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• simulations for 5 keV gallium ions in collagen The finite element simulator COMSOL was used to simulate the interaction of 5 keV Ga+ with collagen using the time-dependent differential equation of heat conduction for a stationary, homogeneous, and isotropic solid, The time evolution of a single gallium ion’s

• Transfer Physics’ is used to distribute the resultant thermal energy throughout the rest of the sample. The spatial and temporal evolution of the ions and their heat trail are stored and reassembled after the “Solve” is completed to generate various “Results” plots and images of the sample history. A 20 nm

Photocatalytic methane oxidation over a TiO₂/SiNWs p–n junction catalyst at room temperature

• Qui Thanh Hoai Ta,
• Luan Minh Nguyen,
• Ngoc Hoi Nguyen,
• Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen and
• Dai Hai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1132–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.92

• ) [43][44]. As expected, the crystal orientation of the TiO2/SiNWs catalyst obviously led to the creation of a robust p–n junction photocatalyst. The SEM analysis further confirms the morphological evolution during etching and TiO2 ALD. As revealed in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1, the

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• , which lead to the pronounced deposition of halos. In addition, all require relatively high substrate temperatures (well above 100 °C) in order to avoid condensation. Hence, thermal effects are expected to play an important role in deposit shape evolution with the enhanced desorption rates contributing

• . Compared to the typically obtained granular structure of metallic nanoparticles in a carbonaceous matrix, the deposit composition and chemistry evolution are unexpected. The resulting deposit exhibits a carbon-rich body with a surface decorated with silver nanoparticles and an interfacial layer of

• deposition of an automated sequence of shapes overnight, carefully avoiding unintended electron beam impact while precursor molecules were present (cf. the section on deposit evolution in Supporting Information File 1 for more details). The high-resolution images presented in the main manuscript were taken

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• , especially biopolymer nanoparticles, are applied to drug delivery methods, the aforementioned drawbacks faced by traditional drug delivery today can be overcome. The evolution of nanoparticle-based drug delivery techniques Drug delivery via nanoparticles has transformed the world of medicine in recent

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• SERS substrate over 60 days. We carried out systematic SERS measurements on different days, and their SERS intensities are compared concerning the days for the substrates, namely AgD3, AgAuD3, AuD3, AgN3, AgAuN3, and AuN3. The evolution of signal intensities over the 60 days is graphically depicted in

Ca_n neutral clusters: a two-step G₀W₀ and DFT benchmark

• Sunila Bakhsh,
• Sameen Aslam,
• Muhammad Khalid,
• Muhammad Sohail,
• Sundas Zafar,
• Sumayya Abdul Wadood,
• Kareem Morsy and
• Muhammad Aamir Iqbal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1010–1016, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.82

• is also called “the maximum hardness principle” [28]. From these three results we can see that the oscillatory pattern is moderated with the evolution of the cluster size. However, the majority of the values of IPs, EAs, and Egap are positive and following closely which suggests a clear correlation

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• biosensors, and to study temperature effects on 2D and 3D FET-based biosensors. Conclusion This review introduces the significant evolution of FET-based biosensors. Various novel architectures of FET-based biosensors are summarized, providing valuable insights for enhancing sensitivity and designing

Effects of cutting tool geometry on material removal of a gradient nanograined CoCrNi medium entropy alloy

• Yu-Sheng Lu,
• Yu-Xuan Hung,
• Thi-Xuyen Bui and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 925–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.76

• and partial dislocation motions in crystalline materials were examined by common neighbor analysis (CNA) of the modules in OVITO. Cutting force, shear strain distribution, von Mises stress analysis, crystal structure evolution, temperature distribution, and calculation of material wear rate were

• radius was fixed at 1 nm to analyze the surface morphology, atomic-scale wear, shear strain distribution, temperature distribution, and crystal structure evolution during cutting. Figure 2a–f shows the atoms that pile-up on the surface of the CoCrNi MEA substrates. The number of wear atoms during cutting

• highest temperature at this position. Samples with small grain gradients, corresponding to a higher number of amorphous atoms, exhibit an increase in mixture disorder of the atoms, leading to higher kinetic energy, which generates more thermal energy [34]. Figure 7 displays the crystal structure evolution

Investigation on drag reduction on rotating blade surfaces with microtextures

• Qinsong Zhu,
• Chen Zhang,
• Fuhang Yu and
• Yan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 833–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.70

• ; Introduction In order to survive, organisms in nature have undergone billions of years of evolution; their body structures have been adapted to the current environment and exhibit special functions on biological surfaces [1]. For the purpose of drag reduction, valuable inspiration can be derived from rapidly

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• data point, tp ≈ 10−3 s, yields two opposite situations. For GO, tp < τGO, the surface charge distribution does not reach the equilibrium configuration during the acquisition time, while for rGO, tp ≫ τrGO, measurements are carried out in equilibrium. It is important to note that the time evolution in

• Equation 8 is entirely a consequence of a non-negligible σs; if we set σs = 0, the time evolution cancels, and we recover the expected solution for a dielectric interface. When the tip oscillates or an AC voltage is applied, the oscillating electric field produces Joule dissipation at the surface as well

Green synthesis of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

• Dalia Chávez-García,
• Mario Guzman,
• Viridiana Sanchez and
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.63

• optoelectronic characteristics of the synthesized CQDs, UV–vis absorption spectra were measured using a Thermo Scientific Evolution 220 spectrophotometer. The CQDs were dissolved in deionized water at a ratio of 1:10 (0.3 mg of CQDs per mL) and the measurements were taken in the range of 200–800 nm. A 1 cm path

• value of the reaction mixture was kept constant during the test (pH 7). To initiate the catalytic process, each CQD sample was individually applied to the degradation of the MB dye. The UV–vis absorption spectrum of the dye was monitored using a spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific Evolution model 220

Level set simulation of focused ion beam sputtering of a multilayer substrate

• Alexander V. Rumyantsev,
• Nikolai I. Borgardt,
• Roman L. Volkov and
• Yuri A. Chaplygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 733–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.61

• Alexander V. Rumyantsev Nikolai I. Borgardt Roman L. Volkov Yuri A. Chaplygin National Research University of Electronic Technology - MIET, Bld. 1, Shokin Square, Zelenograd, Moscow, 124498, Russia 10.3762/bjnano.15.61 Abstract The evolution of a multilayer sample surface during focused ion beam

• only possible for shallow structures milled under constant sputtering yield conditions [18][19][20]. For more complex cases, one has to turn to various kinds of computer simulations that considerably facilitate structure fabrication using FIB. For example, surface evolution was studied using segment

• to take into account ion beam-induced redistribution and intermixing of atoms from different layers, were considered less frequently. Some of the examples include analytical estimations of the depth of bilayer substrates [26] and cell-based simulations of surface evolution and ion implantation using

Functional fibrillar interfaces: Biological hair as inspiration across scales

• Guillermo J. Amador,
• Brett Klaassen van Oorschot,
• Caiying Liao,
• Jianing Wu and
• Da Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.55

• 200 million years of independent evolution, feathers and hair follicles share numerous structural similarities, including the presence of a dermal papilla and a dermal sheath [71]. However, unlike hair, feathers also have a dermal pulp, which is essential in growth and regeneration during feather

• classifications. Future research linking form and function in microbial hairs may lead to a better understanding of their evolution, as well as providing inspiration for the development of functional fibrillar structures at the micrometer and nanometer scales. Filter feeding Locomotion is key for searching for

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• will be discussed first, followed by hydrocarbons and carbonaceous products. Permanent gas evolution during LSPC Compared to water, the laser irradiation of organic solvents (in the absence of nanoparticles) leads to decomposition reactions that form permanent gases. Baymler et al. irradiated water

• , ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, diethyl ether, and isobutanol with nanosecond laser pulses while quantifying the formed hydrogen pressure with amperometric sensors. The organic alcohols, while having a lower number of hydrogen atoms per molecule, showed a ten times higher hydrogen evolution rate than water

• [45]. Additionally, the molecular structure of the solvent affects the hydrogen evolution rate. Ethanol and isopropyl alcohol produced greater hydrogen yields than isobutyl alcohol and diethyl ether, which was attributed to the higher ratio of hydrogen to carbon and, thus, more C–H bonds relative to C

Stiffness calibration of qPlus sensors at low temperature through thermal noise measurements

• Laurent Nony,
• Sylvain Clair,
• Daniel Uehli,
• Aitziber Herrero,
• Jean-Marc Themlin,
• Andrea Campos,
• Franck Para,
• Alessandro Pioda and
• Christian Loppacher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 580–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.50