A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• , and phase inversion [1] to fabricate porous nanomembranes, electrospinning is a straightforward emerging technology that uses electrostatic forces to produce ultrathin fibers with diameters at the nanometer scale. In comparison to the membranes developed via other methodologies, electrospinning

• provides the manufacturers with membranes of nanometer-scale fibers with high surface area to volume ratio. Also, the low start-up cost, the applicability to a wide range of polymers, the ability to deposit fibers on desired substrates such as metal, glass, microfibrous mats and membranes, and the simple

• fibers with plenty of exciting properties. The distinctive, exciting properties such as a high surface area to volume ratio, high porosity, interconnected pores, narrow pore size distribution, excellent mechanical, electrical and chemical properties and the tunability of the properties by precise

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• phenylketonuria. Bera et al. [37] studied the effect of chiral on aromatic amino acid self-assembly. They found that the hybrid ᴅʟ system (racemate) alters the morphology and dynamics of the assemblies. For example, either ʟ-phenylalanine or ᴅ-phenylalanine can form amyloid fibers, but the ᴅʟ system shows a

• adhesive fibers. Therefore, a simple and robust bionic cyanobacteria model with excellent catalytic activity and sustainability was obtained. In addition, amino acids were co-assembled with phthalocyanines to improve their functionality. Han et al. [89] used histidine derivatives, 9

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• crystal growth is a kinetically controlled process, mild reaction conditions lead to a delayed growth in the preferred direction, and the other crystal planes also grew. Hence, it is likely that integration of the dissolving amorphous particles would fuse the fibers of the crystalline ones. This behavior

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• . reported on the wet impregnation of carbon fiber cloth with sulfur dissolved in CS2 [56]. The process leads to sulfur deposition within the hollow lumen of the carbon fibers as well as on the external surface as thin film. A battery assembled with a metal Na anode had a capacity of 120 mAh·g−1 after 300

• , nanocarbon materials such as graphene and carbon aerogels, carbon microspheres, and mats, felts and papers based on carbon nanotubes and carbon fibers can also be efficiently soaked with Na and additionally provide bending and rolling flexibility, making them very attractive host materials [19][67][68][69

• bulk silicon during sodiation can be overcome by hybridation of nanosized Si with carbon fibers, after which Zhang et al. measured 200 mAh·g−1 after 2000 cycles [83]. The investigation into phosphorous as anode material for SiBs is motivated by the highest capacity value of P (2596 mAh·g−1), which is

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• ][37], and other methods [38][39][40][41]. Co3O4 nanomaterials with various shapes were obtained, such as films [6][16], particles [13][14][32][38], spheres [15][20][28][36], fibers [18][19], wires [21][30][40], tubes [22][32], cages [23][33], flakes [24], sheets [25][37][41], and flowers [31

• at 120 °C in vacuum overnight. Disks with a diameter of 1 cm were cut and served as working electrodes in a two-electrode coin cell (CR2032). Metallic lithium (Sigma-Aldrich) simultaneously acted as counter and reference electrodes. Glassy fibers (Celgard) were used as a separator and soaked with 1.0

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

• Christian Voelkner,
• Mirco Wendt,
• Regina Lange,
• Max Ulbrich,
• Martina Gruening,
• Susanne Staehlke,
• Barbara Nebe,
• Ingo Barke and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

• . Dynamic remodeling of structures, which requires a continuous balance between assembly and disassembly, is well known for cytoskeletal fibers. To quantify the excess membrane of the cells, we fixed the cells already 3 h after adhesion. The reason is that most of the spreading happens in the early phase

A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• BmNPVs. This decreased the virus pathogenicity and improved the survival rate of the affected silkworms. The effects of nanomaterials on the silk fibers of silkworms Silkworm silk is gaining popularity in the textile industry because of its shiny appearance and excellent mechanical properties [156][157

• coil/α-helix to β-sheet contributes to increased breaking elongation and toughness modules, which translates as excellent mechanical properties [161]. Studies focusing on the impacts of nanomaterials on silkworms and on their silk fibers have been published recently. Cai et al. [161] focused on

• producing intrinsically modified silk fibers via feeding silkworms with a TiO2 artificial diet at different concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4%). It was reported that feeding silkworms with a 1% TiO2 artificial diet significantly improved the mechanical properties and ultraviolet resistance of the silk fiber

Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy

• Natalie Frese,
• Patrick Schmerer,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Matthias Schürmann,
• Matthias König,
• Michael Westphal,
• Friedemann Weber,
• Holger Sudhoff and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 172–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.13

• field of cell biology for imaging various human and animal cells. These include cartilage [2], cancer [3], liver [4], kidney [5] and stem cells [6], as well as fibrin fibers [7]. To visualize viruses and their host organisms, HIM has so far been applied to image T4 phage-infected E. coli bacteria [8

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• , with a primary particle size of 20 nm, are dispersed and incorporated in electrospun fibers of PC with a diameter 1 µm < Ø < 10 µm (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2). The electrospun fibers are subsequently embedded into epoxy. A detailed description of the sample preparation is found in the

• surface was modified with taurine (coverage of ≈16%) which was found to enable the subsequent electrospinning process. The nanoparticles were mixed in a solution of methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) and PC. The solution was electrospun to form fibers at 30 kV and at distance of 10 cm from the collector. The

• model sample, epoxy/PC, and an SEM micrograph of PC/BNP fibers (used in the epoxy/PC/BNP composite) is given. Supporting Information File 48: Bulk chemical composition contrast. Funding This work was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) in the framework of the research unit FOR2021: “Acting

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

Piezoelectric sensor based on graphene-doped PVDF nanofibers for sign language translation

• Shuai Yang,
• Xiaojing Cui,
• Rui Guo,
• Zhiyi Zhang,
• Shengbo Sang and
• Hulin Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1655–1662, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.148

• concentrated in the bent part of the material, and the potential is generated on the opposite side of the device. Electrospinning is used to manufacture GR-doped PVDF fibers. The overall process is shown in Figure 2a. Firstly, GR is dispersed in dimethylformamide (DMF). After ultrasonic treatment, PVDF powder

• is added under stirring to yield the spinning solution for electrospinning. After preparation of the fibers, an aqueous solution of Ti3C2 MXene and Ag NWs is sprayed on both sides of the material and then dried. Finally, the nanowire membrane is covered on both sides with PDMS to obtain the

• fibers is shown in Figure 2e. As the concentration increases, the tensile strength of the material increases. The output of the self-powered PES was measured with a series of experiments. Figure 3a,b shows that when the pressure gradually increases, the generated piezoelectric voltage increases. The

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• configurations were used as a material to fabricate supercapacitor electrodes. These nanofibers were synthesized by applying a modified parallel electrode to the electrospinning method (MPEM) in order to generate electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers containing graphene. After synthesis, these fibers

• pores were formed not only at the surface of the CCGNFs but also inside these fibers. The pore formation not only increased the specific surface area of the CGCNFs but also had a significant influence on the ionic conduction in the electrolyte solution, thereby affecting the final electrochemical

• increase in the pore volume of the OPCGCNFs was mainly due to the increase in the number of channels in the fibers, leading to an increase in the ion transport rate. This shows that proper microporous/mesoporous structures can facilitate the transport and adsorption of ions in the electrode, which favors

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• that there was wound healing of the infected site, while untreated areas resulted in necrotic muscular fibers and bacterial infiltration. Applications of other types of nanoparticles for photothermally induced bacteria and biofilm ablation Besides the widely studied gold nanoparticles, other inorganic

Straightforward synthesis of gold nanoparticles by adding water to an engineered small dendrimer

• Sébastien Gottis,
• Régis Laurent,
• Vincent Collière and
• Anne-Marie Caminade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1110–1118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.95

• fibers stabilized by amines (AuI, ca. 3.25 Å) [10], but slightly longer than in the case of gold particles in silica glass and gold foil (2.84 Å) [61] or in bulk gold (2.88427 Å) [10]. The dependence between the gold nanoparticle shape and the conditions in which they were generated is the subject of a

Microwave-induced electric discharges on metal particles for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials under solvent-free conditions

• Vijay Tripathi,
• Harit Kumar,
• Anubhav Agarwal and
• Leela S. Panchakarla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1019–1025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.86

• fibers [20][21]. Thus, sulfur was introduced to the reaction mixtures to improve the yield of nanorods. The microwave treatment of activated Zn metal with g-C3N4 and sulfur in a Teflon container produced ZnF2 nanorods in high yield. The XRD patterns in Figure S5 in Supporting Information File 1 confirm

Wet-spinning of magneto-responsive helical chitosan microfibers

• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Johanna Michel,
• Naiana Suter,
• Matheus Grande de Aguiar and
• Michael Maas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 991–999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.83

• to the macroscale. Due to their ability to store mechanical energy and to optimize the accessible surface area, helical shapes contribute particularly to motion-driven processes and structural reinforcement. Due to these special features, helical fibers have become highly attractive for

• biotechnological and tissue engineering applications. However, there are only a few methods available for the production of biocompatible helical microfibers. Given that, we present here a simple technique for the fabrication of helical chitosan microfibers with embedded magnetic nanoparticles. Composite fibers

• were prepared by wet-spinning and coagulation in an ethanol bath. Thereby, no toxic components were introduced into the wet-spun chitosan fibers. After drying, the helical fibers had a diameter of approximately 130 µm. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of wet-spun helices revealed that the magnetic

Atomic layer deposition for efficient oxygen evolution reaction at Pt/Ir catalyst layers

• Stefanie Schlicht,
• Korcan Percin,
• Stefanie Kriescher,
• André Hofer,
• Claudia Weidlich,
• Matthias Wessling and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 952–959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.79

• consider here two distinct catalyst preparation methods. As a standard method used in the engineering context, we perform an acid etch of the titanium fibers (to generate surface roughness and thereby increase the specific surface area), followed by dip-coating of a noble metal salt precursor solution on

• the Ti support and subsequent thermal decomposition to the corresponding elements [16][17][18]. As an academic method yielding better control of the electrode surface geometry, we perform an “anodization” of the Ti fibers to generate an ordered porous layer, followed by atomic layer deposition (ALD

• . Finally, the samples were calcinated at 450 °C to generate the metallic catalyst. Figure 1 presents the SEM and EDX characterization of the titanium felts obtained by this method. Figure 1a presents the untreated felt, the titanium fibers of which are clearly visible. Figure 1b shows the felt after acid

A 3D-polyphenylalanine network inside porous alumina: Synthesis and characterization of an inorganic–organic composite membrane

• Jonathan Stott and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.78

• Fores et al. The authors realized peptide hydrogels in a porous melamine foam for use in continuous flow chemistry [30]. Other polyelectrolytes such as poly(acrylic acid) were prepared using an ozone-induced grafting process for cellulose fibers [31]. Hydrophobic foams of poly(γ-benzyl-ʟ-glutamate-co-ʟ

Integrated photonics multi-waveguide devices for optical trapping and Raman spectroscopy: design, fabrication and performance demonstration

• Gyllion B. Loozen,
• Arnica Karuna,
• Mohammad M. R. Fanood,
• Erik Schreuder and
• Jacob Caro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 829–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.68

• suspension away from surfaces [2]. For on-chip trapping and Raman spectroscopy, the dual-beam trap based on fibers or integrated photonics waveguides has been studied extensively [3][4][5][6]. This trap comprises two excitation fibers or excitation waveguides, which emit counter-propagating beams into a

• spectra are induced and collected by an external spectroscopy system. This work was extended in [4] by using fibers for both trapping of single polystyrene beads and for inducing and collecting Raman signals for the trapped beads. In our previous work [5], we used integrated photonics Si3N4 waveguides of

• the facets and disturbance of its Raman spectrum due to particle–surface interaction, which are effects to be avoided. It is of interest to compare the devices described in [3][4][5][6] with the long hollow core fibers for fiber-enhanced Raman spectroscopy used in [7]. With the technique applied in [7

Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Faraz A. Inam,
• Shin-ichiro Sato and
• Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic performance of heterostructured CuO–ZnO-loaded composite nanofiber membranes

• Wei Fang,
• Liang Yu and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 631–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.50

• investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi S-4800, Japan). The matrix morphology and fiber diameter distribution were determined using the Image J software (National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA). The diameter of 100 randomly selected fibers in each sample were chosen

• evenly distributed on the surface of the nanofibers, which provide a seed layer for further hydrothermal growth. When the weight ratio reaches 1:1, the nanofibers the particles aggregated and the fibers become bundled. Therefore, a weight ratio of 1:2 was chosen as the optimum parameter for further

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• fibers [7][8][9][10], N-doped 3D ordered (meso)porous carbon materials [11], N-doped carbon composites (e.g., carbon nanotubes/graphene) [12], and N-doped carbon spheres [13][14] to graphitic-C3N4 carbon nitride composites [15]. In the present work we report results of a systematic study on the synthesis

• (HRTEM) images of the resulting particles showed that the graphite layers are arranged along the longitudinal axis of the fibers [37]. After the acidic washing process, neither XPS nor EDX showed, for g-NCS-850 and g-NCS-1000, Fe or Fe3C particles within the spheres, which are commonly found for the Fe

• graphite layers Lc of 7.6 and 8.6 nm, respectively, which matches very well to the thickness of the carbon fibers as detected in the TEM images. The degree of graphitization, g, is calculated using the interplanar distance d002: g = (0.344 nm – d002)/(0.344 nm – 0.3354 nm), with 0.344 nm for the

Fully amino acid-based hydrogel as potential scaffold for cell culturing and drug delivery

• Dávid Juriga,
• Evelin Sipos,
• Orsolya Hegedűs,
• Gábor Varga,
• Miklós Zrínyi,
• Krisztina S. Nagy and
• Angéla Jedlovszky-Hajdú

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2579–2593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.249

• Institutional Committee of Science and Research Ethics. The number of the ethical permission is: 17458/2012/EKU. After extraction, the teeth were immediately placed into a sterile cell culture medium. The viable periodontal fibers were removed from the tooth surface, put into a sterile box with a sterile blade

• and digested in 1 mL collagenase I solution (1 mg/mL, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri) for 1 h at 37 °C. The samples were vortexed every 10 min. After digestion, the fibers were mechanically loosened with needles (21G and 18G) and were centrifuged for 5 min at 250g. The PDLCs were maintained in a

Advanced hybrid nanomaterials

• Andreas Taubert,
• Fabrice Leroux,
• Pierre Rabu and
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2563–2567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.247

• ) was employed in “Topochemical engineering of composite hybrid fibers using layered double hydroxides and abietic acid” [27]. In this work, a composite hybrid was formed using cellulose fibers with LDH particles growing on their surface and then covered by abietic acid. The fibers were tested against

Four self-made free surface electrospinning devices for high-throughput preparation of high-quality nanofibers

• Yue Fang and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2261–2274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.218

• high-throughput tipless electrospinning via a circular cylindrical electrode. Shin et al. [19] used a multiple vertical rod setup for needleless ES to fabricate submicrometer polymer fibers. Moon et al. developed a syringeless electrospinning technique with a helically probed rotating cylinder for

• fibers were characterized using the Image J software (National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) to study 100 randomly chosen nanofibers in 50 SEM images. The mass of the PAN nanofibers was measured as follows using a precise electronic balance (XJ120A, Precisa, Shanghai, China): where W is