Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

• , Huang et al. reported that BiOI microspheres served as self-sacrificing templates for in situ phase transformation and formation of phase junctions [81]. Different bismuth oxyiodides were formed as a result of this. Hierarchical BiOI, Bi4O5I2, Bi4O5I2–Bi5O7I phase-junction, and Bi5O7I may be synthesized

• levels of Bi2O3 and Bi2S3 equilibrate at the p–n junction, was also proposed. Bi2S3, which has a smaller bandgap than Bi2O3, is excited when it is exposed to visible light, while Bi2O3 is not. The photogenerated holes stay in the p-type Bi2S3 VB, while the excitons in the p-type Bi2S3 CB migrate to the n

Nonlinear features of the superconductor–ferromagnet–superconductor φ₀ Josephson junction in the ferromagnetic resonance region

• Aliasghar Janalizadeh,
• Ilhom R. Rahmonov,
• Sara A. Abdelmoneim,
• Yury M. Shukrinov and
• Mohammad R. Kolahchi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1155–1166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.97

• characteristics of a φ0 Josephson junction in the ferromagnetic resonance region. We show that at small values of the system parameters damping, spin–orbit interaction, and Josephson-to-magnetic energy ratio, the magnetic dynamics is reduced to the dynamics of a scalar Duffing oscillator driven by the Josephson

• different approximations. Finally, we demonstrate the negative differential resistance in the I–V characteristics and its correlation with the fold-over effect. Keywords: Duffing oscillator; Josephson junction; Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation; Introduction The coupling of the superconducting phase

• difference with the magnetic moment of a ferromagnet in a φ0 junction leads to a number of unique features important for superconducting spintronics and modern information technology [1][2][3][4][5]. It allows one to control the magnetization precession by the superconducting current and affects the current

Efficiency of electron cooling in cold-electron bolometers with traps

• Dmitrii A. Pimanov,
• Vladimir A. Frost,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 896–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.80

• , and the coefficient β shows how much of PS comes back to the absorber. PA = IAV is the power due to Andreev heating current, V is the voltage drop across the NIS junction, and Pleak = V2/Rleak is the power associated with the leakage current. The quasi-particle tunneling current is written as: where V

• is the NIS junction voltage, Te and Ts are the electron temperatures in the normal metal and the superconductor, is the density of states in the superconductor, Δ is the superconducting gap, and kB is the Boltzmann constant. Using the integral of the tunneling current through the NIS junction

• , τm is the magnetic scattering parameter that is found from the fit. W = W0ξ0/d is the effective tunneling parameter for planar tunnel junctions used in our CEB, W0 = R(ξ0)/RN is the tunneling parameter, RN is the normal resistance of the junction, and R(ξ0) is the resistance of Al/Fe absorber with

Numerical modeling of a multi-frequency receiving system based on an array of dipole antennas for LSPE-SWIPE

• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitrii A. Pimanov,
• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 865–872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.77

• current noise of 4–10 pA/Hz1/2. To optimize the receiver for better noise characteristics, we consider optimized CEBs with a single superconductor–insulator–normal (SIN) tunnel junction and a single superconductor–normal (SN) contact [12]. Combined together, they form a SINS structure. This solution can

• help reaching better noise characteristics than those of CEBs with two SIN tunnel junctions due to several reasons. First, the responsivity is increased by a factor of two due to hot electrons tunneling only through one SIN junction. Second, the bolometer resistance is decreased twice, which helps in

• junction suppresses the Coulomb blockade, so the absorber volume can be decreased by a factor of four, leaving the capacitance unchanged. Therefore, the current responsivity is increased from 40–45 nA/pW to 80–100 nA/pW. Thus, the total NEP for this CEB concept should also be two times better than the

Hierachical epicuticular wax coverage on leaves of Deschampsia antarctica as a possible adaptation to severe environmental conditions

• Elena V. Gorb,
• Iryna A. Kozeretska and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 807–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.71

• abaxial side of the ligule (a membrane on the adaxial side of the junction of the leaf sheath and leaf blade); and (ii) generative organs, namely the pedicel (a stalk of a single spikelet (collection of flowers (florets) in a grass inflorescence)) and the abaxial surface of the outer, lower glume (a bract

A superconducting adiabatic neuron in a quantum regime

• Marina V. Bastrakova,
• Dmitrii S. Pashin,
• Dmitriy A. Rybin,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Anastasiya A. Gorchavkina and
• Arkady M. Satanin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 653–665, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.57

• obtained results indicate the conditions under which the neuron possesses the required sigmoid activation function. Keywords: Josephson junction; quantum neuron; quantum-classical neural networks; superconducting quantum interferometer; Introduction The implementation of machine learning algorithms is

• model and basic equations A single-junction superconducting interferometer with normalized inductance l, a Josephson junction without resistive shunting (JJ), an additional inductance la, and an output inductance lout (see Figure 1b) are the basis of the quantum neuron. This circuit has been presented

• in [46] when considering the classical mode of this system. Inductances are normalized to (2πIc/Φ0), where Ic is the critical current of the Josephson junction and Φ0 is the magnetic flux quantum. The inertial properties of the system are due to the junction capacitance, which, along with the

Approaching microwave photon sensitivity with Al Josephson junctions

• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Ladeynov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 582–589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.50

• , Russia Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden 10.3762/bjnano.13.50 Abstract Here, we experimentally test the applicability of an aluminium Josephson junction of a few micrometers size as a single

• of three and more photons, with a dark count time above 0.01 s. Keywords: Josephson junction; microwave photons; single photon counter; thermal activation; Introduction The development of a single photon counter (SPC) for microwave frequencies of tens of gigahertz has been required for several

• counter can be made on their basis. We use the metastable quasi-equilibrium state of a Josephson junction, which, at low temperatures, is stable enough for thermal fluctuations and quantum tunneling, but can be easily destroyed by absorption of a single photon. We demonstrate few-photon sensitivity of our

Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

• degradation due to higher surface area and the presence of a metal–semiconductor junction by this 3D hybrid structure [68]. Additionally, it was observed that metal-based substrates did not exhibit any catalytic degradation, while those that incorporated ZnO led to a significant decrease in the SERS intensity

Tunable superconducting neurons for networks based on radial basis functions

• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok and
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 444–454, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.37

• the flux quantum Φ0; currents are normalized to the critical current of the Josephson junctions IC; inductances are normalized to the characteristic inductance 2πLIC/Φ0, times are normalised to the characteristic time tC = Φ0/(2πVC) (VC is the characteristic voltage of a Josephson junction). Equations

• operation of the cell (tRF up to 8000tC, where tC is the characteristic time for the Josephson junction). The dissipation during the operation of the Gauss-neuron remains small, which justifies classifying the proposed cell as adiabatic (Figure 4b). Realization of tunability: adjustable kinetic inductance

• junction (RSJ) model. A typical approach to obtain the equations of motion for Josephson systems is to write the Kirchhoff and phase constraints. From Figure 1b), it follows: Let us sum up the second and third equations of the system in Equation 10, taking into account the first equation, and dividing the

Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• driving voltage. ESD circuits ESD protection is an indispensable part of integrated circuit (IC) design. Traditional in silico PN-junction-based on-chip ESD protection will cause parasitic capacitance, leakage, noise, a large consumption of silicon area, and other negative effects. This is unacceptable in

A broadband detector based on series YBCO grain boundary Josephson junctions

• Egor I. Glushkov,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Kuzmin and
• Leonid S. Revin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 325–333, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.27

• –frequency characteristic, beam pattern, and fraction of the absorbed power in each Josephson junction were investigated. Based on the obtained results, a numerical simulation of one-dimensional arrays was carried out. The dc characteristics of the detector were calculated, that is, current–voltage

• ; electromagnetic modeling; log-periodic antenna; RCSJ model; series Josephson junctions; YBaCuO Josephson junction; Introduction High-temperature superconducting (HTSC) Josephson junctions (JJs) have great potential as promising materials for creating high-frequency devices, such as microwave generators [1][2

• for each junction can be used [20], but the development of a broadband detector requires the use of spiral [4], log-periodic [3], or other types of broadband antennas. In this case JJs are integrated into the single receiving system. This is the case considered in our article. The aim of this work is

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• small size of nanomaterials enables them to permeate through biological barriers in the body, such as the blood–brain barrier, the pulmonary system, and through the tight junction of endothelial cells of the skin. The main goal of loading drugs on nanomaterials is the delivery to specific target cells

Topographic signatures and manipulations of Fe atoms, CO molecules and NaCl islands on superconducting Pb(111)

• Carl Drechsel,
• Philipp D’Astolfo,
• Jung-Ching Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Rémy Pawlak and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1–9, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.1

• tip [66][67] to intentionally form dimers and trimers and measure their apparent STM heights. To do so, the STM tip was positioned above a single Fe atom. The resistance of the STM junction was then decreased from about 50 GΩ (imaging) to 3 GΩ (manipulation) in order to trap the Fe atom in the STM

• junction [68]. Upon lateral tip displacements with a velocity of about 500 pm·s−1, the trapped Fe atom is successfully displaced over the surface. During this process, a so-called “atom manipulation image” [69] can be obtained from such dragging of the Fe atom over Pb(111) (Figure 4b). The geometric

• ). (b) Topographic STM image during the manipulation of a single Fe atom trapped in the STM junction. (c) Models of the Pb(111) corresponding to the STM image of panel (b). The red dashed parallelogram refers to the Pb(111) lattice. (d–f) Series of STM images of Fe adatoms and their successive lateral

Design aspects of Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+δ THz sources: optimization of thermal and radiative properties

• Mikhail M. Krasnov,
• Natalia D. Novikova,
• Roger Cattaneo,
• Alexey A. Kalenyuk and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1392–1403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.103

• an inherently tunable oscillation frequency, fJ = (2e/h)V, where e is electron charge and V is the bias voltage per junction. The frequency is limited only by the superconducting energy gap, which can be in excess of 30 THz for Bi-2212 [27][28]. A broad range tunability of emission in the whole THz

Nonmonotonous temperature dependence of Shapiro steps in YBCO grain boundary junctions

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitriy V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Sergey A. Pavlov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1279–1285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.95

• University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia 10.3762/bjnano.12.95 Abstract The amplitudes of the first Shapiro steps for an external signal with frequencies of 72 and 265 GHz are measured as function of the temperature from 20 to 80 K for a 6 μm Josephson grain boundary junction fabricated by

• are in agreement with the calculations based on the resistively–capacitively shunted junction model and Bessel theory. The emergence of the receiving optima is explained by the mutual influence of the varying critical current and the characteristic frequency. Keywords: characteristic frequency

• ; Shapiro steps; temperature dependence; YBaCuO Josephson junction; Introduction High-temperature superconducting (HTSC) Josephson junctions (JJs) are of great interest since many physical properties can be observed in dynamics during the changing the temperature within a wide range from nitrogen

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• resulting in more interaction sites at which analyte and sensor can interact. The authors termed the mechanism “random tunneling junction network”. Here, electron transport across the fractal structures is assumed to occur via tunneling. Different fractal dimensions lead to different Schottky barrier

• concentrations of ethanol. The SnO2 with NDs showed enhanced ethanol sensing in comparison to SnO2 NWs without NDs, which was attributed to a higher surface-to-volume ratio, more grain boundaries, and the presence of junction barriers at the ND–NW interfaces. The estimated D for the SnO2 nanodendrites was 1.88

Assessment of the optical and electrical properties of light-emitting diodes containing carbon-based nanostructures and plasmonic nanoparticles: a review

• Keshav Nagpal,
• Erwan Rauwel,
• Frédérique Ducroquet and
• Protima Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1078–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.80

• their sizes [92]. Generally, a QD-based EML is sandwiched between a polymer-based ETL and HTL. Carbon-based nanomaterials such as SWNT have also been investigated as EML in OLED. Firstly, a SWNT p–n junction on a Si substrate has been investigated by Lee et al. [93]. Further, Mueller et al., with some

A Au/CuNiCoS₄/p-Si photodiode: electrical and morphological characterization

• Adem Koçyiğit,
• Adem Sarılmaz,
• Teoman Öztürk,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Murat Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 984–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.74

• carriers with high energy passing easily the barrier between metal and semiconductor. Also, more charge carriers are generated with increasing light power, and thus diffusion of the charges from the barrier occurs [27]. The junction resistance (Rj) is another diode parameter to evaluate the fabricated Au

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• -junction and flow-focusing are the two major methods for microfluidic production of MBs. In the T-junction approach, the two flows (liquid and gas) are perpendicular to each other, whereas in the flow-focusing method, one flow is surrounded by the other flow when they emerge from a small orifice

9.1% efficient zinc oxide/silicon solar cells on a 50 μm thick Si absorber

• Rafal Pietruszka,
• Bartlomiej S. Witkowski,
• Monika Ozga,
• Katarzyna Gwozdz,
• Ewa Placzek-Popko and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 766–774, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.60

• sample B. In the infrared region (850–1200 nm) the largest losses in EQE were observed. Photons with a low energy have a reduced absorption probability. Hence, low-energy photons generate e–h pairs mostly deep in the junction. Such pairs (excitons) should pass through the cell before reaching the

• junction where they are effectively separated or recombined at the rear contact. Generally, in the infrared region absorption coefficient is low for silicon substrates [20]. Moreover, the electron–hole pairs generated deep in a cell are strongly attracted by the rear contact, and these pairs recombine

• difference is related to the presence of ZnONR in the structure. Zinc oxide nanorods are monocrystalline and form a better junction with the silicon substrate (with less defects, i.e., less recombination centers). The impact of ZnONR on recombination can be observed considering the Rsh value. If Rsh

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• of the HIM, junction barriers of width 1–2 nm were created, that is, narrow enough for the tunneling current to propagate. An overview of the sample and a schematic outlining the irradiation approach are shown in Figure 2d. The electronic properties of the junction barrier can be continuously tuned

• structures [45]. The performance of Josephson junctions in YBCO thin films fabricated using the HIM has been further evaluated in [46]. Cross-sectional STEM analysis of helium line irradiations of YBCO has shown that the crystallinity of the Josephson junction barriers is essentially preserved, highlighting

Impact of GaAs(100) surface preparation on EQE of AZO/Al₂O₃/p-GaAs photovoltaic structures

• Piotr Caban,
• Rafał Pietruszka,
• Jarosław Kaszewski,
• Monika Ożga,
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski,
• Krzysztof Kopalko,
• Piotr Kuźmiuk,
• Katarzyna Gwóźdź,
• Ewa Płaczek-Popko,
• Krystyna Lawniczak-Jablonska and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 578–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.48

• . Lesker PVD75). It should also be underscored that the utilized structure was quite simplified and not optimized for the best performance in terms of junction properties, absorber and window layers, doping/thickness, or metallization used. Measurement equipment The morphology of the structures was

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• charges (possibly, a p–n junction is formed). It was shown [59] that electrons that were transferred from the n-type semiconductor and stored in the rGO sheets are withdrawn upon exposure to gas, thereby restoring the hole concentration and p-type conductivity of rGO. This is made possible by the energy

Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy

• Natalie Frese,
• Patrick Schmerer,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Matthias Schürmann,
• Matthias König,
• Michael Westphal,
• Friedemann Weber,
• Holger Sudhoff and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 172–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.13

• interactions mediated through agglutinating BST-2 [40][41]. Some viral particles appear to be connected to the cell membrane by a continuous junction (arrowheads). Figure 3b shows another cell on the MOI 1 sample at different magnification levels. At the highest magnification shown in Figure 3b3 (FOV 850 nm

Towards 3D self-assembled rolled multiwall carbon nanotube structures by spontaneous peel off

• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1865–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.168

• in CNTs is achieved by tuning experimental parameters during CNT synthesis [16]. To date, CNTs with so-called intratubular junctions have been used exclusively for electronic applications due to their p–n junction behavior [17][18][19]. The potential of CNTs with junctions to serve as building blocks

• identified at the root of MWCNTs in N1/C2 junctions than larger nanoparticles at the root of MWCNT in C1/N2 junctions (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1). A C1/N2 junction, therefore, requires a size increase of the nanocatalyst whereas an N1/C2 junction requires a size decrease of the nanocatalyst

• during sample preparation. Nevertheless, on MWCNT structures with only one junction a change in structure can still be related to the precursor used. In the case of N1/C2 junctions (Figure 4a and Figure 4b) the interface between the two expected sections is conveniently marked by darker features, which