Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• 2.8 J·cm−2 [41]. Additionally, to increase the NP concentration and reduce the organic solvent use, a closed loop liquid flow system was employed. Size distribution, morphology, elemental composition, and crystal structure of the NPs from both CCA targets were examined using transmission electron

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• (Figure 3h and 3i). Although GO-SG-ZH nanosheets agglomerated into microstructures (Figure 3h), the self-assembly of graphene-based nanosheets was different from the stacked morphology of the GO-SG-ZH powder. At a higher magnification of 20,000×, SEM image in Figure 3i revealed the porous structure with

• Figure 8a–c showed GO nanosheets, SG nanoparticles, and ZH nanostructures of the GO-SG-ZH coating. Reflected light from the GO-SG-ZH coating gave a three-dimensional vision of the coating texture. The nanostructures in the coating morphology are well-distributed. In Figure 8c, two-dimensional shapes of

• GO nanosheets are visualized. In Figure 8d–f, SEM provided high-resolution images of the GO-SG-ZH/PLA film. The brush-coated layer of the GO-SG-ZH nanocomposite was not completely uniform since rough coating morphology was observed on the substrate surface. Two-dimensional graphene-based sheets

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The morphology of the NPs in different solvents varied from spherical, rice-like to rod-like particles which demonstrates the effect of the solvent on the morphology/composition of NPs

• is that the productivity and morphology/size of the NPs generated can be regulated by carefully managing the input parameters [16]. Due to the challenges in obtaining phase-pure FeS2 by PLAL, this is a much less explored material despite its high potential. A strong reducible ferric ion and an

• straightforward, flexible, and affordable methods to obtain thin films using laser-processed nanocolloids. Spin coating is combined with EPD for film deposition with the intention of obtaining seeded film growth with improved thickness and for surface morphology modifications. The importance of using

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• characteristics and morphology of the synthesized adsorbent. Additionally, the study examines the adsorption mechanism of TC on the material’s surface and evaluates the effects of pH value, adsorbent dosage, and matrix composition. As a biodegradable and easily recoverable material derived from natural cellulose

• efficiency of the synthesis. (a‒c) FE-SEM images of commercial CMC, (d‒f) FE-SEM images of PGC, and (g) FTIR spectra of commercial CMC and PGC. (a, b) EDX spectra and elemental compositions of commercial CMC and PGC, respectively; (c) morphology image of CMC; (d–f) elemental mapping images of commercial CMC

• ; (g) morphology image of PGC; and (h–l) elemental mapping images of PGC. (a) Effect of adsorption time and initial concentration on the adsorption capacity of PGC. (b) Effect of adsorbent dosage on the adsorption capacity and adsorption efficiency of PGC. (c) Effect of pH on the adsorption capacity of

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• influencing the particle size or morphology [9], working at comparably low laser fluences (PUDEL < LML < LAL ≤ LFL). Recently, the pulsed laser extraction of organic matter in liquid (LEL), in the mild fluence regime of PUDEL, has been demonstrated to be much faster and more efficient than state-of-the-art

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• beamline at Elettra is capable of in situ and operando analysis regardless of sample morphology. The review presents three different case studies illustrating the capabilities of SPEM in the investigation of catalytic materials in different conditions and processes. Keywords: nanostructured materials

• providing fine chemical and electronic analysis of samples regardless of their morphology, which often limits the capabilities of other microscopy techniques [11]. This work reports three examples of SPEM experiments focused on the characterization of nanostructured materials. Measurements were performed at

• Ni3+ to reach charge neutrality. Additionally, NiO exhibits a wide bandgap, which also prompts considerable research interest. The properties of NiO are highly dependent on the synthesis method, owing to the variable dimensionality, morphology, crystalline orientation, and defect structure [44

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• , atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that the TaN films exhibit excellent crystallinity and smooth surface morphology, when deposited at optimal temperatures of 750 and 850 °C. The films exhibit superconducting transition temperatures (Tc) ranging from 5.0 to

• . Atomic force microscopy (AFM, XE-70 Park Systems) in contact mode was used to study the surface morphology of the films. The synthesis protocol used in this study was modified from the work reported by Quintanar-Zamora et al. [15] by varying the substrate temperature and the nitrogen pressure. Results

• potential of thin TaN films for integration into advanced superconducting applications. AFM analysis confirmed the smooth surface morphology of the films, suggesting that the deposition parameters significantly influence both the structural and superconducting properties of the TaN thin films, but not the

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• ], thus leading to an improved morphology and uniformity of the resulting layer. However, its unfavorable long-term impact on stability indicates that new doping strategies might be required in the future [35][36]. For this, there have been efforts for finding cheap hydrophobic acidic substances with good

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• with FLG–TA concentrations ranging from 1 to 200 µg·mL−1. Cellular morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Figure 5), with untreated cells as controls. The occupancy index (OI) of FLG–TA in cell populations and the lateral dimensions of FLG–TA particles on cell membranes were

• the percentage reduction in ROS levels compared to the control group. Cell morphology To assess potential changes in cell morphology induced by FLG–TA, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on treated and untreated cells after 24 and 48 h of direct contact. Cells were cultured on 12 mm

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• were 121.1 nm, −18.8 mV, and 96.75%, respectively. SEM analysis confirmed the smooth surface morphology of SLN formulations. FTIR, DSC, SEM, and XRD suggested that there was no physical interaction between APT and the polymers. Moreover, β-CD-based formulation showed better in vitro release behavior

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil Department of Biology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil Department of Morphology, Federal University of

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• versatile and provides the best control over fiber morphology and structure [10]. Electrospinning is a straightforward and adaptable technique that can be used to directly spin polymeric solutions into nanofibers that are at least 100 times thinner than fibers created using more conventional techniques [11

• through a capillary, and a high voltage is applied to charge the solution’s particles, which produces an attractive force [54]. When the solution’s surface tension is overcome at a critical voltage, a jet shoots out of the capillary’s tip toward a grounded collector (Figure 2A) [55]. The morphology of

• were comparable to those made of sericin in their ability to promote cell attachment, physiological morphology, and growth. These findings support the idea that fibroin extracted with sericin is a suitable matrix for cell and tissue growth [98]. Silk implants with slower degradation rates or those

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• varying equivalence ratios. The effects of flame equivalence ratio on the CNF morphology and crystallinity are then analyzed systematically. In the present study, a diffusion flame was used to check the stability of the flame at different flow rates, followed by establishing a premixed flat flame of LPG

• configurations, fuel types, and catalytic materials can be employed to produce desired growth and morphology. Flames potentially enable the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials in large quantities at significantly lower cost than that of other methods currently available [8]. In some applications, CNFs can be of

• deposition with nickel as the catalyst and hydrogen as the plasma source. SEM and TEM characterization showed vertically aligned CNFs. This method highlights the impact of plasma conditions and gas ratios on CNF morphology and alignment [12]. An experiment by Li et al. showed CNT growth at decomposition

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• transducer system of our biosensor is based on low-cost carbon screen printed electrodes (CSPEs) modified with functionalized gold nanoflowers (AuNFs). The complex morphology and surface functionalization of the nanoparticles with 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) significantly increased the surface area and the

• observed when comparing the surface of the commercial CSPE (Figure 2A) to that of the AuNFs/CSPE (Figure 2B). The gold nanoparticles are evenly distributed across the surface of the electrode (Figure 2C). The deposited nanoparticles show a flower-like morphology with an average size of 139 nm and a

• standard deviation of 44 nm, which suggests size polydispersity (Figure 2D). The flower-like morphology of the nanostructures provides small Au domains across the electrode surface. The shape of these domains confers them with larger surface area than other types of nanostructures with plain geometric

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• effective dwell time with a 600 nm FWHM of the electron beam), and 2000 cycles. For deposit morphology observation, a high-resolution Hitachi S4800 FESEM was used. The chemical composition of the deposits was confirmed through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) using a silicon drift detector from

• 0.35 nA. The operating pressure was 1.5 × 10−5 mbar. Results and Discussion The square deposit, fabricated on the native-oxide Si(100) substrate using a spiral inward scanning strategy, was analyzed to assess its morphology and structure. Secondary electron detection in SEM imaging reveals the

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• -type zeolites through their main diffraction peaks indicated on the ZSA graph. Other minor phases such as quartz are also present. The SEM image shows a variety of crisscross crystals, which have the morphology expected for the zeolite types evidenced by XRD [16][17]. Very elongated crystals with

• acicular to fibrous characteristics, associated with mordenite, can be observed. Additionally, clinoptilolite–heulandite crystals with slats and tabular morphology are present. The amounts of clinoptilolite–heulandite and mordenite crystals displayed in the SEM image correspond to the intensity order of

• Andrés deposit. Some HEU crystals are indicated by a, b, and c, where a and b exhibit tabular characteristics while c has slat morphology. Mordenite crystals, marked by d, e, and f, show acicular to fibrous shapes. Elemental composition determined by X-ray fluorescence of the materials obtained by IE and

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• implanted with 1 × 1017 N2+·cm−2 at 30 keV using a current density of 4 µA·cm−2. Surface morphology and structural, optical, and electrical properties of the as-deposited and implanted Mo thin films have been systematically investigated. The crystallinity of Mo thin films is enhanced with increasing

• material characteristics. Ion implantation is one of the most attractive techniques because it introduces considerable changes in the surface morphology and composition of the films [13][14]. The uses of implanted Mo thin films cover a broad range of applications including microelectronics and

• range of applications [23][24][25][26][27][28]. Kim et al. [23] examined the impact of a 3 × 1017 N2+·cm−2 ion fluence on the structural characteristics, surface morphology, and thermal stability of Mo thin films. The internal stress of these films transitioned from strongly compressive to weakly

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• software. Figure 5 presents the surface morphology of the Si surface after Ar-ion bombardment at different incidence angles. The arrow on the right-hand side indicates the direction of the ion beam concerning the surface normal. The irradiation of the silicon surface at an angle of 55° leads to no changes

• in surface morphology (Figure 5a). However, at an ion incidence angle of 58°, changes in surface morphology begin to appear, although no prominent ripple structure is observed (Figure 5b). In contrast, the bombardment of the Si surface for 1 h at an angle of 60° leads to the formation of a well

• no reaction between the inert Ar ions and the Si atoms, ensuring the absence of a chemical aspect of pattern formation. However, the native silicon oxide layer is partially sputtered. This is also a key factor in generating surface instabilities. The surface morphology largely varies due to different

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• increase in its coverage and the formation of a smaller number of adsorbate islands of larger size. At elevated adsorption rates, an increase in adsorbate–substrate interactions results in the transformation of the surface morphology and the formation of percolating adsorbate structures. Deposition onto

• multicomponent substrates leads to the formation of a stationary surface morphology with an elevated number of adsorbate islands of smaller size, compared to one-component substrates. This study provides a deep insight into the peculiarities of nanostructured thin films’ growth in low-pressure systems with

• ], sensors [5], and catalysts [6][7][8]. Nanostructured thin films grown via low-pressure deposition methods have garnered significant attention because of their diverse applications in electronics, optics, catalysis, and sensors [9]. The ability to precisely control properties such as morphology

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

Biomimetics and bioinspired surfaces: from nature to theory and applications

• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Thies H. Büscher,
• Manuela Rebora,
• Poramate Manoonpong,
• Zhendong Dai and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 418–421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.32

• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira Thies H. Buscher Manuela Rebora Poramate Manoonpong Zhendong Dai Stanislav N. Gorb Lestes Lab, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, 24098

• Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China 10.3762/bjnano.16.32 Keywords: adhesives; bioengineering; biomimetics; drag reduction; functional morphology; insects; medical coatings

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• plasma temperature and pressure distribution differ from the plasma in a Gaussian beam. These significant differences in pressure and temperature distribution can play a role in the formation of bubbles with different morphology and different expansion/collapsing rates. Recent simulations of plasma

• top-view setup was applied to observe the bubble morphology evolution on a transparent yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) target. The YAG crystal has a low thermal conductivity and a high laser-ablation threshold, minimizing the influence of the ablation products on cavitation bubble dynamics and, thus

• the morphology and size of the NPs synthesized by PLAL, the colloidal samples were drop-cast on a silicon wafer and dried for microscopic analysis. All NPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Quanta 400 FEG, FEI Company, USA and TESCAN MIRA3 LMH, Brno, Czech Republic). The

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• AFM; model catalysts; nc-AFM; operando catalysis; qPlus tuning fork sensor; Introduction Operando catalysis is the field of research that monitors the structure, composition, and morphology of a catalyst while simultaneously investigating its activity, reactivity, and selectivity under industrially

• separate quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) at the exhaust of the reactor chamber is equipped with its own turbo pump allowing for a direct correlation between surface morphology and catalytic properties by measuring the gases that leave the reactor. AFM/STM reactor The main objective in the design of the

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• . Polystyrene latex absorption coefficient and refractive index were used to measure synthesized nanoparticles, prefilled in the software with values of 0.01 and 1.59, respectively. All measurements were performed at 25 °C. The surface morphology of PEG–PCL nanoparticles was analyzed using scanning electron

• delivery and biosensing. Further insights into the size and morphology of the PEG–PCL NPs were obtained through electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the surface structure and to conduct a quantitative size distribution analysis. The SEM images (Figure 2c) revealed that the

• PEG–PCL NPs have smooth and homogenous surfaces with small pore sizes. The nanoparticles demonstrated high uniformity and were predominantly quasi-spherical in shape, with an average size of 53.7 ± 10 nm. This quasi-spherical morphology is advantageous for many applications, as it provides a high