Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• release, and protection against degradation. Nanoemulsions are colloidal systems with droplets of 20 to 500 nm, which improve the dispersion of the compounds, protect their active properties, and enhance their efficacy. This review addresses the potential of nanoemulsions as efficient carriers of EOs, and

• review focuses on mapping nanoemulsions based on essential oils and their potential as an innovative strategy for controlling Aedes aegypti and consequently related arboviruses. Review Aedes aegypti: General aspects and control strategies Insects are important vectors in the transmission of bacteria and

• bites and, consequently, the transmission of diseases [10][24]. Despite the potential of essential oils, their use in vector control faces several limitations. The high volatility of the active compounds can reduce long-term efficacy, requiring frequent reapplications. In addition, the low polarity of

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• ; superconducting neural networks; Introduction The rapid advancement of Josephson junction (JJ) logic circuits [1][2][3][4][5] and neuromorphic networks [6][7][8][9] holds transformative potential for ultra-low-power computing. However, achieving scalable integration remains a critical bottleneck, as conventional

• to its initial physical state. The behavior of the KICK in the T-Mode, which enables its use as a T-flip-flop, is detailed in Figure 2d. This mode is defined by the existence of two distinct stable states, physically corresponding to a bistable potential landscape created by the KICK architecture

• soliton’s energy is large enough to overcome any potential barrier presented by the KICK, ensuring transmission regardless of the inductance value. This results in a universal Open mode at high rates. Crucially, this high-energy passage is not inert; if the KICK is in a bistable regime (such as the T-Mode

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• force-sensor design is a significant improvement over piezoelectric force sensors commonly used in low-temperature AFM. We discuss the potential for further improvement of the sensor design to achieve optimal detection at the standard quantum limit. We demonstrate AFM operation with surface-tracking

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• potential to form amyloid-like fibrillar aggregates, a structural motif increasingly implicated in barnacle adhesion [33][34]. Amyloid fibres are characterised by their β-sheet-rich architecture and have been linked to increased cohesive strength and durability in marine adhesives [35][36]. In the present

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• , particularly in dentistry. This scoping review examines the rising focus on these nanoparticles regarding their antimicrobial, regenerative, and therapeutic potential in dental applications. Among the metals studied, silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles dominate because of their broad-spectrum antimicrobial

• content. Despite promising results, gaps remain, such as the predominance of in vitro studies (68.7%) and insufficient cytotoxicity assessments (47.8%), underscoring the need for translational research. This review highlights the transformative potential of green-synthesized nanoparticles in dentistry

• properties that enhance their versatility across multiple applications [23][24][25]. Biosynthesized AgNPs have been assessed regarding their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects, as well as for their therapeutic potential in treating dermatitis and other conditions [26]. Studies have

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• sustainable strategies to deal with this matter. Many studies have shown that adsorbent nanomaterials have potential for the removal of MPs from water. This review evaluates the current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials in removing MPs from water supply systems. It discusses the occurrences and removal

• can recovery. Their effectiveness depends on material properties and environmental factors, but challenges remain in scale-up and related risks. Adsorbent nanomaterials show promising potential to enhance MP removal through specific properties. Although some related risks are discussed, these

• daily life, and the potential application of adsorbent nanomaterials for MP removal. Sajid et al. provided an overview of various adsorbent materials and their efficiency [24]. However, the authors do not deeply explore the potential challenges related to large-scale applications or the integration of

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• least 30 days of storage and at least 15 days even under stress conditions, with no signs of macroscopic instability or changes in droplet size. The cytocompatibility of NEs was confirmed in 3T3 fibroblasts at the concentrations tested, indicating potential safety for in vivo trials. Notably, PHYT-NE

• promastigotes represents a limitation, this model was used as a proof-of-concept, with promising evidence of the potential of PHYT-NE. Future studies in macrophage models infected with intracellular amastigotes will be essential to confirm the observed efficacy and validate the potential of PHYT-NE as a safe

• potential. For example, da Silva and colleagues (2015) [17] showed that a phytol-rich fraction extracted from Lacistema pubescens exhibited potent activity against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. However, the high lipophilicity of the phytol significantly limits its

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• conversion devices has positioned layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as promising candidates among the other two-dimensional materials. With their unique flexible layered structure, LDHs hold great potential for piezocatalysis and powering smart wearable electronics. Despite their promise, this area of study

• future, systematic research into the effects of LDHs’ composition and structure on piezoelectric properties will be crucial to unlock their full potential. This mini-review aims to inspire the audience with valuable ideas for the development of new LDH-based piezoelectric materials, thereby contributing

• current output. The piezoelectric potential generated in the ZnO nanosheets functions as an applied voltage, facilitating charge storage within the LDH layers, which act as capacitors. This mechanism leads to enhanced voltage and current pulses under mechanical stimulation. LDHs can also enhance the

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• the potential of Ag ion implantation to significantly enhance the functionalities of GO and PI films for various applications, including environmental monitoring and photocatalysis. Experimental Hummers’ method was employed to synthesize graphene oxide (GO), following the procedure outlined in [16

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• , Brazil 10.3762/bjnano.16.122 Abstract Polymers play a pivotal role in various drug delivery systems due to their versatility, with polymeric nanoparticles showing significant potential to overcome physiological barriers associated with oral administration. This review examines the current advancements

• invasiveness and greater biocompatibility [11]. Polymeric nanoparticles (PNs) have been studied for their potential in the oral delivery of insoluble drugs and biological products [12]. Peptides, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists [13], nucleic acids such as RNA [14], insulin [15], and antigens [16] have been

• absorption by interacting with food, digestive enzymes, bile salts, electrolytes, and mucus. Polymers enable diverse surface functionalities tailored to therapeutic demands, including adhesive, bioinert, or charge-conversion functionalities that modify zeta potential and hydrophilic properties, among others

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• subtle, frequently escaping clinical detection. Definitive diagnosis typically requires upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to identify potential early neoplastic changes [7][8]. Barrett’s esophagus is generally considered to be a precancerous lesion of EAC [9][10], while esophageal intraepithelial

• therapeutics and targeted delivery agents to provide more accurate, efficient and safer diagnosis and treatment options for EC patients. Initially, this review describes the high selectivity and binding ability of aptamers to specific EC markers, showing great potential for early detection of EC and monitoring

• diagnostic outcomes. The establishment of a multiprotein model [49] confirms this conjecture. There are already gold nanoparticle aptamer biosensors and fluorescent aptamer sensors that show great potential in esophageal cancer diagnosis (Table 1). 3.1 Gold nanoparticle–aptamer sensors Scholars reviewed

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• , resulting in OphtNE-3.70% with a droplet diameter of 173 nm and a zeta potential of −44.7 mV. The addition of Kolliphor® HS15 in OphtNE-3.66%(K1%) initially reduced the droplet size to 70.8 nm and enhanced the antioxidant effect. Although the droplet size and polydispersity index increased after more than

• >75% cell viability in L929 cells and ~10% 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant effect. These findings support the multifunctional potential (cytocompatibility and antioxidant) of sterile OphtNE-3.66%(K1%) for the treatment of DED, emphasizing the need for in vivo studies to ensure its

• investigated as potential drug delivery technologies [14][15]. However, our formulation is not a drug delivery system (DDS) since it lacks pharmacological agents. Instead, it is a functional nanoemulsion designed to mimic the tear film’s properties and provide antioxidant and osmoprotective benefits, aiming to

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• technology for the future development of smaller and more power-efficient devices. One step in this development is the replacement of silicon, which cannot reach the development goals set by international technological roadmaps [61]. A potential replacement for silicon oxide is a high-k oxide material such

• material is to obtain a clean interface between the materials, which is critical for the proper function of the potential devices. In situ and operando APXPS has been utilized in many works to study the deposition of HfO2 on InAs to elucidate the chemical reactions that occur as those layers are grown in

• APXPS measurements at the vapor pressure of the electrolyte. This method is used mostly for corrosion studies. In the second case, the potential is held during the XPS analysis, and a thin electrolyte film (meniscus) is maintained at the interface of the working electrode (WE) during measurement. This

Energy spectrum and quantum phase transition of the coupled single spin and an infinitely coordinated Ising chain

• Seidali Seidov,
• Natalia Pugach and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1668–1676, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.117

• one replaces by their eigenvalues in Equation 4. This is a Born–Oppenheimer approximation in which the chain is considered to be a fast subsystem relative to the single spin. In particular, the energy of the spin chain is a contribution to the potential energy of the single spin. Phase Transition in

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• agents. Consequently, the combination of natural products with nanotechnology holds significant therapeutic potential. Keywords: cancer; immunotherapy; nanotechnology; natural products; patent; review; Introduction Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells

• traditional therapies. Advances in cancer nanotechnology include the development of smart nanocarriers capable of responding to internal stimuli (such as pH, redox potential, and enzymes) and external stimuli (such as magnetic fields, heat, or ultrasound), enabling precise and controlled drug release [16][17

• biological environments, potential immunogenicity, scalability of manufacturing processes, and the need for comprehensive long-term toxicity studies [20][21]. Overcoming biological barriers, such as penetration through the dense tumor extracellular matrix, also remains a major hurdle [19]. Nevertheless

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• polyethylenimine for loading peptides and proteins of T. serrulatus venom, and their use as a potential immunoadjuvant was evaluated. The protein loading efficiency of about 100% and the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assay confirmed the success of venom loading. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential

• polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has been investigated [13]. The nanoparticles produced using these synthetic polyesters show neutral or negative zeta potential, which limits the loading of negatively charged macromolecules such as proteins, polypeptides, or DNA [14][20]. The surface of

• polyethylenimine (PEI), to change the surface of nanoparticles to a positive potential, improving the interaction with negatively charged biomolecules, is one strategy successfully employed for gene delivery [20][23][24]. These cationic nanoparticles have an absent or weak electrostatic interaction with negatively

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• .16.114 Abstract The increasing prevalence of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments has raised significant concerns due to their persistence, potential for bioaccumulation, and adverse effects on human and ecosystem health. Conventional wastewater treatment technologies are largely inadequate for

• hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and other toxic contaminants, increasing their potential risks to living ecosystems and organisms [9][10]. MPs have low density, variable sizes, high persistence, and non-biodegradable nature. These characteristics make their removal difficult, especially in aquatic environments [11

• explores the potential of nanotechnology in removing MP contamination from water and wastewater. Unlike conventional treatment methods, which are less effective in capturing nanoscale plastic pollutants, nanotechnology-based approaches offer precision, enhanced adsorption, and catalytic degradation

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• Longevity and the efficient use of resources are playing an increasingly important role in the development and production of engineering materials systems. In order to fully exploit the longevity potential, the robustness and resilience of materials and material composites and their structuring are of

• demonstrated the potential for creating functionally graded structures using multimaterial 3D printing [18][19][20]. However, these methods mainly focus on structural gradients [21] and face significant challenges in part integrity due to the layer-by-layer fabrication process, which results in poor adhesion

• [23], with its diverse plant and animal systems having developed over millions of years during the course of evolution. As such, the kingdom Plantae offers a wide range of functional principles that can be used as a source of bioinspiration to increase longevity and damage control potential [1][4

Few-photon microwave fields for superconducting transmon-based qudit control

• Irina A. Solovykh,
• Andrey V. Pashchenko,
• Natalya A. Maleeva,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Olga V. Tikhonova and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1580–1591, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.112

• at least to determine the exact number of photons in the resonator. Schematic representation of the model under discussion: A few-photon microwave field from a high-quality resonator (red) affects an artificial transmon-based atom (blue). The potential energies and energy spectra for harmonic

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• amount, below which a negative effect is noted. This investigation demonstrates the potential of improving the photoactivity of one-dimensional TiO2 nanostructures by utilizing a highly adsorptive substrate, which can help mitigate the effects of hazardous materials in water. Keywords: carbon cloth

• and contamination of aquatic environments. Studies have reported OFL concentrations in surface waters ranging from 0.05 to 17.7 μg/L, posing a potential risk to aquatic organisms and disrupting ecosystem balance [4][5]. Therefore, OFL removal from water is an important issue in environmental science

• × 2 cm in size) was taken as working electrode, the Pt electrode as counter electrode (3 cm × 3 cm in size), and a saturated calomel electrode as reference electrode; the electrolyte is 0.5 mol/L aqueous Na2SO4 solution. No bias potential was applied for the photocurrent evaluations. Results and

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• : where UMEAM(r) is the force potential, the modified embedded atom method (MEAM) potential was used in this work; Hex(r) is the exchange interaction energy of spins; r = {r1,r2,…,rN} is the generalized variable showing the dependence on the whole set of radial vectors of atoms; κ,λ are viscous friction

• particle; and Tl and Ts are values of the thermodynamic and spin temperatures, respectively [26][27]. The potential of the modified embedded atom method [28][29] was based on the electron density functional theory. The magnitude of the potential UMEAM depends on the set of atomic positions, which makes the

• potential multi-body model: where Fi is the immersion function of each atom in the electron gas created by electrons of all other atoms of the system; ϕij(rij) is the pair potential function; rij = |rij| = |rj − rj| is the distance between two atoms with numbers i and j; and is the background electron

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• stimulators, and drug delivery vehicles, as well as environmentally benign electronics for soil or aquatic disposal. Despite their potential, key challenges remain in expanding the material set for diverse functionalities, achieving high-density integration for advanced operations, and enabling precise

• van der Waals films via photonic sintering allows for the development of novel forms of transient electronic devices, thereby further broadening the scope of their potential applications [31]. The foundational principles of transient electronics rest on the deliberate selection and integration of

• , offering the potential to replace conventional high-performance silicon-based devices with transient alternatives. In aqueous environments, silicon undergoes degradation via well-defined mechanisms with the rate of dissolution being highly sensitive to external conditions [42][44]. Elevated temperatures

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• of the synthesized products towards energy- and catalysis-related applications due to materials’ high surface area and prompt reaction kinetics. The potential benefits of the beam shape variation have recently initiated more active research on the ablative generation of NPs using spatially shaped

• potential wells and can result in confinement of plasma and CB propagation, CB oscillations, and the reflection of shockwaves [29]. The confinement and reflection effects are known to result in a plasma compression and, consequently, plasma temperature and electron density increase [35][36][37]. A reflected

• laser ablation with the Bessel beam profile. Another application of the nanofilaments prepared using Bessel beams can be the electrode material of Li-ion batteries. Experiments on the preliminary evaluation of the electrochemical properties of the prepared nanomaterials for their potential application

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• biosynthesis, extraction processes, and organic reactions [43]. In this study, we focus on the pre-functionalization of CNTs via Diels–Alder reaction using DES as the sole catalytic system under sonication energy and subsequent growth of dendrimers. We further evaluate the potential of the CNTs in the removal

• efficiencies of 81.9 and 74.3% for Pb2+ and Cd2+ metal ions, respectively, affirming its potential use for practical applications. Based on kinetic studies, the adsorption process was best described by a pseudo-second order reaction, and the rate-limiting step was mainly chemisorption. Calculated value of

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• ), followed by cleavage of the disulfide bonds with reducing agents to produce free thiols (GSH) for maleimide coupling [40][41]. In the field of IONP functionalization, commonly used coupling reagents are generally assumed to be orthogonal, and little focus is placed on their potential cross-reactivities. It

• a carboxylate–ammonium ionic bond. For our purposes, it is important to acknowledge the reactivity of the 3,4-DHBA ligands we are using and their potential oxidation products towards common functional groups. The reactivity of quinones towards amines and thiols is well established, although thiols

• Information File 1, Figure S4), shows that this complex is still present, but in smaller quantities. It is clear that the use of CySH as a linker is complicated by potential cross-reactivities with both its amine and thiol groups, which cannot be unambiguously resolved. The FTIR spectra indicate some