Focused ion and electron beams for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 613–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.47

• the substrate. Metallic structures can be fabricated directly or through post-purification methods, such as water-assisted treatment, which has been effective for Au and Pt deposits [10]. Interestingly, morphological changes in the underlying SiO2 layer were observed during the process, resembling

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• optimization of CNT/CNF synthesis in flame environments. An ethylene/air co-flow, non-premixed flame was used with a catalyst substrate of iron, nickel, and platinum wires of 0.1–0.25 mm diameter. The study found that carbon monoxide is a major contributor to CNT formation in flames, and the model also showed

• sidewalls, while the G′ peak at 2500–2900 cm−1 represents photon–phonon interactions [22]. To the best of our knowledge, the present study describes the first flame synthesis using a LPG premixed flame and a spherical substrate for CNF growth. The characteristics of the LPG premixed flame are studied with

• impregnated beads Zirconia beads of 0.30 mm diameter were selected as a substrate. The beads were cleaned by sonication in ethanol followed by rinsing with distilled water; the rinsed beads were dried in an oven to remove contaminants. The cleaned zirconia beads were impregnated with nickel catalyst to be

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• are predominantly attributed to the silicon substrate, with notable peaks at 303, 520, 620, and 671 cm−1. The peak at 435.9 cm−1 corresponds to the E2(H) mode characteristic of the wurtzite ZnO phase [17]. The persistence of the E2(high) mode across all O and Ag ion irradiated thin films, indicates

• interdiffusion at the interface between the CdxZn1−xO (x = 0.4) alloy film and the Si wafer substrate [24]. This process initiates significant diffusion of Si atoms, starting at the film–substrate interface and extending into the thin film layer, leading to the formation of Si–O bonds. At an annealing

• temperature of 900 °C, Si diffusion intensifies, resulting in an increased thickness of the amorphous silicon oxide layer at the film–substrate interface [24]. The interdiffusion of Si, O, Cd, and Zn atoms near the SiOx layer (i.e., at the substrate–film interface) facilitates the formation of willemite

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• ][11][12] properties at the nanometer scale. One method that is capable of creating such nanostructures is focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. In this technique, a focused electron beam decomposes adsorbed molecules on a substrate in vacuum

• , resulting in a localized deposit at the irradiated area. When the precursor is delivered to the substrate in its gaseous form through a gas injection system (GIS), the process is termed as gas-assisted FEBID [23], commonly called FEBID. Variants such as liquid FEBID [24] and cryo-FEBID [25] also exist

• , though they follow a two-step process similar to lithography techniques [26]. Since the dissociation of molecules under an electron beam on the substrate can follow multiple pathways, the deposition parameters can greatly influence the composition, leading to the creation of novel materials [27

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• of the as-deposited and N2+-implanted Mo films increases from 13.22 to 15.24 nm and from 11.92 to 14.42 nm with an increase in thickness from 150 to 300 nm, respectively. This variation may relate to several factors involving film growth and substrate interactions. Thicker films (i.e., 250 and 300 nm

• the formation of certain planes [41]. Furthermore, the interaction between the substrate and the thin film can generate stress and strain, affecting the growth of specific planes. If the substrate promotes the (111) orientation through lattice compatibility, the resultant Mo thin film exhibits a

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• maximum eccentric tilt angle of ±70°. Sample preparation for cross sectional TEM measurement involved mechanically grinding the substrate into a circular disk with a diameter of 3 mm and a thickness of approximately 100 μm. The disk was then subjected to dimpling to achieve uniform thinning. To further

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• elastic adsorbate–substrate interactions in processes of nanostructuring of thin films during low-pressure condensation in the framework of theoretical approaches and numerical simulations. It will be shown that an increase in the elastic interaction strength induces first-order transitions and pattern

• formation. We simulate deposition on one- and multicomponent substrates with different strengths of adsorbate–substrate interactions. We will show that an increase in the strength of adsorbate–substrate interactions stimulates the formation of stable surface structures during deposition, which leads to an

• increase in its coverage and the formation of a smaller number of adsorbate islands of larger size. At elevated adsorption rates, an increase in adsorbate–substrate interactions results in the transformation of the surface morphology and the formation of percolating adsorbate structures. Deposition onto

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• design, ASOs can regulate protein expression by either knocking down mRNA transcripts or modulating the pre-mRNA splicing process (Figure 2). RNase H-dependent ASOs promote mRNA cleavage by forming stable RNA–DNA hybrids, which serve as enzymatic substrate for RNase H activation, thereby reducing RNA

Biomimetics and bioinspired surfaces: from nature to theory and applications

• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Thies H. Büscher,
• Manuela Rebora,
• Poramate Manoonpong,
• Zhendong Dai and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 418–421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.32

• , substrate compliance, and overall pad geometry. The attachment system of a second stick insect species was structurally investigated by Thomas et al. [4]. This article employed a range of imaging techniques to elucidate the ultrastructure and material composition of the two attachment pad types of this

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• conductive substrate limits STM techniques in relevant industrial applications involving such more complex catalysts. For this reason, an atomic force microscopy (AFM) version of the high-pressure STM employing a quartz tuning fork (QTF) was introduced to overcome this limitation [16]. Unlike STM, which uses

• damping for vibration isolation. The sample holder (highlighted in blue in Figure 2a is inserted by locking the spring mechanism with the locking bellow and then fixed to the microscope by inflating the “reactor” bellow. The substrate can be heated from behind by electron bombardment using a tungsten

• place, with QMS data of the product gases during reaction. In this experiment, the substrate is an aluminum oxide layer through which electrons cannot tunnel and, thus, cannot be studied by STM methods. Before presenting these high-temperature, high-pressure experiments, we show the temperature

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• °C, and 600 °C using RF sputtering. The thickness of the films has been found to decrease from 940 nm at room temperature to 200 nm at 600 °C with increasing substrate temperature. The structural investigation using grazing incidence angle X-ray diffraction revealed that films deposited at room

• temperature are amorphous; those deposited at other substrate temperatures are polycrystalline with a cubic zincblende structure and a preferred orientation along the [111] direction. An increase in crystallite size (from 37.60 ± 0.42 Å to 68.88 ± 1.04 Å) is observed with increased substrate temperature. This

• leads to a reduction in microstrain and dislocation density. The optical studies using UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy reveal that the transmittance of films increases with substrate temperature. Further, the shift in transmittance threshold towards lower wavelengths with substrate temperature indicates that

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• processes [73]. Recent studies reveal the importance of p62 in regulating cell death processes, harnessing the DNA-damage response capability, and inducing complex signaling networks responsible for cellular detoxification [73][74]. Most importantly, it was found that the autophagy substrate SQSTM1/p62

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• tubes were incubated at 37 °C. After 24 h, the samples were fixed onto a graphite substrate, and FE-SEM imaging was performed. Inhibition of biofilm formation The Crystal Violet Biofilm Assay was used to evaluate the biofilm formation of S. mutans [43]. BerNPs solution was diluted in TSB + 1% sucrose

Correction: AFM-IR investigation of thin PECVD SiO_x films on a polypropylene substrate in the surface-sensitive mode

• Hendrik Müller,
• Hartmut Stadler,
• Teresa de los Arcos,
• Adrian Keller and
• Guido Grundmeier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 252–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.19

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• prepared in a microtube and allowed to equilibrate for ca. 30 min. Then, an aliquot of 20 μL is deposited on the substrate and completely dried, first with nitrogen at ambient temperature (≈25 °C) and then in a fridge (4 °C) for 12 h. The 3 kbp DNA was used here to allow for the visualization of various

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• preparing flat sheet MOF-based MMMs through various techniques. Conventionally, flat-sheet MOF-based MMMs are prepared by casting a precursor slurry of the membrane polymer with well-dispersed MOF particles onto a glass plate or support substrate [87][89]. As seen in Figure 4a, the precursor mixture can be

• suited for industrial applications [80][87]. Both membrane types are typically prepared through simple solution casting. For symmetric membranes, the precursor slurry is cast in a thick layer on a rigid flat substrate, such as a glass or Teflon® petri dish. For asymmetric membranes, the slurry is cast in

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• carry out a more detailed characterization of the optoelectronic properties. Rothhardt et al. map the local work function on graphene nanoribbons [7]. They experimentally investigate the charge transfer between a gold substrate and graphene nanoribbons and compare that to DFT calculations. Indeed, the

• inaccuracy caused by electrostatic or capillary forces, this is an additional mechanism having an impact on AFM height measurements. Closely related is the measurement of conductivity. Skolaut et al. investigate conductivity in dependence on the roughness of the substrate using alkanethiol self-assembled

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• substantially smaller than the sticking coefficients previously assumed for Me3CpPtMe (1.0). Furthermore, depositions performed at different substrate temperatures indicate a temperature dependence of the sticking coefficient. Keywords: adsorption; continuum model; FEBID; nanofabrication; sticking coefficient

• to obtain values for the diffusion coefficient (D), residence time (τ), and sticking coefficient (s). In this case, the sticking coefficient corresponds to “precursor-to-deposit” sticking rather than to “precursor-to-substrate” sticking as the actual substrate for continued growth is the deposit

• ]. A molecular beam gun equipped with a shutter was used in conjunction with mass spectrometry. The sticking coefficient was deduced from the measured drop in the spectrometer signal upon opening the shutter. In [17][19] the sticking coefficient was determined at different substrate temperatures and a

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• steel substrate and the elemental composition of the SNFs is difficult to disentangle. The contact angle of the uncoated surfaces was 71°. The contact angle of the SNF-coated surfaces is more difficult to measure as the droplet will not attach itself to the surface seen for Figure 3B and Figure 5D, in

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• . The high fraction of C indicates the formation of the graphitic shell around HfC NPs in both toluene and anisole. Figure 8 shows the reflectance data of a pristine Si substrate compared to a Si substrate coated with HfNPs-D, HfNPs-T, and HfNPs-A under three different angles of incidence (30°, 45°, and

• under different incident angles: (a) 30°, (b) 45°, and (c) 60°. The black curve is the reflectance spectrum of the reference Si substrate; the red, blue, and green curves represent Hf NPs synthesised in in toluene, anisole, and DW, respectively. PL spectra of NPs laser-ablated in (a) DW, (b) toluene

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• the substrate is 450 to 500 °C for different deposition parameters. In the simulation, the laminar flow of species contributing to the film growth was confirmed, and the simulated concentration profiles of H° and SiO near the filaments and the sources were as expected. H° and SiO are essential species

• process and the properties of the films, with the most important parameters being substrate temperature, gas pressure, species concentration, and flow velocity [1]. The structural, optical, and electrical properties of the SiOx, more generally known as silicon-rich oxide (SRO), films are determined by the

• surface diffusion to the substrate. The main objective is to optimize the process for an HFCVD reactor and, thus, improve the quality and reproducibility of the films. Experimental The analyzed HFCVD system is a vertical reactor that can be divided into three zones. The first zone is the gas inlet, the

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• ], or to animal bodies, promoting epizoochory [31][32][33]. These distinct physical features make mucilage also an important substrate for pharmaceutical, biomedical, and food industries [11][15][19][20][21]. Here, we briefly review the basic composition and structure of mucilage, its frictional and

• ], on monomer and cross-linking concentrations, and on the type of substrate surface [88]. Hydrogels with their low friction are crucial in biomedical applications or for drug delivery [38][83][86][88]. The diaspore mucilage is regarded as a natural hydrogel [38] because of its capacity to absorb water

• as in Alyssum minus [123] to 68 times as in Lepidium perfoliatum [123], or even up to 75 times in Capsella bursa-pastoris [126]. This mass increase, as well as the adherence of the mucilage to the substrate, may prevent the diaspores from being removed during flooding, water erosion, and/or surface

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• linear plot of the absorption as a function of the concentration of the detected metal ions. ʟ-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles as the catalytic agent ʟ-car-AgNPs were evaluated regarding their catalytic performance in the degradation of P-NP as a model substrate. P-NP is reduced and forms p

Strain-induced bandgap engineering in 2D ψ-graphene materials: a first-principles study

• Kamal Kumar,
• Nora H. de Leeuw,
• Jost Adam and
• Abhishek Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1440–1452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.116

• compatibility with established technologies (the semiconductor industry can adopt it to enhance the performance of devices) [28]. Strain can be introduced in graphene using different methods, namely, by exploiting a mismatch in thermal expansion between graphene and the underlying substrate, by transferring

• graphene to a piezoelectric substrate, by shrinking or elongating the substrate by applying a bias voltage, or by using the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM) to push graphene over a hole created in the substrate [29]. A wealth of literature on strain engineering of graphene and other 2D materials

• using different experimental techniques is available. Ni et al. synthesized graphene on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate and studied the effect of uniaxial strain through Raman spectroscopy [30]. They stretched PET in one direction and found a redshift in the D and G bands for a single

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• precursors that are transiently adsorbed on a substrate surface [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Charged-particle-induced deposition techniques offer control over process parameters such as particle position, energy, beam current, and flux, allowing for the formation of nanoscale patterns. Since they are direct-write

• emission, and physical sputtering of adsorbed or substrate atoms [21][22][25][31][36][37][38][39][40]. Ion-induced deposition can occur via a momentum/energy transfer process [21][25][41][42] that results in the decomposition of the precursor to form volatile species and an involatile deposit containing

• transformations of precursor thin films. In this approach, the precursor is adsorbed onto a cooled substrate to form 1–2 nm thin films. The effects of ion beam exposure on the thin films are characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to identify changes in the films’ composition and chemical environment