Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• ethanol and citric acid played a vital role in the growth of the dendrite nanostructure, which exhibited a fractal dimension of 1.94. Bismuth vanadate -based fractals Zhao et al. synthesized large-scale highly uniform hyperbranched monoclinic BiVO4 (h-BiVO4) structures by a surfactant-free hydrothermal

• showed good reproducibility, high stability, and selectivity towards ammonia over other gases. In 2015, Zhao et al. reported dandelion-like NiO hierarchical structures assembled with dendritic elements (ca. 1.8 µm) synthesized via a surfactant-free one-step hydrothermal route [86]. The dandelion-like NiO

Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin

• Andrea M. Araya-Sibaja,
• Norma J. Salazar-López,
• Krissia Wilhelm Romero,
• José R. Vega-Baudrit,
• J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila,
• Carlos A. Velázquez Contreras,
• Ramón E. Robles-Zepeda,
• Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos and
• Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.78

• ± 12.25 nm, EE% 78.04 ± 0.54 >70% CUR). This was associated with the compatibility of the compound with the lipid medium and the presence of the surfactant in the polymer formulation (which has been reported to affect the % EE). In addition, they reported better cellular uptake of SLN, which was

• through a thin interfacial surfactant layer [90]. Some of their advantages include high surface area and high kinetic stability against various types of instabilities. Nanoemulsions have been commercially used to encapsulate CUR and other bioactive agents [91][92]. Their properties allow them to be

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• surfactant for synthesizing anisotropic nanoparticles with high yield and monodispersity. The surfactant induces anisotropy during the growth of nanoparticles and enables NIR absorption capability due to longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) [11]. However, despite the superior plasmonic properties

• the year 2003 [26]. The first work on using DESs as a solvent in synthesizing anisotropic gold nanoparticles was reported in 2008 [27]. The synthesis involved no surfactant or seed in the reaction mixture. Later on, several studies were carried out to synthesize nanomaterials using DESs that embrace

• carrageenan in the synthesis of nanomaterials that are nontoxic. The review begins by discussing widely used wet chemical methods of synthesizing anisotropic plasmonic metal nanomaterials. We also give insight in growth mechanisms during the initiation of anisotropy in the presence of a surfactant. This

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• carrier. The imaging applications of these materials will also be discussed. These materials include nanocarrier formulations and nanostructured contrast agents, such as microbubbles (MBs), surfactant-based carriers (including micelles, NEs, and niosomes), polymer-based carriers (including gels

• ) gas-filled structures that are stabilized by a lipid, surfactant, protein, or polymer shell, whose stiffness or rigidity can affect the final outcome of the MBs upon exposure to US [71][72][73]. During the cavitation event, backscattered energy leads to the expanding and shrinking of the MBs, which

• composition. Moreover, their biocompatibility, biodistribution, stability, capacity, and diagnostic efficacy are related to this factor. Lipid- and surfactant-based nanomaterials, polymeric nanomaterials, and metallic and non-metallic nanomaterials, in addition to micro- and nanomotors and some miscellaneous

Silver nanoparticles nucleated in NaOH-treated halloysite: a potential antimicrobial material

• Yuri B. Matos,
• Rodrigo S. Romanus,
• Mattheus Torquato,
• Edgar H. de Souza,
• Rodrigo L. Villanova,
• Marlene Soares and
• Emilson R. Viana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 798–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.63

• matrix and additive was tested through coating the Ag-NPs with dodecanethiol, a non-polar surfactant. The resulting composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and in terms of surface antimicrobial activity. The results demonstrate that the Ag-NPs synthesized in this work are indeed

• antimicrobial properties by coating the nanoparticles with dodecanethiol, a non-polar surfactant highly compatible with LDPE. This shows that the Ag-NPs synthetized is this work are viable as antimicrobial additives for plastics, probably the most important material for large-scale industrial applications

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• [25], Copyright © 2021 Zheng et al., licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Movement of TiO2/Pt microrobots. (A) Snapshot images of a TiO2/Pt microrobot moving in a solution of 0.5 wt % H2O2 and 0.1 wt % surfactant. Scale

Nanoporous and nonporous conjugated donor–acceptor polymer semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production

• Zhao-Qi Sheng,
• Yu-Qin Xing,
• Yan Chen,
• Guang Zhang,
• Shi-Yong Liu and
• Long Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 607–623, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.50

• (Figure 10) exhibited the highest HER of 191.82 μmol·h−1 (1.15 mg) [95]. Recently, McCulloch and co-workers discovered another D/A heterojunction (P80/P81) (Figure 10) as photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution. By stabilizing the surfactant employed during synthesis of the heterojunction, ITIC-containing

Doxorubicin-loaded gold nanorods: a multifunctional chemo-photothermal nanoplatform for cancer management

• Uzma Azeem Awan,
• Abida Raza,
• Shaukat Ali,
• Rida Fatima Saeed and
• Nosheen Akhtar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 295–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.24

• treatments. Regardless of the various beneficial properties, GNRs have limitations in clinical applications due to the cytotoxicity of the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), which acts as a template in the synthesis process of GNRs [17]. Different polymers can be used to coat GNRs to enhance

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• . The size distribution of the synthesized nanoparticles depends on the type of solvent as well as the reducing agent. This enables a method that provides many choices depending on the type of surfactant and solvent, which can be optimized to yield the desired size and morphology [152]. In addition

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• a surfactant concentration of 11 wt % and a maximum water concentration of 2–3 wt %. The initial concentration of UCNP cores was set to 20 g/L and the total volume was 5 mL. Next, 1.551 mL of TEOS was added stepwise at a rate of 20.8 μL/min through a peristaltic pump (REGLO Digital MS–2/8–160

Cardiomyocyte uptake mechanism of a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle mediated gene delivery system

• Hiroaki Komuro,
• Masahiro Yamazoe,
• Kosuke Nozaki,
• Akiko Nagai and
• Tetsuo Sasano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1685–1692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.150

• ) is one of the most stable forms of CaP, and diverse methods for preparing HAp nanoparticles have been reported. Among these methods, the microemulsion method has the advantage of controlling the spherical-like morphology and the size of nanoparticles by using a surfactant solution [11][12]. Therefore

• dodecane (CH3(CH2)10CH3) in the oil phase, 1.0 g of pentaethylene glycol dodecyl ether (C22H46O6) as a non-ionic surfactant, and 2.5 M of calcium hydroxide. After stirring these reagents for 1 h at 50 °C, 1.25 M of potassium dihydrogen phosphate was added to these solutions. After 24 h, the product was

• centrifuged and washed with distilled water and ethanol to remove oil and surfactant. The resulting particles were dispersed in distilled water. Physicochemical characteristics were examined using XRD (D8 Advance, Bruker), FTIR (FT/IR-4100, Jasco), and TEM (H-7100, Hitachi). The product was filtered using a

High-responsivity hybrid α-Ag₂S/Si photodetector prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquid

• Raid A. Ismail,
• Hanan A. Rawdhan and
• Duha S. Ahmed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.142

• ) mixed with cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactant. The effect of the CTAB surfactant on the structural, morphological, optical, and elemental composition of Ag2S NPs was evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy

• (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and UV–vis spectroscopy. The optical absorption decreased and the optical energy gap of α-Ag2S increased from 1.5 to 2 eV after the CTAB surfactant was added to the Tu solution. XRD studies revealed that the synthesized Ag2S NPs were polycrystalline

• monodisperse Ag2S NPs when using the CTAB surfactant. The optoelectronic properties of α-Ag2S/p-Si photodetector, such as current–voltage characteristics and responsivity in the dark and under illumination, were also improved after using the CTAB surfactant. The responsivity of the photodetector increases from

One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• order to control their morphology and size, additional surface activation steps are necessary to remove these organic molecules from the particle surface (reactivation) [6][7][8], which often further increases production costs. A similar issue limits surfactant-free chemical synthesis techniques, such

• techniques [11] and laser ablation [12]) are surfactant-free and scalable. However, these approaches typically require multiple-step procedures in which the support and catalytic nanoparticles (NPs) are first produced individually and then combined in a third step (i.e., NP sedimentation in liquid phase [13

Magnetic-field-assisted synthesis of anisotropic iron oxide particles: Effect of pH

• Andrey V. Shibaev,
• Petr V. Shvets,
• Darya E. Kessel,
• Roman A. Kamyshinsky,
• Anton S. Orekhov,
• Sergey S. Abramchuk,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov and
• Olga E. Philippova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1230–1241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.107

• batteries [8], preparation of hybrid organic–inorganic nanocomposites, and gels with polymer or surfactant-based matrices [20]. Among these applications, elongated particles (particularly nanorods) have many advantages over spherical nanoparticles [11][21][22]. Nanorods often have stronger magnetic

• ][30][31][32], solvothermal [33] and hydrothermal [34] reactions, the polyol method [35], dehydration or reduction of precursor rod-like particles [8][11], sonochemical oxidation [36], thermal decomposition [23][26], sol–gel reactions [37], synthesis in worm-like surfactant micellar solutions [38][39

• [8][35]. On the one hand, these approaches are advantageous since as-prepared nanoparticles covered by surfactant or polymer molecules become more stable and less susceptible to fast agglomeration. On the other hand, the nanoparticle surfaces become covered by these compounds, which are sometimes

Influence of the magnetic nanoparticle coating on the magnetic relaxation time

• Mihaela Osaci and
• Matteo Cacciola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1207–1216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.105

• distribution of the grain size. Each nanoparticle is composed of a magnetic core and a nonmagnetic surface layer of stabilizing surfactant. The system temperature is considered to be constant. To simulate the self-organization of the colloidal magnetic nanoparticles we used the Langevin dynamics stochastic

• expression for the steric stabilization force [21]: where di = 2ri, l = 2sij/di, t = 2δ/di (δ is the thickness of the surfactant layer) and ξ is the polymer surface density. The dipolar magnetic force exerted between the magnetic moments of the i-th and j-th nanoparticles is given by [21]: where µ0 is the

• surfactant coating layer. At low polymer surface density values, the repulsion forces, in particular the steric forces (Equation 12), are weaker. Therefore, the attraction forces predominate, especially the magnetic dipolar interaction forces which act on the nanoparticles (Equation 13). As such, the

Gram-scale synthesis of splat-shaped Ag–TiO₂ nanocomposites for enhanced antimicrobial properties

• Mohammad Jaber,
• Asim Mushtaq,
• Kebiao Zhang,
• Jindan Wu,
• Dandan Luo,
• Zihan Yi,
• M. Zubair Iqbal and
• Xiangdong Kong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1119–1125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.96

• TiO2 NP nucleation started after adding the urea and PVP surfactant. Then, the aqueously dispersed AgNO3 solution was poured into the prepared TiO2/PVP mixture. It was assumed that the positively charged Ag+ ions interacted with the negatively charged PVP-modified TiO2 NPs due to electrostatic

Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• to cross the BBB through transcytosis. To reach this goal, their surfaces have to be modified, either non-covalently with a coating or covalently by functionalization. Coating with surfactants Coating nanoparticles with a surfactant was the first method used to enhance their BBB permeation ability

• dalargin [49]. Thus, it was proposed that the binding of doxorubicin led to an alteration of the nanoparticle surface properties that allowed ApoE and B to be bound. It was then concluded that the BBB permeation ability of nanoparticles was not only dependent of the surfactant coating but also of the

Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study

• Satheeshkumar Balu,
• Manisha Vidyavathy Sundaradoss,
• Swetha Andra and
• Jaison Jeevanandam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 285–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.21

• structure, diffusion rate, metabolism and interaction of the nanoparticles with the microorganisms [57]. A similar study was conducted by Tank et al. (2014) to compare the antibacterial activity of pure and zinc-doped nanometer-sized Hap that are synthesized via a chemical precipitation mediated surfactant

Phase inversion-based nanoemulsions of medium chain triglyceride as potential drug delivery system for parenteral applications

• Eike Folker Busmann,
• Dailén García Martínez,
• Henrike Lucas and
• Karsten Mäder

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 213–224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.16

• use of potentially toxic organic solvents. The systematic investigation of the relation of the three involved components surfactant, aqueous phase and lipid phase showed that depending on the ratio of surfactant to lipid the emulsions contained particles of diameters between 16 and 175 nm with narrow

• polydispersity index distributions and uncharged surfaces. Nanoemulsions with particles of 50 and 100 nm in diameter showed very little toxicity to fibroblast cells in vitro. An unusual, exponential-like nonlinear increase in osmolality was observed with increasing concentration of the nonionic surfactant

• surfactant show different effects on the final product. For example, these factors influence the feasibility of forming stable nanostructures, they affect the phase inversion zone, the in vitro cellular toxicity and the above mentioned particle and surface properties [3][4][12]. There are marketed drug

The effect of heat treatment on the morphology and mobility of Au nanoparticles

• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Simon Vigonski,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Vahur Zadin,
• Rünno Lõhmus and
• Karine Mougin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 61–67, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.6

• from the ellipsometry measurements presented in Figure 7. How exactly the rapid growth of the SiO2 layer may be related to the drastic increase in friction remains unclear and can be the subject for future studies. Overall, we demonstrated that heat treatment, which is widely used as a surfactant

• of the SiO2 layer. Both processes are highly temperature-dependent, exhibiting drastic enhancement above 700 °C. Overall, we demonstrated that heat treatment, which is widely used for surfactant removal prior to nanomanipulation experiments, can have an extensive effect on the mobility of Au NPs

Recent progress in perovskite solar cells: the perovskite layer

• Xianfeng Dai,
• Ke Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 51–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.5

• production. However, at such high speeds, compact and uniform large-area perovskite films are not easily fabricated. This problem could be circumvented by incorporating very small amounts of surfactant additives such as ʟ-α-phosphatidylcholine into the perovskite ink solution. The surfactant additive

• improves the adhesion of the perovskite ink to hydrophobic substrates, effectively inhibiting the solution flow dynamics in the drying perovskite ink layer leading to compact and uniform perovskite films. The very small amount of surfactant additive has no adverse effect on the optoelectronic properties of

Coating of upconversion nanoparticles with silica nanoshells of 5–250 nm thickness

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Maysoon Saleh,
• Bastian Rühle,
• Ute Resch-Genger and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2410–2421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.231

• followed by a stepwise growth of these particles without a purification step, where in each step equal volumes of tetraethyl orthosilicate and ammonia water are added, while the volumes of cyclohexane and the surfactant Igepal® CO-520 are increased so that the ammonia water and surfactant concentrations

• in polar media is the reverse microemulsion technique [22][23][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. In a reverse microemulsion, the aqueous solution is confined in uniform, nanosized droplets that are stabilized by a surfactant such as a polyoxyethylene (5) nonylphenylether (trade

• name Igepal® CO-520) and distributed in the continuous nonpolar phase [44]. The ratio between the aqueous components and the surfactant determines the size of these droplets [30], which act as nanoreactors. For the polycondensation of precursors such as TEOS, ammonia usually acts as a catalyst [43

The role of Ag⁺, Ca²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Al³⁺ adions in the SERS turn-on effect of anionic analytes

• Stefania D. Iancu,
• Andrei Stefancu,
• Vlad Moisoiu,
• Loredana F. Leopold and
• Nicolae Leopold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2338–2345, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.224

• they provide a good trade-off between colloidal stability and surfactant affinity to the AgNP. We avoided the use of chloride-containing silver colloids [13][25] because of the competitive chemisorption between the anionic analyte and the Cl− capping agent to the Ca2+, Pb2+ or Al3+ activated AgNPs, Cl

Design of a nanostructured mucoadhesive system containing curcumin for buccal application: from physicochemical to biological aspects

• Sabrina Barbosa de Souza Ferreira,
• Gustavo Braga,
• Évelin Lemos Oliveira,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva,
• Hélen Cássia Rosseto,
• Lidiane Vizioli de Castro Hoshino,
• Mauro Luciano Baesso,
• Wilker Caetano,
• Craig Murdoch,
• Helen Elizabeth Colley and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2304–2328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.222

• sink condition. In this study, Tween 80 was used as a surfactant, as previously used in other in vitro CUR drug release investigations [30][78]. Tween 80 can interfere with the structure and rheological properties of the peripheral area of the gel. However, this situation is similar to in vivo

• conditions, where other substances with surfactant properties can be present in buccal environment [59][79]. The complete release of CUR (100%) occurred after approximately 8 h (Figure 10), making it suitable for buccal applications. The general equation (Equation 7) described for polymeric systems [80] was

• FaDu and FNB6 cells. The cytotoxic effect of the formulations could be explained by the presence of P407, a known surfactant. The incorporation of CUR into nanostructured systems caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the IC50 values for both FaDu and FNB6 compared to Cal27. This behavior

Microfluidics as tool to prepare size-tunable PLGA nanoparticles with high curcumin encapsulation for efficient mucus penetration

• Nashrawan Lababidi,
• Valentin Sigal,
• Aljoscha Koenneke,
• Konrad Schwarzkopf,
• Andreas Manz and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2280–2293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.220

• a simple model for assessing the interaction of different types of surfactant-coated PLGA NPs with mucin [46][47]. The interaction with mucin as a major component for mucus is reflected in size changes and aggregation of the particles. PLGA NPs stabilized with Pluronic F68 or Pluronic 10500 showed