Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• characterization Particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PDI) of APT-NPs was analyzed through laser diffractometry (Malvern Instruments, Germany) with a measuring angle of 13° at 25 °C in triplicate [27]. Before particle size determination, APT-NPs samples were diluted with double distilled water

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• method for nanoscale capacitance characterization at arbitrary frequencies above the second cantilever resonance. Besides a high spatial resolution, the key advantage of the multifrequency approach of MFH-EFM is that it measures the second-order capacitance gradient at almost arbitrary frequencies

• understanding of material properties, particularly at the nanoscale, where phenomena such as quantum confinement, interface effects, and defect dynamics play a critical role. Innovations in characterization techniques have enabled researchers to explore these properties with unprecedented precision, paving the

• features. Scanning probe techniques have revolutionized nanoscale material characterization. Since the invention of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) [16] and atomic force microscopy (AFM) [17], various electric force-based methods, called electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) methods, have emerged to

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• and one NTS were also obtained. Among the TLS, point 7 (M7-EOCF) was selected for subsequent tests, as it had the lowest amount of surfactants and the highest proportion of water in its composition. Physicochemical characterization of the selected system Some parameters are fundamental for

• exposed to different shear forces [22][23]. The parameters of rheological properties are essential in the classification and characterization of semisolids and fluids, and in the greater understanding of drug release from pharmaceutical forms [22]. Thus, the rheological behavior of M7-EOCF at two

• containing 10% EOCF were then prepared individually (Table 1), and the dispersions were evaluated macroscopically and characterized 48 h after they were obtained. Physicochemical characterization of the selected microemulsions The polydispersity index and average hydrodynamic radius of the droplets were

Focused ion and electron beams for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 613–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.47

• tailored 3D architectures [4]. Focused beams not only allow the characterization of atomic structures but also enable precise local modification of material properties through ion milling and the creation of novel structures with tunable mechanical, electrical, and magnetic properties using gas-assisted

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• deposition with nickel as the catalyst and hydrogen as the plasma source. SEM and TEM characterization showed vertically aligned CNFs. This method highlights the impact of plasma conditions and gas ratios on CNF morphology and alignment [12]. An experiment by Li et al. showed CNT growth at decomposition

• . The temperature was kept below 700 °C, and the efficiency of conversion of carbon precursors into fibers found was 70%. The diameter found was approximately 100 nm, and the TEM and SEM characterization revealed the morphology and the internal structures of the fibers [19]. Ruiz-Cornejo et al

• placed on a stand. The ideal combustion of the premixed flame was achieved by mixing LPG, oxygen, and nitrogen at 0.18, 0.65, and 1.90 slpm, respectively. The mixture produced a premixed flat flame with a secondary diffusion flame at an equivalence ratio of 1.80. Flame and CNF characterization The

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• cell-free therapeutic strategies for AD [84]. Additionally, Deng et al. explored exosomes isolated from ultrasound-stimulated human astrocytes (US-HA-Exo). Characterization via nanoparticle tracking and proteomic analysis revealed that ultrasound treatment increased exosome release approximately five

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• diverse characterization techniques, demonstrating the potential reversibility of the B1 to B2 phase transformation induced by ion irradiation. Keywords: irradiation; phase transformation; thermal spike; track diameter; X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

• of Seth (i.e., higher and lower sides). Notably, the reappearance of the B1 phase was observed with O ion irradiation, while no such retrieval occurred with Ag ion irradiation. This intriguing finding is explored in detail in this investigation. Crystallographic characterization of both pristine and

• film prior to further irradiation. The characterization of the thin films was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) on a Bruker high-resolution X-ray diffractometer, employing a Cu Kα beam over a 2θ range of 30–50°. Raman spectroscopic measurements were conducted at room temperature with a SENTERRA

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• forms. Electrochemical characterization Although CSPEs have advantageous features such as low cost and wide availability, they tend to possess a characteristic high electrical resistance due to the use of inks containing organic molecules and polymeric binders during the fabrication process [32]. This

• biosensing system and the effect on electrochemical current upon H1 protein recognition. SEM images of (A) CSPE and (B, C) AuNFs/CSPE; (D) size distribution of the gold nanoflowers on AuNFs/CSPE. CV characterization at different steps of the electrode modification, measurements performed in 0.1 M KCl

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• . Results and Discussion Composition and characterization of the materials XRD patterns and a SEM micrograph of the starting zeolite mineral (ZSA) are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, respectively. The diffraction patterns are normalized and evidence the presence of mordenite and clinoptilolite–heulandite

• being mixed. After 24 h, the solid phases were separated, lightly washed with distilled water, and oven-dried at 110 °C. Characterization The elemental composition of ZSA and the modified materials from both treatments was determined using X-ray fluorescence analysis, performed with a ZETIUM PANalytical

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• University, Kurukshetra, ensuring comprehensive and accurate characterization of the properties of Mo thin films. Results and Discussion SRIM-TRIM simulation The “Stopping & Range of Ions in Matter and Transport of Ions in Matter” (SRIM-TRIM) simulation software was used to quantitatively estimate

• CSIR, New Delhi, for providing the CSIR-JRF. The authors are also grateful to the Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi, for providing funds for establishing the 200 kV ion accelerator and related characterization facilities at Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. The authors are also

Biomimetics and bioinspired surfaces: from nature to theory and applications

• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Thies H. Büscher,
• Manuela Rebora,
• Poramate Manoonpong,
• Zhendong Dai and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 418–421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.32

• Journal of Nanotechnology emerged from this fruitful exchange of ideas. The symposium featured a range of topics across biomimetic and bioinspired approaches, as well as the characterization of biological surfaces with properties of technological interest. A significant deal of research focused on

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• experimental setup is shown in Figure 1. The apparatus is composed of two chambers maintained at UHV conditions and separated by a gate valve. The preparation chamber is devoted to sample preparation and characterization, while the other accommodates the AFM/STM reactor. The sample can be introduced into the

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• , selective, and cost-effective sensor for SDS detection in an aqueous solution. The advent of nanotechnology increased their demand for developing colorimetric sensors to detect chemical compounds, toxicants, nutrients, and biomolecules. The nanotechnology field consists of synthesis, characterization, and

• polymerization, the resulting complexes were cooled down to room temperature, dissolved in DCM, and precipitated using an excess of cold diethyl ether. The precipitates were isolated by filtration using filter paper and dried under vacuum. The collected PEG–PCL NPs were then subjected to further characterization

• . Characterization of PEG–PCL nanoparticles The synthesized PEG–PCL nanoparticles were characterized by their unique physicochemical properties, such as size and surface charge. The average hydrodynamic size, monodispersity, and surface charge of the nanoparticles were measured using the ZetaSizer (Nano ZS, Malvern

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• negatively charged alginate nanoparticles were then coated with positively charged Eudragit RS100 with the intent of obtaining mucoadhesive nanoparticles with sustained release properties. The characterization of the delivery system was studied in terms of charge, size, encapsulation efficiency, and release

• . In addition to morphological characterization, the coating of Alg nanoparticles with Eudragit RS100 polymer was studied by using fluorescently tagged polymers during particle synthesis (Supporting Information File 1). For the preparation of fluorescently tagged Alg (F-Alg) nanoparticles, fluorescein

• ). The nanoparticles were resuspended in sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5) and sonicated for 5 min in a sonication bath before characterization. Preparation of Eudragit RS100-coated alginate NPs The Alg NPs were coated with Eudragit RS100 by a technique similar to that in [20]. Prepared Alg NPs (1 mg/mL; 4

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• custom-made Teflon tub, in 2.0 mL of commercially available aqueous colloid of citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (100 nm, nanoComposix), followed by drying under a heat lamp at 60 °C for 20 min. Physical characterization Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained at UR-Nano. A Zeiss Auriga

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• accelerator and related characterization facilities at Kurukshetra University. The authors are also thankful to the Ministry of Human Resource and Development (MHRD), New Delhi for RUSA 2.0 grants to the Center for Advanced Material Research (CAMR), Kurukshetra University.

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• quantitative estimation of the unbound drug. Physical characterization techniques The functional group and structural analysis of GO and GO–Chl nanoconjugate were studied using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (Cary 630 FTIR, Agilent, CA, USA) in ATR mode and a Raman spectrophotometer (Ranishaw win

• ) through chemiluminescence. Three independent experiments were performed for each group. The values represent the mean ± SE of three independent experiments. A value of p < 0.05 (*) was considered statistically significant. Results and Discussion Physical characterization analysis The synthesis of graphene

• formation of GO–Chl nanoconjugates was confirmed by investigating the optical, functional, structural, and morphological properties employing standard analytical characterization techniques. The optical properties of GO and GO–Chl were assessed using UV–vis spectroscopy (Supporting Information File 1

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• . Powder BerNPs were obtained by the freeze-drying for 48 h at −55 °C under vacuum. Physicochemical characterization of BerNPs The specific adsorption peak of BerNPs was determined by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy in a wavelength range from 200 to 600 nm after dilution in methanol. The berberine

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• . Key strategies for improvement are analyzed, including material modifications through blending and structural modifications like fiber orientation and multilayer constructions, and surface modifications such as coating and functionalization. The review also covers advanced characterization methods to

• [9]. In this review, we focus on the background of the electrospinning process, the properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers, and fabrication techniques, including the effects of various parameters and post-treatment methods. We also review the characterization of chitosan/PVA electrospun

• needleless technique based on a rotating cylinder spinneret to increase production rate. Table 4 summarizes the different electrospinning methods used in fabricating chitosan/PVA nanofibers. Characterization of mechanical properties Electrospun nanofibers possess unique mechanical properties, which depend on

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• physicochemical characterization, including the formulations exposed to irradiation under the same conditions. For physicochemical characterization of the formulations, different techniques were used by which successful functionalization of the CNs and TMZ loading were confirmed and visualized; no significant

• conditions were characterized in terms of their physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties. Results and Discussion Biopharmaceutical characterization of temozolomide-loaded carbon nanostructures Loading efficacy, drug content, surface charge, and particle size distribution In the study, relatively high

• covalent functionalization, based on the assumption that the polymer with the higher molecular weight would provide longer circulation time and, thus, higher uptake ratio in the brain tumor cells. Physicochemical characterization of temozolomide-loaded carbon nanostructures For physicochemical

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• gradually through a solvothermal reaction, driven by the chemical transformation represented by the following equation: Nanohydroxyapatite characterization The structural analysis of nHA was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The diffraction pattern of nHA standard is given in Figure 1, while that of

• Novella and coworkers [26]. Nanohydroxyapatite characterization Structural assessment of the synthesized nHA was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD) with the PANalytical AERIS system and OriginLab 8.5.1 software. Further examination of the sample’s morphology was carried out using a scanning electron

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• machine learning to accelerate material development, exploring more types of photothermal nanomaterials, exploring more diverse composite photothermal material formulations, utilizing advanced characterization techniques, and collaborating with multidisciplinary researchers, more advanced and effective

• , synthesis methods, and activity [220]. Developing machine learning models for ophthalmic photothermal nanomaterials will expedite the development of high-performance target materials and alleviate the burden of extensive experimental work. Advanced characterization tools, theoretical simulations, and high

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• of the mechanical parameters and their error bars (standard error of the mean) [21]. After this characterization, the chosen rare earth is introduced in the sample chamber at the desired concentration, and the procedure described above is repeated using the same DNA molecule, thus obtaining the

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• [Dmim][Cl]) in the preparation of MOF-based MMMs has been demonstrated in numerous other studies on CO2 separation [97][133][134][135][136][137][138]. Note that all the previous considerations are generally true for MOF-based MMMs for CO2 capture purposes. 3.6 Structural characterization of MOF-based

• MMMs Material characterization techniques are pivotal for the assessment of novel MOF-based MMMs structures. Electron microscopy enables direct imaging of a sample with up to sub-nanometer resolution [139]. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a popular and straightforward method to obtain images of