Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• Alexander Kuprava Michael Huth Physics Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.4 Abstract A fast simulation approach for focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) numerically solves the diffusion–reaction equation

• precursor parameters needed for this model. In this work we introduce such a method to derive the precursor sticking coefficient as one member of the precursor parameter set. The method is based on the analysis of the different growth regimes in FEBID, in particular the diffusion-enhanced growth regime in

• the free surface sites. Such an event can be pictured as an interaction where no van der Waals “bond” is established and where the molecule leaves the surface at a time scale much shorter than the residence time τ [4]. In the continuum model, s is one of the model parameters entering the diffusion

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• deep insertion, facilitating greater lipid diffusion. In contrast, AUR does not significantly affect MSD, suggesting that its interaction primarily stabilizes the membrane without substantially altering the lateral dynamics, which is consistent with studies highlighting the role of amphipathic peptides

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• continuity, momentum, heat, and diffusion equations were solved numerically by the software COMSOL Multiphysics based on the finite element method. The model allowed for the simulation of the key parameters of the HFCVD reactor. Also, a thermochemical study of the heterogeneous reaction between the

• , we focus on the simulation and analysis of key steps in a HFCVD deposition process to obtain SiOx films by means of continuity, momentum, heat, and diffusion equations, which were solved numerically by the software COMSOL Multiphysics based on the finite element method; we also carry out a

• surface diffusion to the substrate. The main objective is to optimize the process for an HFCVD reactor and, thus, improve the quality and reproducibility of the films. Experimental The analyzed HFCVD system is a vertical reactor that can be divided into three zones. The first zone is the gas inlet, the

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• confirmed by calculations for iron particles under irradiation. Substances characterized by high vacancy migration energy, small diffusion coefficients of defects, and low temperatures of first-order phase transitions can serve as suitable candidates for radiation-induced phase transitions in nanosystems

• ) the absence of vacancies in the secondary phase, which should be released under irradiation, (ii) the consideration of vacancy diffusion coefficients as constants, rather than exponentially dependent on migration energy and temperature, and (iii) the modeling of thermodynamic parameters, such as the

• vacancies and interstitials, Kd = 57.6/d2), and Dv and Di are the diffusion coefficients for vacancies and interstitials, respectively. In the following, we suggest that defect annihilation in HDCMs is dominated by nanoparticle surface sink effects, where interstitials rapidly migrate to the surface sink

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• conversion of absorbed light into electricity [43]. The carrier diffusion length within PbS CQD solar cells aligns closely with the thickness of the CQD films. This correlation introduces a tradeoff between light absorption and charge transport. As the thickness of the CQD film increases to enhance light

The role of a tantalum interlayer in enhancing the properties of Fe₃O₄ thin films

• Hai Dang Ngo,
• Vo Doan Thanh Truong,
• Van Qui Le,
• Hoai Phuong Pham and
• Thi Kim Hang Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1253–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.101

• highest value has the roughest surface among the three. These results indicate that the substrate type does have an effect on grain size and roughness of Fe3O4 thin films. Tantalum in the multilayer structure prevents the diffusion of oxygen atoms from SiO2 into MgO leading to enhanced stability of MgO

• [24][25]. Besides, there was nearly no oxygen diffusion from the Fe3O4 film into the MgO layer, resulting in higher crystallinity and improved grain size as seen in the XRD patterns. Surface properties obtained from Figure 1 are summarized in Table 1. The crystal structures of the Fe3O4 samples on

• of oxygen diffusion of the Ta buffer layer, sample 3 has the largest grain size (Table 1). These large intergranular regions can enhance the number of magnetic moments, making it harder for them to rotate when an external field is applied. Although the grain size in Fe3O4 thin films on the double

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• demonstrate favorable tumor penetration and intratumoral diffusion. Active targeting strategies, incorporating ligands for specific tumor receptor binding, serve to further enhance usNP tumor selectivity and therapeutic performance. Numerous preclinical studies have already demonstrated the potential of

• [10][11][12]. Reasons for the poor clinical performance of passive tumor targeting are the considerable heterogeneity of the EPR effect in humans, alongside the restricted diffusion of NPs across the dense tumor stroma [4][5][13][14]. Reasons for the limited performance of active targeting include its

• % ID/g, while PEG-coated AuNCs displayed even higher passive tumor uptake efficiency of ≈8% ID/g owing to their longer blood retention time [77]. Besides achieving decent tumor uptake levels in some cases, usNPs exhibit easier penetration and diffusion through the dense tumor microenvironment relative

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• based on heat transfer and to Monte Carlo or finite element simulations [17][18][19]. Open source programs that assess heat deposition and diffusion are readily available to assess damage in light–tissue interactions [18]. For electron beams, multidimensional models predicting electron beam-induced

Quantum-to-classical modeling of monolayer Ge₂Se₂ and its application in photovoltaic devices

• Anup Shrivastava,
• Shivani Saini,
• Dolly Kumari,
• Sanjai Singh and
• Jost Adam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1153–1169, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.94

• astonishing device performance. We use ab initio modeling for the material prediction, while classical drift–diffusion drives the device simulations. Hybrid functionals calculate electronic and optical properties to maintain high accuracy. The structural stability has been verified using phonon spectra. The E

• performance. This is due to the decrement in the lifetime of the charge carriers because of the shorter diffusion length, which results from the higher defect densities [62]. We can observed that the performance parameters decrease significantly above defect densities of 1015 cm−3. Effect of interface defects

• the proposed solar cell, we performed a numerical simulation using SCAPS-1D, which solves the fundamental semiconductor equations such as drift–diffusion, Poisson’s equation, and continuity equations as: and where and are the electron and hole current densities at the Fermi levels EFn and EFp

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• beyond 2 µm could be the result of two processes, namely, (i) forward scattering at the deposition edge of 1 µm height, providing an extremely small but still non-zero electron flux for dissociation, and (ii) the diffusion of incompletely dissociated precursor molecules out of halo region 1, which are

• cluster by enhanced diffusion. Finally, the second halo region (H2) depicts similar particle sizes around below 20 nm sitting on top of larger bright areas of 50–250 nm. The composition of the different halo regions was studied by EDX. Because of the rich morphology observed in the deposit, no thin-film

• the primary electrons may enhance diffusion of silver and related reordering processes in the carbonaceous matrix [14]. Under our conditions, this energy input is about 0.3 eV for a silver atom and 2.6 eV for a carbon atom, which would be available for rearrangement mechanisms. The clarification of

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• [1][2][3][4][5]. In the study, we employed two methods, namely, single emulsion–evaporation and nanoprecipitation–diffusion, using F127 as a surfactant. The nanoparticles formulated by the emulsion–evaporation approach were not uniform and tended to aggregate (data not shown), while the nanoparticles

• generated by the nanoprecipitation–diffusion method were homogeneous with a polydispersity index (PDI) of less than 0.075 ± 0.05 and a size of 198 ± 5 nm for F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 and 228 ± 4 nm for F127@PLGA/CHL/IR780 (Table 1 and Figure 1A). SEM images showed that the nanoparticles have a spherical

• form with a core size of around 100 nm (Figure 1B). For this reason, the nanoprecipitation–diffusion technique was utilized to produce the particles employed in the study. Furthermore, after dispersing the nanoparticles in cell culture medium with 10% FBS, the size and PDI of the nanoparticles

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• effect at the initial stage through the release of active material directly on the surface of the nanofibers. Extended release is also possible, which is provided by diffusion through the polymeric nanofiber [35]. The burst effect creates the first effective concentration in the targeted area [87][88][89

• ][90]. In cases where the burst effect is not desired, hydrophobic polymer blends need to be used. Furthermore, either core–shell or laminated nanofibers can be produced [32][91]. The degradation of polymers, the diffusion of the active material, or both of them may affect the extended release phase

• . The polymer may degrade during or after the release of active material by diffusion. The in vivo degradation times for commonly used polymers change from days to months [52][61][92]. Different properties of the polymers lead to a wide range of degradation and drug release rates [33][93]. Since the

Effects of cutting tool geometry on material removal of a gradient nanograined CoCrNi medium entropy alloy

• Yu-Sheng Lu,
• Yu-Xuan Hung,
• Thi-Xuyen Bui and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 925–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.76

• mainly propagates through grain boundaries. For samples with a small GNG, the smaller the grain size, the greater the grain boundary density and the wider the shear strain diffusion range into the material’s interior [26]. As the average grain size of the GNG sample increases, the range of shear strain

• larger, especially for samples with a cutting-edge radius of 2.0 nm. The complete mechanism, from plowing and squeezing to shearing, allows the plastic deformation range to extend beyond the front side and the bottom of the cutting tool, and significant shear strain diffusion appears even inside the

• increases with increased cutting depth, cutting-edge radius, and negative rake angle. (3) The stress is concentrated in the front of and below the cutting edge and transmitted through the grain boundaries. The shear strain diffusion area increases with the decrease in average grain size, increased cutting

Water-assisted purification during electron beam-induced deposition of platinum and gold

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Fabian A. Polman and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 884–896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.73

• temperature (24 °C) to minimize the precursor flux. Because of the low vapour pressure of the Pt precursor at 24 °C and the remote position of the Pt GIS nozzle, the deposition of platinum is limited by adsorption and surface diffusion of the precursor molecules [51]. A high water flux was necessary for the

• electron flux, the unavoidable concomitant deposition of hydrocarbons supplied by surface diffusion cannot be completely ruled out. From the carbon EDX map it is also interesting to observe that the C signal is more intense on the unexposed substrate than in the patterned area. Oxygen is present only in

Synthesis of silver–palladium Janus nanoparticles using co-sputtering of independent sources: experimental and theorical study

• Maria J. Martínez-Carreón,
• Francisco Solís-Pomar,
• Abel Fundora,
• Claudio D. Gutiérrez-Lazos,
• Sergio Mejía-Rosales,
• Hector N. Fernández-Escamilla,
• Jonathan Guerrero-Sánchez,
• Manuel F. Meléndrez and
• Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 808–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.67

• melting temperature and, partly, because the appearance of moisture delays the diffusion of silver atoms. The synthesis of AgPd nanocrystals with sizes ranging from 2.46 to 6.65 nm has been reported for applications in the manufacturing of electronic components [6]. Chu et al. [7] synthesized Pd–Ag

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• the linear part of the stress–strain curve [45]. The slope of the linear function gives the Young’s modulus. Antibacterial activity The Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method was applied to test the antibacterial activity of the scaffolds containing different salts [46][47]. The experiment was performed

• (chitosan–silicone hybrid) fibers were made with zinc additives. They found that the scaffold had antibacterial activity against S. aureus, B. subtillis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa bacterial strains [71]. Colinas et al. examined Zn-based coordination polymers in broth dilution and agar diffusion tests, and

• mg/disc), and observed 14.2 ± 1.6 mm and 8 ± 0.9 mm diffusion zones for B. subtilis and S. epidermidis, respectively. In our case, clear inhibition zones were not formed, and only diffuse zones appeared due to low salt concentration [72]. Indirect cytotoxicity of salt-containing scaffolds Our first

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• introducing ascorbic acid indicated partial reduction of Au3+ to Au+, since ascorbic acid is a weak reducing agent. The introduction of seeds rapidly changed the colourless solution into blue, indicating complete reduction of Au+ to Au0. This was due to diffusion of Au0 atoms toward the {111} facet of the

Functional fibrillar interfaces: Biological hair as inspiration across scales

• Guillermo J. Amador,
• Brett Klaassen van Oorschot,
• Caiying Liao,
• Jianing Wu and
• Da Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.55

• detect chemicals in their surroundings, enabling them to locate sustenance, recognize their species, and avoid danger [147]. Moth antennae possess dense arrays of hairs, which have been found to interact with surrounding airflow in order to enhance diffusion of chemicals to the antennae for detection

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• porous nanoparticles when the liquid is saturated with hydrogen, depending on the specific metals and their properties (e.g., hydrogen permeability and diffusion coefficient of hydrogen) [91]. To summarize, the generated nanoparticles can be oxidized or reduced depending on process parameters such as

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• model has the highest degree of fitting with the release of NFs in different simulated environments within 72 h, which indicates conformity with the Fick diffusion mechanism. Meanwhile, we found that RF heating does not affect the release kinetics model. Ritger–Peppas is a semiempirical model, and n is

• an indicator of the drug release mechanism, where n ≤ 0.45 represents the Fick diffusion. The n values calculated in this study are all less than 0.45, indicating that the CUR release from NFs is in accordance with the Fick diffusion. Similarly, the Higuchi model has the highest degree of fitting

• with the release of CUR-Fe NPs and is in accordance with the Fick diffusion (Table 2). Cellular uptake study Prussian blue staining was performed to detect the ability of Huh-7 cells to uptake NFs, as shown in Figure 5. Compared with those in the control group, blue particles were observed in the

Directed growth of quinacridone chains on the vicinal Ag(35 1 1) surface

• Niklas Humberg,
• Lukas Grönwoldt and
• Moritz Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 556–568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.48

• chains of the orientations A–D in areas with a high density of unidirectional steps. Nevertheless, on the small terraces, the formation of chains with orientation E may be kinetically inhibited because of a lack of space, which hinders the diffusion of the molecules to the growing endpoints of the chains

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• -step process becomes visible. In a first step, CO accumulates near the surface of the adsorbed precursor layer before it desorbs in the second step. CO can be delivered to the surface either by electron-induced fragmentation of the MA ligand or by diffusion of CO ligands cleaved from the precursor at

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• and then to the in vitro Franz diffusion test with reservoir patch formulation as well as in vivo pharmacokinetics study with enteric capsules. We tested these formulations regarding their nanocrystal physical properties, size effect, and dissolution rate, respectively. We found that DCS nanocrystals

• showed good performance in the Franz diffusion test and rodent pharmacokinetic studies due to the nanoparticle size and faster dissolution as compared with the commercial DCS powder. These DCS nanocrystal formulations could offer a new approach for the development of an advanced drug delivery system for

• different hydrophobic solutions to obtain emulsion solutions, and loaded into the donor compartment of the Franz diffusion cell for 24 h. The release of DCS was detected in the receptor compartment. The summary of DCS formulations and release is shown in Table 1 and described as: Formulation Test 1: 20 mg

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• deposit. In addition, the dissociation of the precursor molecules needs to be modelled, secondary reactions of the etch products need to be taken into account, also the residence time of the fragments on the deposit, the sticking and diffusion of the water molecules, and so on. Although this is a very

• the etching takes place is unknown. It was noticed that a small change in the pressure of water vapour led to a significant change in the etching rate, suggesting that the process is gas-limited (see Supporting Information File 1, section S3). The role of diffusion could therefore be significant. The

• diffusion rate of adsorbed contamination is known to be enhanced by the presence of water layers [21]. But since the relevant quantities are hard to measure, the diffusion rate has not been included in the model, nor have some other factors such as scattering, porosity, and secondary etch product reactions

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• fragmentation of NWs is attributed to the interplay between heat-enhanced diffusion and Rayleigh instability. In this work, we demonstrated that contact with the substrate plays an important role in the fragmentation process and can strongly affect the outcome of the heat treatment. We deposited silver NWs onto

• process, fragmentation in either adhered or suspended parts can dominate. Experiments were supported by finite element method and molecular dynamics simulations. Keywords: diffusion; finite element method; heat treatment; molecular dynamics simulations; morphological changes; scanning electron microscopy

• . However, during prolonged heat treatment (lasting minutes or more), surface atom diffusion can lead to morphological changes in NWs even at temperatures several hundred degrees below the melting point of the material [26][27]. Sintering of Ag and Au NWs at intersections can occur at temperatures as low as