Using gold nanoparticles to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms: toward liquid biopsy

• María Sanromán Iglesias and
• Marek Grzelczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 263–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.20

• to a conformational change, and stem separation (step 1), followed by polymerization reaction by the polymerase (step 2), forming biotin- and digoxin-attached duplex DNA (step 3). The process was further amplified through the next cycle (step 4). Overall, by the cyclic process, a large number of

• luminescence was recovered after adding target DNA, causing a conformational transition from hairpin to linear DNA. This opening initiated polymerization of DNA (Figure 11C), which in turn displaced previously hybridized target DNA (Figure 11D). In such a design, one target DNA strand could open many hairpin

• DNA strands, increasing the fluoresce signal. An additional increase of the fluorescence signal was achieved by the action of NEase that nicked an extended double helix strand, allowing for a subsequent polymerization process and displacement of the DNA trigger. The authors estimated that the presence

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• parallel to this development of stealth nanocarriers, polymer chemistry had progressed strongly with the emergence of controlled polymerization. After the discovery of so-called living polymerization (polymerization without any transfer nor any termination reaction) in the 1950’s, the development of

• controlled radical polymerization in the 1990’s provided polymer scientists with a range of chemical tools to synthesize polymers and copolymers exhibiting various architectures, from block and gradient to grafted polymers [7]. Designing new nanocarriers exhibiting an external shell based on PEG and a core

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

• from DNA block copolymer micelles [100]. The block copolymer micelles were synthesized through ring-opening polymerization, followed by the integration of DNA oligonucleotides in a postpolymerization modification process. The DNA acted as a polar head group, while the whole polymer system acted as a

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

• in the initiation of macropinocytosis. After the interaction with extracellular ligands, multimerization of syndecans is thought to occur, which in turn induces actin polymerization. Arginine-rich peptides have shown to have this effect on the cellular signal transduction via syndecan multimerization

• . When it binds to the adaptor protein complex on the plasma membrane, clathrin rapidly assembles into icosahedral cages. It is thought that the polymerization of clathrin could be responsible for the membrane curvature. The actin cytoskeleton also contributes to membrane bending during CME. There is

• evidence that rapid actin polymerization occurs in the region surrounding the coat and the base of the growing membrane invagination. After vesicle scission, actin filaments depolymerize in seconds [79][82]. Vesicle scission is the process where the CCV is separated from the donor membrane. This step is

pH-Controlled fluorescence switching in water-dispersed polymer brushes grafted to modified boron nitride nanotubes for cellular imaging

• Saban Kalay,
• Yurij Stetsyshyn,
• Volodymyr Donchak,
• Khrystyna Harhay,
• Ostap Lishchynskyi,
• Halyna Ohar,
• Yuriy Panchenko,
• Stanislav Voronov and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2428–2439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.233

• polymer brushes via polymerization initiated from their surface [12][28]. In particular, BNNTs were covalently modified with hydrophobic polystyrene or poly(glycidyl methacrylate) polymer brushes [28]. The modified nanotubes demonstrated high dispersibility in a large number of organic solvents. In our

• irradiation [43], by mechanical milling [44] or with the iminoborane treatment [45]. The first step in covalent bonding of oligoperoxide to BNNT surfaces is to bind pyromellitic chloroanhydride moieties through available amino groups. The second step involves the grafting polymerization “from the surface” of

• -functionalized BNNTs were dried and used for grafting polymerization (2). Fabrication of P(AA-co-FA)-grafted brushes BNNTs with grafted oligoperoxide [(2) below in Scheme 1] were placed in a container with 0.1 М of AA and 0.01 M FA aqueous solution and sonicated for 20 min. Then, the mixture was heated under

Atomic force acoustic microscopy reveals the influence of substrate stiffness and topography on cell behavior

• Yan Liu,
• Li Li,
• Xing Chen,
• Ying Wang,
• Meng-Nan Liu,
• Jin Yan,
• Liang Cao,
• Lu Wang and
• Zuo-Bin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2329–2337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.223

• surfaces. Even at unsuitable exposure doses at 200 and 500 μC·cm−2 which polymerization of the SU-8 resist cannot be completed, the pattern of stiffness is still enhanced. In the next step, after the SU-8 film had developed for 1 min, we chose the optimum exposure dose of 1000 μC∙cm−2 to obtain strip

Mannosylated brush copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ε-caprolactone) as multivalent lectin-binding nanomaterials

• Stefania Ordanini,
• Wanda Celentano,
• Anna Bernardi and
• Francesco Cellesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2192–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.212

• polymerizations provided high control over molecular weight and functionality. A post-polymerization azide–alkyne cycloaddition allowed for the formation of glycopolymers with different mannose valencies (1, 2, 4, and 8). In aqueous media, these macromolecules formed nanoparticles that were able to bind lectins

• : atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP); glycopolymer; lectin; poly(ethylene glycol); poly(ε-caprolactone); ring-opening polymerization (ROP); Introduction Carbohydrate–protein interactions are involved in many biological processes, including cell recognition and cell–cell adhesion. These

• functionality can influence the macromolecule bioactivity [8]. Controlled radical polymerization (CRP) techniques, such as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, single-electron transfer living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) and

Synthesis of highly active ETS-10-based titanosilicate for heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides

• Muhammad A. Zaheer,
• David Poppitz,
• Khavar Feyzullayeva,
• Marianne Wenzel,
• Jörg Matysik,
• Radomir Ljupkovic,
• Aleksandra Zarubica,
• Alexander A. Karavaev,
• Andreas Pöppl,
• Roger Gläser and
• Muslim Dvoyashkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2039–2061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.200

• polymerization to obtain –[–Ti–O–Ti–]–, –[–Si–O–Si–]–, and –[–Ti–O–Si–]– containing seeds. After aging, the 90 mL solution was divided into two 45 mL parts, each of which was placed into the 70 mL polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) reactor. The reactor was closed with a PTFE cap and inserted into a homemade

Nanostructured and oriented metal–organic framework films enabling extreme surface wetting properties

• Andre Mähringer,
• Julian M. Rotter and
• Dana D. Medina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1994–2003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.196

• example, sol–gel synthesis, electrochemical deposition, anodization, electrochemical polymerization, electrospinning, plasma treatment, chemical or hydrothermal methods, vapor deposition, layer-by-layer assembly or laser ablation [19][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. However, the

Porous silver-coated pNIPAM-co-AAc hydrogel nanocapsules

• William W. Bryan,
• Riddhiman Medhi,
• Maria D. Marquez,
• Supparesk Rittikulsittichai,
• Michael Tran and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1973–1982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.194

• describes the preparation and characterization of a new type of core–shell nanoparticle in which the structure consists of a hydrogel core encapsulated within a porous silver shell. The thermo-responsive hydrogel cores were prepared by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization of a selected mixture of N

• encapsulation of thermo-responsive pNIPAM-co-AAc hydrogel cores within porous silver nanoshells, and for the purpose of comparison, within a complete nonporous silver nanoshell. We adopt a simple surfactant-free emulsion polymerization (SFEP) technique to grow the initial hydrogel core templates [74][75][76

• -growth method and surfactant-free emulsion polymerization, we demonstrated a reliable synthesis of silver nanocapsules encapsulating thermo-responsive pNIPAM-co-AAc hydrogel cores. The 800 nm silver nanocapsules with a capsule thickness of ≈50 nm were characterized by SEM, TEM, and UV–vis spectroscopy

Processing nanoporous organic polymers in liquid amines

• Jeehye Byun,
• Damien Thirion and
• Cafer T. Yavuz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1844–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.179

• polymerization [14], ionic complexation [15], and electrochemical polymerization [16], which require sophisticated techniques. There are only a few reports that show the processing of nanoporous polymers into the desired morphologies, for instance, the nanoporous polymers were directly processed into

Nanoarchitectonics meets cell surface engineering: shape recognition of human cells by halloysite-doped silica cell imprints

• Elvira Rozhina,
• Ilnur Ishmukhametov,
• Svetlana Batasheva,
• Farida Akhatova and
• Rawil Fakhrullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.176

• radical polymerization [13]. The versatility of cell surface engineering methods has led to intersections between these routes yielding functionalised cells with multiple functionalities [14]. Relatively solid microbial cells with cell walls as well as soft mammal cells (including human cells) were used

Biocatalytic oligomerization-induced self-assembly of crystalline cellulose oligomers into nanoribbon networks assisted by organic solvents

• Yuuki Hata,
• Yuka Fukaya,
• Toshiki Sawada,
• Masahito Nishiura and
• Takeshi Serizawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1778–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.173

• to a reduction in the conversion of αG1P monomer into insoluble products (Figure 3), which was estimated from the insoluble product weights and the average degree of polymerization () values calculated from the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI–TOF) mass spectra (see

Synthesis of nickel/gallium nanoalloys using a dual-source approach in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazole ionic liquids

• Ilka Simon,
• Julius Hornung,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Maik Finze,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1754–1767, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.171

• hydrogenation reactions [6]. The catalytic activity of Ni nanoparticles can be used in hydrogenation reactions of alkenes [7], styrene [8], and quinoline [9]. Semihydrogenation reactions of alkynes lead to overhydrogenation [10] or polymerization in the case of acetylene to form oligomers [11]. One can

• induced by microwave heating [21] as well as through ligand hydrogenation [22]. The complete removal of alkynes from alkenes is very important in industrial olefin polymerization reactions. Examples are the separation of acetylene from ethylene [22][23] or of phenylacetylene from styrene [24]. The

• presence of small quantities of alkynes significantly reduces the efficiency of catalysts in the subsequent polymerization reactions. Semihydrogenation reactions are an interesting way not only to remove but also to convert the alkynes to the respective polymerizable alkenes [25]. The addition of main

Upcycling of polyurethane waste by mechanochemistry: synthesis of N-doped porous carbon materials for supercapacitor applications

• Christina Schneidermann,
• Pascal Otto,
• Desirée Leistenschneider,
• Sven Grätz,
• Claudia Eßbach and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1618–1627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.157

•  1). The IR spectra reveal that polymerization reactions occur during ball milling (Figure S1B, Supporting Information File 1). In particular, the condensation of urea with the urethane group is initiated during the milling process shown by the disappearing peaks of NH2 (3335 cm−1) and of C=O (1715

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• nontrivial fundamental challenges, which are actively studied using the quantitative analysis of self-assembly processes proposed by Hiraoka [76] and the temporal control of supramolecular polymerization by Dhiman and George [77]. Shimizu summarized various parameters regulating the self-assembly of lipid

• materials for the fabrication of two-dimensionally structures. As depicted in Figure 8, Yonamine et al. successfully demonstrated the one-dimensional supramolecular polymerization of DNA origami pieces upon repeated mechanical compression and expansion of the two-dimensional air–water interface [219]. The

• indispensable for the formation of these supramolecular polymers of DNA origami. A simple application of high pressure is not enough to obtain supramolecular polymerization of DNA origami pieces at the air–water interface. 3 Interfacial nanoarchitectonics for MOF and COF Interfaces are attractive platforms to

Synthesis of P- and N-doped carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction via controlled phosphoric acid treatment of folic acid

• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1497–1510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.148

• ) (PFA). Two types of PFA-based carbon materials were prepared by using hydrochloric acid or phosphoric acid as polymerization initiators (non-doped and P-doped PFA carbon materials, respectively). Electrochemical methods The ORR activity of carbon materials was probed by rotating disk electrode

A biomimetic nanofluidic diode based on surface-modified polymeric carbon nitride nanotubes

• Kai Xiao,
• Baris Kumru,
• Lu Chen,
• Lei Jiang,
• Bernhard V. K. J. Schmidt and
• Markus Antonietti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1316–1323, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.130

• systems and the generation of blue energy from salinity gradients [23][24]. We fabricated a carbon nitride nanotube membrane (CNNM) via an anodic aluminium oxide (AAO)-templated vapor deposition–polymerization process. Subsequently, the CNNMs were modified with 3-allyloxy-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid

• nitrogen. Moreover, it meets our requirements to fabricate negatively charged carbon nitride nanotubes and a fully condensed conjugated structure that stabilizes the π-electron system for a high charge mobility [25]. The g-CN nanotube membrane (CNNM) was fabricated through vapor deposition–polymerization

• polymerization temperature was set to 773 K. Then, the evaporated precursor was deposited and polymerized in the porous AAO membrane, generating carbon nitride nanotubes. Figure 1c shows a schematic of a bare AAO membrane and the carbon nitride nanotubes formed in the AAO membrane. Similar to bulk g-CN

Glucose-derived carbon materials with tailored properties as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Rafael Gomes Morais,
• Natalia Rey-Raap,
• José Luís Figueiredo and
• Manuel Fernando Ribeiro Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1089–1102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.109

• in conventionally doped materials (N-AGC and N-CGC) is more pronounced than that of their doped ball-milled counterparts. This peak can be assigned to sp2-hybridized carbons in a triazine aromatic ring (N–C=N) [30], which may result from the polymerization of melamine during the subsequent thermal

Polydopamine-coated Au nanorods for targeted fluorescent cell imaging and photothermal therapy

• Boris N. Khlebtsov,
• Andrey M. Burov,
• Timofey E. Pylaev and
• Nikolai G. Khlebtsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 794–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.79

• by polymerization of dopamine in alkaline environment. The polymerization process results in the formation of a PDA shell around the AuNR core (Scheme 1). The thickness of the PDA shell can be controlled by the concentration of dopamine added to reaction mixture. In this study we mixed 10 mL of AuNRs

Outstanding chain-extension effect and high UV resistance of polybutylene succinate containing amino-acid-modified layered double hydroxides

• Adam A. Marek,
• Vincent Verney,
• Christine Taviot-Gueho,
• Grazia Totaro,
• Laura Sisti,
• Annamaria Celli and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 684–695, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.68

• PBS nanocomposites. Nano-hybrid fillers (based on Mg2Al or Zn2Al LDH cations and with different anions from carboxylic and dicarboxylic acids, ascorbic acid and amino acids) were incorporated to PBS polymer by both methods: in situ polymerization and melt extrusion. Depending on the type of organic

• molecules, chain extension or plasticizing effects were observed. In the case of in situ polymerization, an increase in the Newtonian zero-shear viscosity of nearly 20–28 times was observed when LDHs with embedded PBS oligomers were used, whereas the smaller molecules increased η0 from 40–50 Pa s for

• compared to the in situ polymerization approach. The best results were obtained for Zn2Al/TYR and Zn2Al/cinnamic LDHs (5 wt %), from 115 to 245 and 360 Pa s respectively, while in other cases the differences were smaller. Our present results are here spectacular, since an increase of 80 times for η0 is

Ceria/polymer nanocontainers for high-performance encapsulation of fluorophores

• Kartheek Katta,
• Dmitry Busko,
• Yuri Avlasevich,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Stanislav Baluschev and
• Rafael Muñoz-Espí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 522–530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.53

• an inorganic layer and a liquid core containing a fluorophore. The polymeric capsules are synthesized by free radical miniemulsion polymerization and contain covalently bound carboxylate surface functionalities that allow for the binding of metal ions through electrostatic interaction. A cerium(IV

• under argon atmosphere [sample NC(Ar)] by free-radical miniemulsion polymerization [46]. The continuous phase contains SDS (30 mg) and demineralized water (30 g). The disperse phase contains styrene (1.8 g) and acrylic acid (0.2 g) as monomers, hexadecane (4 g) with the fluorescent dye TDI and the

• initiator V59 (100 mg). The two phases were mixed and pre-emulsified by stirring at 1000 rpm for 1 h. The emulsion was prepared by ultrasonication (Branson Digital Sonifier 450-D; 1/2″ tip, 90% intensity, 2 min) while cooling in an ice-water bath to avoid polymerization due to heating. The polymerization

Widening of the electroactivity potential range by composite formation – capacitive properties of TiO₂/BiVO₄/PEDOT:PSS electrodes in contact with an aqueous electrolyte

• Konrad Trzciński,
• Mariusz Szkoda,
• Andrzej P. Nowak,
• Marcin Łapiński and
• Anna Lisowska-Oleksiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 483–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.49

• vs Ag/AgCl (0.1 M KCl)). The charge consumed during polymerization was in the range from 0.01 to 0.1 mC·cm−2 per pulse, which is expected to deposit a conducting polymer film of 0.07 to 0.7 nm per pulse. An exemplary chronoamperometric curve (single pulse) is presented in Figure 1a. A Pt/PEDOT:PSS

Nanocomposite–parylene C thin films with high dielectric constant and low losses for future organic electronic devices

• Marwa Mokni,
• Gianluigi Maggioni,
• Abdelkader Kahouli,
• Sara M. Carturan,
• Walter Raniero and
• Alain Sylvestre

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 428–441, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.42

• chemical vapor deposition polymerization of parylene C combined with RF-sputtering of silver. It was demonstrated that the plasma itself induces changes in the density and semi-crystalline character of parylene C. A decrease in the density, an increase in the degree of crystallinity and an increase of

pH-mediated control over the mesostructure of ordered mesoporous materials templated by polyion complex micelles

• Emilie Molina,
• Mélody Mathonnat,
• Jason Richard,
• Patrick Lacroix-Desmazes,
• Martin In,
• Philippe Dieudonné,
• Thomas Cacciaguerra,
• Corine Gérardin and
• Nathalie Marcotte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.14

• transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) according to published procedures [29]. All reactions were carried out in the absence of air using standard Schlenk techniques and vacuum-line manipulation. All the chemicals used for the reaction (tert-butyl acrylate 98%, α-methoxy-ω-hydroxy-poly(ethylene oxide) with