Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• introduced into the GIS under ambient conditions as it was tested stable. The GIS nozzle was placed 200 µm above the substrate at an angle of 30° to the substrate plane. Both GIS and substrate were heated using resistive heating wires. FEBID was carried out at an operating pressure of 2.0 × 10−6 mbar. For

• 0.35 nA. The operating pressure was 1.5 × 10−5 mbar. Results and Discussion The square deposit, fabricated on the native-oxide Si(100) substrate using a spiral inward scanning strategy, was analyzed to assess its morphology and structure. Secondary electron detection in SEM imaging reveals the

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• of isopropanol and transferred into the autoclave. The reactor was first purged with nitrogen and then with hydrogen before raising the temperature to 130 °C. A mixture of 3 mL citral and 10 mL isopropanol was then introduced into the reactor via a cylinder under 75 bar of hydrogen pressure. Time

• zero was considered at this point. During the catalytic test, the reaction was carried out under constant pressure using a pressure control system. After various reaction times, liquid samples were manually collected and analyzed by gas chromatography to determine conversion and selectivity values. It

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• generation in Mo thin films with a low-energy argon ion beam (1 keV) across different ion fluences (1016–1018 ions·cm−2). Thornton et al. [16] examined a transition from tensile to compressive stress in argon-ion-implanted Mo thin films as the sputtering gas pressure decreased. Sun et al. [17] also analyzed

• the properties of argon-ion-implanted Mo thin films deposited via ion beam sputtering, varying deposition parameters such as accelerating voltage, incidence angle, and chamber pressure. Films deposited at near-normal incidence exhibited compressive stress and a nearly linear increase with the

• to a base pressure of 2.0 × 10−3 mbar, with a working pressure during deposition of approximately 1.2 × 10−2 mbar; deposition times varied from 7 to 12 min, resulting in films with thicknesses from 150 to 300 nm, as measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry. After deposition, some films with different

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• extraction composed of molybdenum. The study systematically examines the dependence of ion beam current on critical parameters, such as gas pressure, magnetron power, extraction voltage, and ion energies. The Gaussian nature of the beam profile is scrutinized and elucidated within the context of grid

• for sustaining the plasma. The ion source’s compact design is user-friendly and capable of producing a high beam current density using single- or multigrid extraction systems [27][28]. The extracted beam current is influenced by magnetron power, gas pressure, and extraction voltage. Furthermore, the

• various parameters is extensively examined and elucidated. Experimental parameters, spanning from plasma generation to ion beam extraction, are systematically optimized for the study of low-energy Ar-ion-induced nanostructures on silicon. The dependence of the extracted ion beam on gas pressure, magnetron

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• elastic adsorbate–substrate interactions in processes of nanostructuring of thin films during low-pressure condensation in the framework of theoretical approaches and numerical simulations. It will be shown that an increase in the elastic interaction strength induces first-order transitions and pattern

• multicomponent substrates leads to the formation of a stationary surface morphology with an elevated number of adsorbate islands of smaller size, compared to one-component substrates. This study provides a deep insight into the peculiarities of nanostructured thin films’ growth in low-pressure systems with

• ], sensors [5], and catalysts [6][7][8]. Nanostructured thin films grown via low-pressure deposition methods have garnered significant attention because of their diverse applications in electronics, optics, catalysis, and sensors [9]. The ability to precisely control properties such as morphology

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• irradiating a solution containing metal ions with a high-intensity laser. It is simple and environmentally friendly, as it does not require reducing agents or high-temperature, high-pressure environments. In this method, nanoparticles are synthesized by reducing metal ions with short-lived radical species

• of chemical substances such as reducing agents and stabilizers that should be purified and removed after synthesis. In some cases, control of temperature and/or pressure are also required during reaction. In contrast, laser processing in liquids, which does not require chemical substances as reducing

• agents and can form nano- and submicron particles at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, has attracted much attention as a simple and environmentally friendly particle synthesis technique. Laser-based particle synthesis methods can be roughly divided into two categories depending on whether the

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• ). The plasma temperature and pressure determine the cavitation bubble and NP formation [40][41]. The plasma plume that heats up the liquid causes liquid vaporization and subsequent bubble nucleation. The initial pressure of the bubble is very high (higher than 1 GPa) allowing it to expand until it

• reaches equilibrium with the outer pressure, achieving the bubble maximum size. The bubble then collapses, and the process can be repeated for several cycles. Ions, atoms, and clusters within the confined bubble nucleate and grow to form the NPs. The bubble collapse can induce shockwaves that break up the

• the spatial distribution of the laser intensity and, thus, the radiation absorption by the target, influencing plasma plume and cavitation bubble formation, evolution, cooling, and the temperature and pressure conditions that determine nanoparticle formation. In the case of a donut-shaped beam, the

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• structure of materials under reaction conditions. We demonstrate this by imaging a Pd(100) single crystal at 450 K with combined AFM/STM. The surface is compared under ultrahigh vacuum and under 0.5 bar O2 pressure showing a notable increase in RMS current, which we attribute to oxidation. Also, we study

• relevant conditions. While much research has been conducted at room temperatures (or below) and under ambient to ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions, industrial conditions expose catalysts to 1000 K and beyond in pressures ranging from ambient to 100 bar [1][2]. This difference in pressure, which influences

• whether a given catalyst becomes reactive, is referred to as the pressure gap. To provide an interpretive framework for catalysts under industrial conditions, new experimental and theoretical analysis tools are required. While recent years have witnessed a tremendous effort in this direction [3], many of

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• tape was used to adhere the gold nanoparticle–carbon fiber paper composites to sample stubs. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) data were collected at UR-Nano using a Kratos Axis Ultra XPS instrument with a monochromatized Al Kα source. At a base pressure of 3.0 × 10−8 mbar, the instrument operated at

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• –target distance, substrate temperature, and pressure during deposition inside the chamber can be varied. These process parameters have a remarkable impact on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of the grown films. Further, films with uniform thickness can be grown using this technique

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• synthesized by ASP using glycerol as a safe organic solvent, resulting in BerNPs with a narrow size distribution and an average diameter of 156 nm [12]. Additionally, the high-pressure homogenization method reduced the average size of BerNPs to approximately 72.4 nm [25]. Numerous studies showed that smaller

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• selecting the plasma source and controlling discharge conditions such as voltage, pressure, and gas flow rate, various functional groups can be introduced on the fiber surface, enabling tailored modifications that enhance polymer biocompatibility. Punamshree et al. [162] performed surface modification of

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• effects on the proliferation of cancer cells by blocking the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase and increasing the osmotic pressure [91][92]. In addition, in a paper of Xu et al. [93], dynamic biological interactions between PEG and cells on the molecular level were clarified, explaining both the inhibitory

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• nanosecond low-energy laser pulses (about 1000 times weaker than the pulses used in standard clinical YAG laser therapy), these nanoparticles rapidly heat up, producing rapidly expanding and collapsing VNBs. This action generates jets and high-pressure shockwaves that mechanically disrupt the collagen

• ]. 3.4 Glaucoma Glaucoma stands as the second most common cause of blindness globally. It arises from impaired circulation of aqueous humor, leading to an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) [124]. This elevation in IOP can result in the progressive death of retinal ganglion cells and subsequent optic

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• operation [5]. However, a significant drawback of membrane separation is the inherent trade-off between permeability (pressure-normalized flux) and selectivity (αA/B) for gases A and B, as described by the relationship in Equation 1 [5][12][13][14]. where PA is the steady-state permeability of the more

• modification of the synthesized MOFs and allows for the synthesis of multifunctional frameworks [32][33][34][35]. Alternatively, MOFs can undergo post-synthetic modification to achieve similar functionalization without the risk of degrading functionalized linkers during high-temperature and high-pressure MOF

• flexibility, which may undergo dynamic changes in response to external stimuli, such as pressure and temperature. This characteristic allows for gated CO2 adsorption under specific conditions [44], which presents itself as a unique strategy to selectively control CO2 separation in gas mixtures. For instance

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• . Nitrogen sorption and thermogravimetric studies Figure 5a,b shows the N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms of the studied nanocomposites. They demonstrate features characteristic of hierarchical porous structures possessing both micro- and mesoporosity. At low pressure, there is a sharp gas absorption

• (isotherm I or II according to IUPAC classification); at increasing pressure, the absorption continues and is accompanied by a hysteresis loop (isotherm IV according to IUPAC classification). For the series of Ti-WNh-C samples hydrolyzed in pure water, the inflection point on the desorption curves appears

• . For a correct transformation of relative pressure (P/P0) to t, we used the formulas proposed in [38][39] for hierarchical microporous/mesoporous zeolites. In this method, a linear fit at low thickness of adsorbate film (low relative pressure) provides the micropore volume Vmicro (the intercept) and

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• represented by the deep blue regions, whereas the highest coverage (13.6%) is represented by the bright red regions. The gas entering the chamber experiences a pressure gradient from the inlet point to areas farther away. This pressure gradient causes the gas to radially expand, spreading out toward the

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• the method to quantify the sticking coefficient: bis(benzene)chromium, Cr(C6H6)2, and trimethyl(methylcyclopentadienyl)platinum(IV), Me3CpPtMe. Initially, the precursor flux at the BIR was calculated from the total precursor flux estimated from the operating pressure during deposition, turbo pump

• were 100 μm above the surface and 100 μm away from the beam axis. The base pressure of the instrument was 4 × 10−7 mbar, the chamber pressure during deposition which was used for the estimation of precursor flux was 5 × 10−7 mbar for Cr(C6H6)2 and 6 × 10−6 mbar for Me3CpPtMe, respectively. The

• to a significantly lower ESD influence for this precursor. Another precursor behavior that may give a hint about the precursor stickiness is the pressure decay upon closing of the GIS. However, pressure decay can have several impacting factors rather than the calculated sticking coefficient itself

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• damage the coating visibly. Yet, most paintings and coatings will sustain damage when mechanically scratched. To evaluate shear stability under realistic operating conditions, we constructed a medium-temperature, medium-pressure, constant shear stress device (Figure 2A and Figure 2B). Our design is an

• coatings on steel were conducted under conditions relevant to oil production, which represents one of the most challenging applications for steel coatings. Specifically, the tests were performed in a 3 wt % toluene/water emulsion at a pressure of 70 bar and a temperature of 100 °C, with shear stresses at

• pressure is quickly released after 24 hours at 100 °C and 100 bar. The pressure is reduced to 50 bar over a period of five minutes and afterwards the pressure is reduced to ambient pressure over a period of ten minutes. Any blisters or cracks in the coating indicate delamination or mechanical failure. As

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• added to the solution, and it was homogenized for 10 min in an ultrasonic bath. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure. Then, solutions of Hist-RA (4 mM, 0.5 mL, PB, pH 8.5), CA-RA (8.8 mM, 0.5 mL, PB, pH 8.5), and BA (1.25 mM, 4 mL, PB, pH 8.5) were added, and then the synthesis was

• ) substituting Fl. Subsequently, polycondensation was carried out following the original procedure. After the polycondensation, the solution underwent dialysis for 1.5 h employing a dialysis bag with 12000 Da pores to eliminate unencapsulated Atr. The resulting dialysate was then distilled under reduced pressure

• . %EE was calculated as 60%. Then, the polymer particles containing encapsulated Atr (Atr@p(Hist-CA)) were mixed with ACh (5 mM) before undergoing another round of dialysis for 1 h. The dialysate was once again removed under reduced pressure, and the amount of Atr released in response to ACh was

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• , Watford, UK). The settings were: sputter time 120 s, current 40 mA, and background pressure 0.08 mbar. Cross-sectional images of single scales were recorded using a focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (Scios2, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) using an Everhart–Thornley detector and an

• settings were: etching time 36 min, power 50 W, argon pressure 0.9 mbar. Negative titania replicas were fabricated from the etched scales using a sol–gel chemistry protocol modified from ([24]). Briefly, titania sol was synthesized by adding 2 mL of hydrolyzed titanium ethoxide to a pre-mixed solution

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• liquid medium. The target material absorbs the pulse energy via the electrons. It transfers it to the lattice, which expulses the surface material as a plasma plume confined because of the pressure created by the surrounding liquid [16][20][23][24]. A cavitation bubble is formed as the energy is

• of the surrounding H2O molecules due to the laser energy [23][24][40]. This leads to the reaction of oxygen with Hf4+ ions in the plasma plume formed during the ablation [16][20][23][24][41], leading to the formation of hafnium oxide vapour as the plasma decays. As the pressure of the surrounding

• liquid exceeds the vapour pressure exerted by HfO2, the cavitation bubble collapses, and the vapour rushes through the liquid in the form of a jet [23][24][41]. The lower temperature of the surrounding liquid leads to the formation of nuclei [23][42][43] with random crystallographic orientation, which

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• process and the properties of the films, with the most important parameters being substrate temperature, gas pressure, species concentration, and flow velocity [1]. The structural, optical, and electrical properties of the SiOx, more generally known as silicon-rich oxide (SRO), films are determined by the

• ]. Also, modeling of CVD microreactors at atmospheric pressure using tetraethyl orthosilicate as a source to obtain SiO2 has been achieved through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations [22]. The gas-phase and surface reactions were analyzed using direct Monte Carlo simulations of a hot wire

• chemical vapor deposition reactor for the growth of polycrystalline SiO2 [23]. Most of these models describe CVD reactors at low pressure and low temperature, but there are not enough models regarding CVD systems at high temperature (>800 K) and high pressure (atmospheric pressure). In this investigation

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• structure. This technique is very effective for sample imagining in TEM and SEM [7][41][67][68]. CPD minimises the negative pressure differences during drying. The comparison of CPD and air-drying techniques of plant material, for example, parenchymatic cells [69] and the mucilage envelope [7][13], clearly