Multimodal cantilevers with novel piezoelectric layer topology for sensitivity enhancement

• Steven Ian Moore,
• Michael G. Ruppert and
• Yuen Kuan Yong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 358–371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.38

• given mode with respect to the spatial distribution of the strain. On a prototype cantilever design, significant increases in actuator and sensor sensitivities were achieved for the first four modes without any substantial increase in sensor noise. The transduction mechanism is specifically targeted at

• deflection mode shapes. Here, the overall deflection is the linear combination of mode shapes which have a fixed spatial distribution. Moreover, there exists a linear mapping from the deflection of the structure to the charge developed on the piezoelectric layer and hence the charge response is related to

• the spatial distribution of each mode shape. If the mode shapes are orthogonal, an analytical approach can be used to shape the piezoelectric layer. Otherwise optimization is used to shape the piezoelectric layer to minimize response to the undesired modes. This work formulates the design of the

Photocatalysis applications of some hybrid polymeric composites incorporating TiO₂ nanoparticles and their combinations with SiO₂/Fe₂O₃

• Andreea Laura Chibac,
• Tinca Buruiana,
• Violeta Melinte and
• Emil C. Buruiana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 272–286, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.30

• ) of all hybrid nanocomposites containing TiO2 NPs and also to investigate the spatial distribution of the elements through the X-ray elemental mapping images. In the EDX patterns (Figure 3), the Ti, Si and Fe signals confirmed the existence of inorganic nanoparticles, while the organic matrix is

Sub-nanosecond light-pulse generation with waveguide-coupled carbon nanotube transducers

• Felix Pyatkov,
• Svetlana Khasminskaya,
• Vadim Kovalyuk,
• Frank Hennrich,
• Manfred M. Kappes,
• Gregory N. Goltsman,
• Wolfram H. P. Pernice and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 38–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.5

• Acton SpectraPro 2360 spectrometer. The latter consists of a switchable mirror and grating, and is equipped with a PIXIS 256E CCD camera (Princeton Instruments) [15]. The spectrum of the light, emitted at the position of the CNT, is shown in Figure 1b, while the spatial distribution of the emission is

A new approach to grain boundary engineering for nanocrystalline materials

• Shigeaki Kobayashi,
• Sadahiro Tsurekawa and
• Tadao Watanabe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1829–1849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.176

• mentioned. Figure 19 shows the experimental results on the electrical resistivity ρ as a function of the fractal dimension, associated with the spatial distribution of random boundaries as the primary scattering center of electrons in a polycrystal. Again it is evident that the electrical resistivity tends

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• defined coating over longer time periods. Control of the spatial distribution and density of molecules is for many biological investigations an interesting option. Such patterning with adhesive molecules can be realized by several techniques. Commonly used are microcontact printing [53][155] dry lift-off

Nanostructured germanium deposited on heated substrates with enhanced photoelectric properties

• Ionel Stavarache,
• Valentin Adrian Maraloiu,
• Petronela Prepelita and
• Gheorghe Iordache

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1492–1500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.142

• significant improvement of the spatial distribution of the Ge nanoparticles and by avoiding multi-step fabrication processes or Ge loss. The influence of the preparation conditions on structural, electrical and optical properties of the fabricated nanostructures was studied by X-ray diffraction, transmission

• 500 °C: (a) corresponding SAED pattern; (b) close-up of a Ge-np within the SiO2 thin film; (c) spatial distribution of Ge-nps in the oxide matrix. Schematic of sample structure and electrical measurement. Current density versus voltage characteristics in dark (empty squares) or under integral light

• transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) investigations of the Ge:SiO2 thin films deposited on Si substrates at 500 °C are presented. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) (Figure 2a) and HRTEM (Figure 2b) demonstrate the <112> orientation of Ge-nps. The HRTEM image in Figure 2c shows the spatial

Deformation-driven catalysis of nanocrystallization in amorphous Al alloys

• Rainer J. Hebert,
• John H. Perepezko,
• Harald Rösner and
• Gerhard Wilde

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1428–1433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.134

• bands has to be related to localized deformation rather than thermal effects. A much less debated issue has been the spatial distribution of deformation in the amorphous alloys during intense deformation. The current work examines the hypothesis that intense deformation affects the regions outside shear

The self-similarity theory of high pressure torsion

• Yan Beygelzimer,
• Roman Kulagin,
• Laszlo S. Toth and
• Yulia Ivanisenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1267–1277, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.117

• -similar solution of the rigid plastic flow problem for HPT Let y = f(x,t) describe the spatial distribution of a quantity y as a function of time t, where x is the spatial coordinate. The process is called self-similar, if the spatial distribution of y at any time t can be obtained from a reference

• solution at time t0 by a simple similarity transformation: where T(t) is time-dependent. Thus, the spatial distribution of y varies with time while remaining always geometrically similar to itself. This definition generalizes the concept of similarity in geometry where two figures are called similar if one

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• and CNT, surface modifications have been applied to tailor spatial distribution and/or to obtain a homogeneous dispersion in host materials [55]. Whether or not the addition MLG and CNTs improves the properties of nanocomposites is still under debate. Some studies have revealed improvements in

Rigid multipodal platforms for metal surfaces

• Michal Valášek,
• Marcin Lindner and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 374–405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.34

• measurements confirmed the characteristic molecular resonance states (HOMO−1, HOMO and LUMO) originating from the ferrocene group when spectrum was measured at ferrocenyl adamantane 19. The STS mapping succeeded in imaging the spatial distribution of the HOMO state of ferrocenyl adamantane 19, which is

Time-dependent growth of crystalline Au⁰-nanoparticles in cyanobacteria as self-reproducing bioreactors: 2. Anabaena cylindrica

• Liz M. Rösken,
• Felix Cappel,
• Susanne Körsten,
• Christian B. Fischer,
• Andreas Schönleber,
• Sander van Smaalen,
• Stefan Geimer,
• Christian Beresko,
• Georg Ankerhold and
• Stefan Wehner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 312–327, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.30

• electron microscope. These images reveal the spatial distribution of the nanoparticles inside the cells as it was in the moment when their biosynthesis was stopped. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy In recent years UV–vis spectroscopy has often been used for the in situ observation of nanoparticle or

• taken up by the cells, see below, for example. Image processing TEM images show the spatial distribution of the formed nanoparticles within the cells. Since the magnification for each image is known the number of pixels could be covered easily in areas of nm2. The challenging problem is how many pixels

• . TEM was used to determine the spatial distribution of the nanoparticles as well as their sizes. Although the importance of heterocysts for the biosynthesis is discussed widely in the literature, we have shown in a preceding study a contrary relation for Anabaena sp. [29], where vegetative cells have

Counterion effects on nano-confined metal–drug–DNA complexes

• Nupur Biswas,
• Sreeja Chakraborty,
• Alokmay Datta,
• Munna Sarkar,
• Mrinmay K. Mukhopadhyay,
• Mrinal K. Bera and
• Hideki Seto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 62–67, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.7

• size 5 mdeg at the Indian Beamline (BL-18B) at Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Japan. Both anomalous and normal X-ray reflectivity data was collected to check the spatial distribution of Cu along the film depth. Cu has two absorption edges in X-ray regime which are

Green and energy-efficient methods for the production of metallic nanoparticles

• Mitra Naghdi,
• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• M. Verma,
• R. Y. Surampalli and
• J. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2354–2376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.243

• . For example, Wang et al. produced biocompatible chitosan–ninhydrin (CHIT-NH) bio-conjugates for the use as reducing agent of Au precursors at 37 °C. They claimed that this new reducing agent can overcome the non-uniform spatial distribution of stabilizers to form organized one-dimensional assemblies

Plasma fluorination of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes: functionalization and thermal stability

• Claudia Struzzi,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Axel Hemberg,
• Luca Petaccia,
• Jean-François Colomer,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2263–2271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.232

• for the evaluation of the spatial distribution of fluorine atoms, while X-ray photoelectron spectromicroscopy measurements indicated that the grafting occurred mainly up to a few µm under the tips of the nanotubes without damaging the carbon structure [20]. In that case, the Ar/F2 mixture

The role of low-energy electrons in focused electron beam induced deposition: four case studies of representative precursors

• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Ragesh Kumar T. P.,
• D. Howard Fairbrother and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1904–1926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.194

• ). While elastic scattering will influence the spatial distribution of the secondary electrons and vibrational scattering will contribute to heating of the precursor molecules and substrate, electronic excitations may lead to direct ND, and therefore potentially play a significant role in the initial step

Continuum models of focused electron beam induced processing

• Milos Toth,
• Charlene Lobo,
• Vinzenz Friedli,
• Aleksandra Szkudlarek and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1518–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.157

• capillaries this is an enormous computational effort. A reduced capillary length Lr can be entered instead, still giving accurate results. For molecular flow conditions, the spatial distribution of impinging molecules on the substrate is not significantly altered for lengths Lr > 15d. For transient flow

High sensitivity and high resolution element 3D analysis by a combined SIMS–SPM instrument

• Yves Fleming and
• Tom Wirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1091–1099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.110

• image, the combined 3D SIMS–AFM image of the PS/PVP sample and a linescan presenting the local sample surface topography of PVP as well as the corresponding CN− secondary ion signal. Because PVP contains nitrogen (in contrast to PS) its spatial distribution can be easily imaged in SIMS by tracking the

Multiscale modeling of lithium ion batteries: thermal aspects

• Arnulf Latz and
• Jochen Zausch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 987–1007, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.102

Oxygen-plasma-modified biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds for enhanced compatibility of cardiovascular implants

• Anna Maria Pappa,
• Varvara Karagkiozaki,
• Silke Krol,
• Spyros Kassavetis,
• Dimitris Konstantinou,
• Charalampos Pitsalidis,
• Lazaros Tzounis,
• Nikos Pliatsikas and
• Stergios Logothetidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 254–262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.24

• with the unmodified ones. After seven days of culture, the cells seem to have obtained a spindle-like morphology and especially in the case of the treated scaffolds a notably more uniform spatial distribution of the cells is observed. The morphological analysis through SEM imaging, of the direct

Kelvin probe force microscopy in liquid using electrochemical force microscopy

• Liam Collins,
• Stephen Jesse,
• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Alexander Tselev,
• M. Baris Okatan,
• Sergei V. Kalinin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 201–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.19

• spatial distribution of the first component demonstrates that PCA separates the overall behavior into metal and insulator regions. The first two PCs contain >97% of the statistically relevant information as shown from the dominance plot in Figure 7a. Loading maps beyond 2nd PC are dominated by noise. Note

Spectroscopic mapping and selective electronic tuning of molecular orbitals in phosphorescent organometallic complexes – a new strategy for OLED materials

• Pascal R. Ewen,
• Jan Sanning,
• Tobias Koch,
• Nikos L. Doltsinis,
• Cristian A. Strassert and
• Daniel Wegner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2248–2258, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.234

• the local density of states of the sample. Energy-resolved spectral maps (that visualize the spatial distribution of molecular orbitals) were acquired by measuring dI/dV at a fixed bias as a function of lateral position in constant-current mode. For the DFT calculations shown here, Kohn–Sham molecular

Synthesis of Pt nanoparticles and their burrowing into Si due to synergistic effects of ion beam energy losses

• Pravin Kumar,
• Udai Bhan Singh,
• Kedar Mal,
• Sunil Ojha,
• Indra Sulania,
• Dinakar Kanjilal,
• Dinesh Singh and
• Vidya Nand Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1864–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.197

• -dimensional structures of various elements with narrow size distribution is a big challenge for scientists [9][10][11]. Due to certain advantages, namely, the control of growth parameters and spatial distribution, ion beam synthesis of buried nanoparticles (NPs) has received considerable attention in recent

• annealing temperature are chosen to control the growth process leading to the final size distribution of the particles [17]. Homogenous nucleation requires a threshold concentration of implanted materials. Further, annealing may affect the spatial distribution of particles significantly due to thermally

On the structure of grain/interphase boundaries and interfaces

• K. Anantha Padmanabhan and
• Herbert Gleiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1603–1615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.172

• ) interactions, the spatial distribution of the atoms and electrons, the number of atoms and free volume fraction present in the structural/basic unit and the experimental conditions should serve the purpose. As the development of a quantitative model, which reflects the effects of all these variables is

• electronic interactions and those due to their spatial distribution). It is not clear if such configurations are possible in non-metals and if it is not possible, the reason for the same is not known. Such a structure may have an elastic modulus greater than that of the bulk. Free energy increases even if

• -angle boundary, with only a difference in the free volume fraction, the proportion of structural and basic units, the spatial distribution of these units and the free volume. The experimental observation (S. V. Divinski, personal communication) that diffusivity in melt-quenched metallic glass is between

Optical modeling-assisted characterization of dye-sensitized solar cells using TiO₂ nanotube arrays as photoanodes

• Jung-Ho Yun,
• Il Ku Kim,
• Yun Hau Ng,
• Lianzhou Wang and
• Rose Amal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 895–902, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.102

• transfer matrix method (GTMM) has been applied to calculate and analyze the interference effect by multi-layers in solar cells [15]. The optical modeling using GTMM provides reliable information about the spatial distribution of the electric field intensity and the internal light absorption efficiency of

Fibrillar adhesion with no clusterisation: Functional significance of material gradient along adhesive setae of insects

• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Alexander E. Filippov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 837–845, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.95

• spatial distribution. In some cases, structure can return back to the original state, but in some cases it can not. If it is so, the fibers remain collected into strongly confined bunches (so-called clustering/condensation phenomenon). This phenomenon is very important from the practical point of view