Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• implantation, the wafer is bonded to a SiO2 (or TiO2) substrate using direct bonding techniques, which involves bringing the surfaces into close contact and applying pressure or heat to form a strong bond. The wafer is then subjected to thermal annealing, which activates the splitting process along the

• implanted layer. This results in the transfer of a thin LN layer onto the SiO2 (or TiO2) substrate, leaving behind a smooth surface that can be further polished if necessary [30][31]. Overall, LiNbO3/TiO2 multi-stacks hold promise for specific applications; however, careful design, advanced fabrication, and

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• cyclic olefin copolymer, silicon, and stainless steel substrates, by first growing a PDA film on each substrate. This was followed by a hydrophobic liquid anchor layer created by functionalizing the PDA film with a fluorinated thiol. Finally, perfluorodecalin was applied to the surface immediately prior

• is anchored to a substrate, creating a smooth liquid layer that is energetically favored to interact with the solid surface. The surface chemistry of the anchoring layer is crucial to the viability of the overall coating as the lubricant must have a greater affinity for the substrate surface than for

• defined by either a porous or flat solid surface that consists of chemistry that is similar to the pervading liquid [11][17]. The substrate serves an anchor to a lubricant, which provides a smooth liquid layer that provides some sort of resistance to surface adhesion. The liquid is anchored to the surface

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• supernatant was removed by decantation and a stock solution was prepared to be used in the studies. The prepared stock solution was stored at 4 °C to prevent contamination [15]. Schottky diode fabrication An n-type silicon substrate was used for Schottky diode fabrication. In the first step, the silicon

• substrate was cut to approximately 1 cm2 in size and cleaned by washing it in acetone, methanol, and pure water for 10 min each. An ohmic contact was made with aluminum on the cleaned sample at 1 × 10−7 Torr vacuum in a PVD thermal evaporation device. Approximately 30 μL of the CDs stock solution was taken

• and diluted with 5 mL of pure water; 100 μL of this solution was dripped onto the silicon substrate and evaporated at room temperature. In the last stage, the diode structure was obtained by evaporating gold onto the created CDs film using the shadow mask technique (Figure 1). The size of the diode

Out-of-plane polarization induces a picosecond photoresponse in rhombohedral stacked bilayer WSe₂

• Guixian Liu,
• Yufan Wang,
• Zhoujuan Xu,
• Zhouxiaosong Zeng,
• Lanyu Huang,
• Cuihuan Ge and
• Xiao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.109

• monolayers of WSe2 were aligned at a 0° angle to form the 3R phase. The graphene/3R WSe2/graphene heterojunctions were aligned and assembled onto a SiO2/Si substrate by the all-dry transfer method. Au/Cr (50/10 nm) electrodes were patterned using standard electron-beam lithography (EBL, Raith 150 Two) and

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• group, yields predictable and repeatable properties of films, whereas iridium is demanding regarding the deposition conditions: A temperature of the substrate of the order of several hundreds degrees Celsius must be maintained to obtain superconducting films [13][14]. Furthermore, the heat capacitance

• a TES prototype (A1–A4), (2) films deposited in the form of bridges with different width and length (B1), and (3) films covering the entire substrate (C1). Optical images of the four square bridges and one long bridge investigated in this paper are shown in Figure 1a and Figure 1b. All investigated

• the study of films of these materials carried out in [10]. It is shown that measurements of bridges allow for a more accurate characterization of the material than the measurements of substrate-sized films. Compared to films, bridges exhibit a much sharper transition from the normal to the

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• detachment. In other instances, the presence of curved spines or hair on the tarsomeres enhances locomotion on irregular surfaces by penetrating the microdevices of the substrate, providing thousands of interlocking points that contribute to overall friction [131]. For example, weaver ants, renowned for

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• mg·L−1 TA. Then, to avoid salt interference, the suspension was washed three times with deionized water and dripped on mica substrate. The incubation procedure was repeated for spectroscopy analysis. For Raman and FTIR analysis, the suspensions were dried using the speed-vacuum method at room

• temperature; for XPS, the suspensions were dripped on a silicon substrate. Computational methods MD simulations of interactions between TA and the GO surface were performed in LAMMPS, applying ReaxFF reactive force field [72]. MD simulations were conducted under constant pressure (P) and temperature (T), the

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• nanomodification. Finally, we show results of resistance measurements of a free-standing FEBID nanostructure deposited across the RoI of a LiS-embedded opMEMS bridge. Materials and Methods Design of opMEMS bridges The opMEMS were fabricated on an undoped ⟨110⟩ silicon substrate on which a 40 nm silicon nitride

• thermal expansion multiphysics module. The following constraints were imposed: no displacement and no heat sink on the substrate surfaces. Heat sources were defined on the actuation paths as temperature sources of alternating temperatures. The heat source temperature was 293 K (given by the experimental

• only for the visual assessment of the shape and dimensions of a structure, but also for the observation of movement and deflection of an opMEMS. At the same time, the ion beam allows for local doping of the substrate and anisotropic milling. The NanoLab 600i also provides three gas injection systems

Functional morphology of cleaning devices in the damselfly Ischnura elegans (Odonata, Coenagrionidae)

• Silvana Piersanti,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Wencke Krings,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Manuela Rebora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1260–1272, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.102

• hairs, while the soft tips ensure effective contact between the attachment system and the substrate. Similarly, the material gradient in grooming devices may enhance adhesion to foreign materials for grooming body surfaces. The soft tip and soft lateral cuticular lamina adapt to various surface

The role of a tantalum interlayer in enhancing the properties of Fe₃O₄ thin films

• Hai Dang Ngo,
• Vo Doan Thanh Truong,
• Van Qui Le,
• Hoai Phuong Pham and
• Thi Kim Hang Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1253–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.101

• process [14][15]. The impact of substrate temperature, annealing temperature, gas flow rate, and thickness on enhancing the characteristics of Fe3O4 thin films has been examined [15][16][17][18]. The substrates play a crucial role in directing the growth and enhancing the quality of the crystal, resulting

• [21]. Hong and coworkers deposited Fe3O4 films on a MgO substrate, which exhibited a change in the direction of Fe3O4 crystal formation. The directions (222), (400), and (440) of the Fe3O4 peak matched, respectively, the (111), (100), and (110) orientations of the MgO substrate [22]. In addition

• , Zhang et al. successfully applied a layer of Fe3O4(001) on a MgO(001) substrate. The resulting material exhibited saturation magnetization and magnetic moment values of 407 ± 5 emu/cm3 (3.26 ± 0.04 μB/(f.u.)) and 3.31 ± 0.15 μB/(f.u.), respectively [23]. This paper addresses the deposition of Fe3O4 thin

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• ), SiO2NPs-ZW-NH2 (with ZW + APTES), and SiO2NPs-ZW-FO (with ZW + APTES + folate). Characterization of SiO2NPs Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs were obtained in a high-resolution FEI Inspect F50 microscope. A NP suspension (7 μL) was deposited directly onto a copper substrate, dried, and

• a chemiluminescent solution (Clarity™ Western ECL Substrate – 1705060, Bio-Rad) for 5 min. Antibody to β-actin (AC-15, Novus) was used as an endogenous control for all samples. To assess the internalization of NPs, HaCat and KB cells were cultured in a 96-well plate (1 × 104 cells/well) for 24 h

Quantum-to-classical modeling of monolayer Ge₂Se₂ and its application in photovoltaic devices

• Anup Shrivastava,
• Shivani Saini,
• Dolly Kumari,
• Sanjai Singh and
• Jost Adam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1153–1169, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.94

• coating between the absorber and substrate/electrodes in the design of solar cells. Device Modeling The high carrier mobility, optimum bandgap, and suitable optical characteristics of monolayer Ge2Se2 as discussed in the previous section, further motivated us to design a photovoltaic solar cell using

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• ), suggesting that nanomaterials composed of atoms with larger radii are associated with a decrease in %EIzebrafish. A larger atomic radius might indicate weaker bonding and less effective interaction with the enzyme or its substrate, leading to less enzyme inhibition. This could be due to the diffuse nature of

Photocatalytic methane oxidation over a TiO₂/SiNWs p–n junction catalyst at room temperature

• Qui Thanh Hoai Ta,
• Luan Minh Nguyen,
• Ngoc Hoi Nguyen,
• Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen and
• Dai Hai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1132–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.92

• tools is extremely essential and important [37][38][39]. Herein, we constructed a robust p–n junction catalyst by atomic layer deposition (ALD) of TiO2 thin films on a p-type SiNW substrate for enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency in CH4 oxidation. Pristine p-Si wafers have limited surface area and

• (0.1 M), HF (50 wt %) and H2O (2:1:2 vol %) was prepared and kept at 56 °C for 20 min. The clean Si substrate was rapidly immersed in the etching medium and etched by the Ag+ ions for 25 min to obtain 4 µm long SiNWs. Afterwards, remaining Ag on the Si surface was removed using HNO3 (63 wt %) for 10

• min. The etched p-Si NWs substrate was eventually washed with DI water and dried under N2 flow, as shown in Figure 9. Second, the as-prepared SiNWs sample was transferred to the chamber of an ALD system (R200 Advanced Picosun, 2013) for TiO2 thin film deposition. The TiO2 thin film deposition was

Local work function on graphene nanoribbons

• Daniel Rothhardt,
• Amina Kimouche,
• Tillmann Klamroth and
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1125–1131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.91

• difference (LCPD) between a probe tip and a surface, related to the work function. Here we use this technique to map the LCPD of graphene nanoribbons grown on a Au(111) substrate. The LCPD data shows charge transfer between the graphene nanoribbons and the gold substrate. Our results are corroborated with

• opening a size-dependent energy gap [6][9]. As in graphene, the Fermi level of GNRs is also strongly influenced by charge transfer between the substrate and the GNR [10], again related to differences in the work function. Here, we take the work function as a local property influenced by local charge, that

• electronic properties, a suitable method to study the charge transfer, that is, the local work function, between a GNR and a metal substrate at the atomic scale is needed. In general, as detailed above, the local work function can provide evidence for structural, electronic, and chemical variations at

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• varying compositions of the deposit and internal inhomogeneities such as the formation of a layered structure consisting of a pure silver layer at the interface to the substrate covered by a deposit layer with low silver content. Imaging after the deposition process revealed morphological changes such as

• fragmentation of adsorbed precursor molecules on a substrate [5][6][7][8][9]. The precursor is typically supplied in gaseous phase. Exploiting the different complex pathways in electron-induced chemistry (such as formation of unstable intermediates and thermal assistance in adsorption and desorption) and the

• , which lead to the pronounced deposition of halos. In addition, all require relatively high substrate temperatures (well above 100 °C) in order to avoid condensation. Hence, thermal effects are expected to play an important role in deposit shape evolution with the enhanced desorption rates contributing

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• catalytic and enzymatic peroxidase mimicking activity was synthesized via self-assembly. The decorated Fe3O4@AMALG12@Ag was incorporated into an agarose hydrogel structure, and o-phenylenediamine (OPD) was used as a peroxidase substrate to detect H2O2 calorimetrically (Figure 6). The solid kit demonstrated

• -linking agent to form a gel-like solution. Then, glucose oxidase is incorporated into the alginate mixture. Next, the mixture is sonicated to evenly distribute the alginate-based nanoparticles in an aqueous solution. Once the nanoparticles are formed, they can be immobilized onto a substrate or electrode

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• Raman device to identify various hazardous chemicals (malachite green, methyl salicylate, and thiram). The stability of the substrates was also systematically investigated by determining the decay percentages in the SERS signals over 60 days. The optimized SERS substrate was subsequently employed to

• media [27][28][29]. The SERS substrate efficiency mainly depends on the material, size, and shape of the NPs. Recent terrorist activities involving explosives and chemical warfare agents highlight the urgent need for sensitive and selective chemical sensors. These sensors must be using low power and be

• ], pesticides on vegetables, dals [42], fruit surfaces [43], and explosives on rough surfaces [44][45]. In the last few years, our group has been continuously working on developing a flexible SERS substrate for the detection of various types of hazardous molecules: aggregated Ag and Au NPs on filter paper [46

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• deposition (PVD), and in situ formation through laser treatments. CVD offers several advantageous features such as a high degree of control over the deposition process. CVD involves the deposition of a thin film of material onto a substrate through homogeneous or heterogeneous reactions [79]. Homogeneous

• , and they are classified according to the power sources used for the process (i.e., plasma-, direct current-, radiofrequency-, and ion beam-assisted coatings) [85]. All PVD processes are based on a vacuum chamber containing the material to be deposited, known as target, and the chosen substrate onto

• which the deposition occurs. During electron beam evaporation, an electron beam is used to vaporize the target material, while during sputtering, a high-energy ion beam is used to bombard the target. In both cases, atoms are ejected from the target and subsequently condense onto the substrate. The

Bolometric IR photoresponse based on a 3D micro-nano integrated CNT architecture

• Yasameen Al-Mafrachi,
• Sandeep Yadav,
• Sascha Preu,
• Jörg J. Schneider and
• Oktay Yilmazoglu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1030–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.84

• is the bias current, R is the resistance of the bolometer, α = (dR/dT)/R is the TCR, η is the absorption efficiency, G is the thermal conductance to the substrate, ω is the angular modulation frequency, τ = 1/(2πfcut−off) is the time constant of the detector, and fcut−off is the frequency at 70

• . Simultaneously, emphasis will be placed on the effective conversion of heat into electrical signal, which is the most critical effect contributing to the overall success of non-cryogenic IR microbolometer and thermal detector design [11]. Experimental The process started with cleaning a silicon substrate with a

• 600 nm thick thermally oxidized SiO2 layer. The wafer was p-type and lightly boron-doped (Si-Mat, Silicon Materials). The substrate was thoroughly cleaned to remove impurities and contaminants to provide an ideal condition for CNT growth. Subsequently, an essential 30 nm aluminum oxide (AlOx) layer

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• . Figure 7 shows the 3D representation of an SRG JL FET-based biosensor. One type of doping concentration was added to the silicon channel, source, and drain region. A surrounding cavity was created between the oxide and the gate metal. This structure utilizes a silicon-based substrate with SiO2 as an

Effects of cutting tool geometry on material removal of a gradient nanograined CoCrNi medium entropy alloy

• Yu-Sheng Lu,
• Yu-Xuan Hung,
• Thi-Xuyen Bui and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 925–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.76

• damage is limited to a shallow layer at the surface. Since thermal energy is generated in the high grain boundary density, the temperature of the contact zone between the substrate and the cutting tool increases as the GNG size decreases. The cutting chips removed from the GNG CoCrNi MEA substrates will

• was calculated, as shown in Figure 2g. Grooves are formed as the material is removed by the tip of the cutting tool sliding across the substrate surface. Material removal is observed through the motion of atoms accumulated in front of the tool [21]. Furthermore, the atoms are unevenly distributed on

• by the tool and push the atoms of the smaller grains behind to move. Moreover, the shear strain of the sample in Figure 4d even extends to the uncut part of the substrate, which can explain why the cutting force of this sample increases in the later stages of cutting. The sample in Figure 4e exhibits

Water-assisted purification during electron beam-induced deposition of platinum and gold

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Fabian A. Polman and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 884–896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.73

• ) is a nanofabrication technique that allows for the direct writing of three-dimensional nanostructures [1][2][3]. In FEBID, a gaseous precursor, often an organometallic compound, is injected in the vacuum chamber of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), adsorbed on a substrate, and dissociated by a

• accessible in purification during deposition since the amount of intact MeCpPtMe3 molecules adsorbed to the substrate should be larger. Similarly, the protonation of an acetylacetonate ligand to form acetylacetone causes the formation of a much weaker metal–ligand interaction. Such an acetylacetonate ligand

• the deposition are the precursor supply, the primary beam energy and current, and the patterning strategy. The deposits are built through consecutive electron beam spot exposures of the precursor molecules adsorbed on the substrate. The shape of the deposit is defined as an area containing an array of

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

• Marie Grote,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

• sign of ageing is the loss of locomotory functions due to neuronal disorders or tissue wear. Soft and pliable attachment pads on the tarsi of insects adapt to the substrate texture to maximize their real contact area and, thereby, generate attachment during locomotion. In the majority of stick insects

• area with the substrate. Keywords: adhesion; attachment pads; friction; locomotion; morphology; material properties; wear; Introduction Ageing inexorably affects most living organisms, does not exclude insects, and makes different organs or tissues susceptible to wear or fatigue of material [1

• different attachment mechanisms evolved in insects, namely, hairy pads consisting of flexible setae, which adapt to the surface topography, and smooth pads possessing a soft and deformable cuticle to comply with the substrate profile [9]. Both pad types, hairy and smooth, aim to maximize contact area with