Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• photoelectron spectroscopy, and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy assessed the modifications induced by the incorporation of niobium compounds into the clay, confirming the presence of niobium in the bentonite clay. Following characterization, the BEOx and BEPh samples were used as adsorbents or

• dye with the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (present in the mitochondria), leading to the formation of a salt called Formazan with a pink-reddish color. Characterization X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of the powder were conducted using a Rigaku BEartLab SE 3 kW diffractometer equipped with Cu Kα

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• complementary characterization techniques, including XRD, SEM-EDX, TGA, N2 sorption, NMR, XPS and UV–vis spectrometry. It was observed that treatment in 70% ethanol solution preserves the ordered layered structure of 2D mordenite because TEOT hydrolysis is slowed down. This, in turn, leads to higher

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), utilizing lactic acid bacteria isolated from curd as the key biological agent. Bacteria function as agents for both reduction and capping processes, which aids the synthesis of ZnO NPs. Various characterization techniques including XRD, FTIR, UV–vis, TEM, SEM-EDX, and zeta potential

• characterization using UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction measurements, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, photocatalytic studies, electrochemical analysis, and determination of antibacterial and anticancer activity. The

• using the indigenous LAB strain and understand its health-promoting characteristics and to extrapolate the beneficial characters to industrial scale [14][15]. Results Physiological and biochemical characterization of LAB The bacterial isolates from indigenous curd samples were cultured on MRS agar

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• carry out a more detailed characterization of the optoelectronic properties. Rothhardt et al. map the local work function on graphene nanoribbons [7]. They experimentally investigate the charge transfer between a gold substrate and graphene nanoribbons and compare that to DFT calculations. Indeed, the

• characterization of defects in a single layer of graphene on iridium that were induced by rare-gas ion bombardment by using combined scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) measurements and NC-AFM [12]. The authors reveal that presumed monoatomic vacancies, as deduced from STM measurements alone, have rather

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• standard. Scale bars: (a) 1 mm and (b) 10 μm. Structural characterization of the scales. (a) SEM image of an intact scale with the upper lamina facing upwards. (b, c) Cross-sectional images of an intact scale show a thin cortex wrapping around a chitin–air network with a 3D periodic nanostructure; the

• Information File 66: Material characterization, polarization properties, lattice estimation, additional microscopy and spectroscopy. Acknowledgements We thank Viola Bauernfeind and Ullrich Steiner (Adolphe Merkle Institute) for technical support with the FIB-SEM, Gregor Zickler (PLUS) for technical support

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• systems. By presenting SO as a promising alternative endosomal escape agent, we aim to contribute to the advancement of targeted drug delivery strategies with improved therapeutic outcomes. Results and Discussion Characterization of liposomal formulations In our study, we meticulously formulated three

• vesicles. To standardize the size distribution, the sonicated dispersion underwent five cycles of extrusion through a 100 nm polycarbonate membrane using an Avanti Mini-Extruder. The finalized liposomal formations underwent a comprehensive characterization, assessing size, PDI, and zeta potential through

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• picosecond laser [Nd:YAG, M/s EKSPLA] with a pulse duration of ≈30 ps, a repetition rate of ≈10 Hz, a wavelength of ≈1064 nm, and a pulse energy of ≈16.3 mJ (determined from previous experiments [33] and optimised using multiple ablation trials followed by detailed characterization studies) was used for the

• turned from transparent to turbid white, while toluene and anisole turned from transparent to black (Figure 2). The obtained NPs and NSs were labelled as described in Table 1, according to the liquid in which they were ablated, and subsequently characterised through different methods. Characterization

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• precursors employed. Results and Discussion Experimental results The SiOx films obtained using the HFCVD reactor have already been characterized using different optical, electrical, and structural characterization techniques [29][30][31]. Also, the process of the growth of the films was optimized through a

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• . Experimental Synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles The synthesis of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles was carried out using a modified coprecipitation method with oleic acid as a stabilizer. 10 mL of 1 M FeSO4·7H2O and 10 mL of 2 M FeCl3·6H2O were added to 10 mL 4 M NaOH and 1 mL oleic acid

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• ʟ-carnosine in synthesizing tunable plasmonic silver nanoparticles (ʟ-car-AgNPs). The formation of ʟ-car-AgNPs was confirmed via UV–vis optical absorption spectroscopy, showing single and double plasmonic peaks, depending on the synthesis conditions. Physicochemical characterization using TEM, FTIR

• was air-dried. Characterization of ʟ-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles The spectral absorbance of ʟ-car-AgNPs was recorded using an Epoch2 spectrophotometer (BioTek, USA) in the 300–900 nm range. Zeta potentials and average hydrodynamic diameters of ʟ-car-AgNPs were determined using a Zetasizer

• temperature and the ratio of NaBH4 to NaOH led to the formation of ʟ-car-AgNPs with different colors. The color of the obtained nanoparticles suggested that they were in a controlled aggregated state. Further characterization was performed to analyze the physicochemical properties of the synthesized ʟ

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• engineered NMs was explored in silico in order to predict their ZP based on physicochemical and molecular descriptors. The physicochemical characterization of the NMs was performed under the EU-FP7 NanoMILE project (https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/310451) [36]. From the available descriptors/properties

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• mixture of CuBTC and FeBTC to modify carbon paste electrodes for the determination of enrofloxacin. The characterization and properties of the fabricated electrode, including molecular structure, morphology, and electrochemical characteristics, were thoroughly investigated using various analytical

• techniques. The synergistic effects of CuBTC and FeBTC are considered promising for enhancing the performance of enrofloxacin sensors in aqueous solutions. Results and Discussion Characterization of (Cu)(Fe)BTC In the XRD pattern in Figure 1a, the FeBTC sample shows peaks at 2θ values of 6.26°, 10.34°, 10.85

•  2e), the binding energy peak of Cu 2p3/2 (934.9 eV) can be attributed to Cu2+. Characterization of (Cu)(Fe)BTC@CPE Morphology The TEM image of the (Cu)(Fe)BTC sample shows unevenly distributed particles with different particle sizes fluctuating in the range of 40 to 100 nm (Figure 3). After mixing

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

• unprecedented advancements in the design, characterization, and optimization of materials. By leveraging computational modelling and simulation, researchers can simulate and predict properties and behavior of materials with remarkable accuracy, explore a vast design space, and predict the properties and

• candidates for specific applications [10]. In addition to materials design, digital technologies can enhance the characterization and understanding of materials. Advanced imaging techniques, coupled with computational analysis, enable researchers to examine the microstructure and behavior of materials at

• in materials development. Beside the implementation of automation and robotics in the development, synthesis, and characterization of materials, automation in modelling has emerged as a powerful approach to streamline and enhance the efficiency of computational studies. By leveraging digital

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• energy change depend on the details of the material and the irradiation conditions and may require further analysis or experimental data for accurate characterization. In our case, the energies of point defects, ΔGpd(α) and ΔGpd(β), depend on the vacancy concentrations (denoted as Cvα and Cvβ

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• synthesis, which is commonly used in the literature. TEM and zeta potential measurements were used to determine morphology and sizes of the CDs, and XRD, XPS, and FTIR and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used for structural characterization. Optical characterization of the CDs was done by absorption and

• dried to synthesize CDs. Acetone, methanol, silicon, gold powder, and aluminum were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Merck, and Alfa Aesar. All studies were carried out at room temperature. Instruments Various devices were used for the structural, morphological, and optical characterization of the CDs. FEI

• and the thickness of coated CDs film were 1 cm2 and ca. 566 nm, respectively. Results and Discussion Structural and optical characterization of synthesized CDs The morphological and chemical structures of the CDs obtained from Rheum ribes were determined by TEM, FTIR, XRD, and XPS analyses. TEM shows

Out-of-plane polarization induces a picosecond photoresponse in rhombohedral stacked bilayer WSe₂

• Guixian Liu,
• Yufan Wang,
• Zhoujuan Xu,
• Zhouxiaosong Zeng,
• Lanyu Huang,
• Cuihuan Ge and
• Xiao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.109

• deposited onto the heterojunctions through metal thermal evaporation. Material and performance characterization The optical images of heterojunctions were obtained using a microscope (ZEISS, Axio Scope A1). The SHG and PL measurements were performed by using a scanning confocal microscope (WITec, alpha 300R

• probe power. (d) Photoresponse intensity of heterojunction (red dots) and graphene region (black dots) as a function of probe power. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 20: Characterization of structure, SHG image, SEM and EDS images, Raman and PL spectrum of WSe2 and raw TRPC curves for

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• the study of films of these materials carried out in [10]. It is shown that measurements of bridges allow for a more accurate characterization of the material than the measurements of substrate-sized films. Compared to films, bridges exhibit a much sharper transition from the normal to the

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• length) and AuNR2 (longer length) were centrifuged at 16,000g and 12,000g for 20 min, respectively, to remove excess of surfactant and any impurities. Characterization of CTAB-capped isotropic and anisotropic metal nanoparticles The plasmonic properties of the synthesized isotropic and anisotropic metal

• , surface capping, and linker molecules are required to degrade 4-nitrophenol. Therefore, this study analyzed the impact of size, shape, metal type, and nanoparticle concentration on converting 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol. Characterization of CTAB-capped nanoparticles UV–vis, DLS, Zeta, FTIR, XRD, and

• TEM analyses Physicochemical characterization was performed using optical spectroscopy, DLS, FTIR, XRD, and TEM analyses. Figure 2a shows the synthesized isotropic silver and gold nanospheres with plasmon bands at 410 nm (AgNS) and 525 nm (AuNS). The anisotropic tunable gold nanorods with longitudinal

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• . Results and Discussion Experimental characterization TA is a relevant component of the dissolved organic matter in the environment originating especially from vegetable organic decomposition [17]. Furthermore, because of unique physicochemical properties, TA has been increasingly applied for GO syntheses

• complete characterization of the GO sample is available in [36]. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to assess size, morphology, number of layers, and surface chemistry of GO. The GO sample used in this study consists of single layers with

• addition of TA. Raman analysis showed that TA does not affect the biodistribution of GO in C. elegans, including in secondary organs, although it changed the mortality caused by the material. Experimental and theoretical characterization show that TA can interact with the GO surface. DFT calculations

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• /min. Characterization Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) were recorded with a Nicolet 6700 apparatus in the range of 400–4000 cm−1. The resolution was 4 cm−1. The powders were pressed in KBr pellets, and the spectra were recorded in absorbance mode. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• fabricate 3D substrates (Figure 1) with gaps that interrupt the halo deposition [23], as we have done in our previous work [24]. There are ongoing investigations related to the fabrication, characterization, and application of flat nanostructures [25], but in the flat architecture, there are less

• the gallium FIB to mill a 200 nm wide slit (Figure 2c). As a side-effect, gallium was implanted along the edge of the RoI slit, so to prevent the leakage current; additional openings were formed using the DRIE process to create a non-conductive edge of the slit (Figure 3b). Mechanical characterization

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• ), SiO2NPs-ZW-NH2 (with ZW + APTES), and SiO2NPs-ZW-FO (with ZW + APTES + folate). Characterization of SiO2NPs Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs were obtained in a high-resolution FEI Inspect F50 microscope. A NP suspension (7 μL) was deposited directly onto a copper substrate, dried, and

• Discussion Nanoparticle characterization The functionalized NP synthesis was performed using zwitterionic as a kinetic stabilizer and folate as a tumor driver (Figure 1a). They presented a quasi-spherical shape (Figure 1b,c) and an average diameter of 86.4 ± 0.4 nm for non-functionalized SiO2NPs and 86.1

Enhanced catalytic reduction through in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles embedded in glucosamine/alginate nanocomposites

• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Le-Kim-Thuy Nguyen,
• Minh-Trong Tran,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Nguyen Minh Ty,
• T. Ngoc Han Pham,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Tran Thi Huong Giang,
• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1227–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.99

• synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) within a glucosamine/alginate (GluN/Alg) nanocomposite via an ionotropic gelation mechanism in aqueous environment. The resulting nanocomposite, AuNPs@GluN/Alg, underwent thorough characterization using UV–vis, EDX, FTIR, SEM, TEM, SAED, and XRD analyses. The spherical

• three times with 10 mL of water each time to obtain the blank GluN/Alg nanocomposite, which was also used as the standard sample for further characterization. To synthesize the AuNPs@GluN/Alg nanocomposite, aqueous AuCl3 solution (13 mL, 0.0061–0.0554 mg·mL−1) was added to GluN/Alg suspension (8 mL, 1.0

• 0 to 140 min. Physicochemical characterizations of AuNPs@GluN/Alg nanocomposite The samples synthesized under optimal conditions underwent physicochemical characterization and were used for the catalytic reduction of organic dyes. FTIR spectra of blank GluN/Alg and AuNPs@GluN/Alg were acquired using

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• detailed experimental characterization of the surface properties and interactions of targeted usNPs is indispensable for elucidating their biological behavior and optimizing their performance. 4 The significance of binding affinity and kinetics It is imperative to assess the apparent binding affinity (KD

• biological processes are dynamically regulated [152][153]. Consequently, it becomes important to extend the characterization beyond binding affinity and include the examination of binding kinetics between targeted usNPs and their receptors [59]. For a simple one-step binding model, KD = koff/kon and tr = 1

• et al., “Chemokine Receptor 2 Targeted Gold Nanocluster Imaging Triple Negative Breast Cancer with Positron Emission Tomography”, Particle & Particle Systems Characterization, with permission from John Wiley and Sons. Copyright © 2021 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Germany. This content