Assembling semiconducting molecules by covalent attachment to a lamellar crystalline polymer substrate

• Rainhard Machatschek,
• Patrick Ortmann,
• Renate Reiter,
• Stefan Mecking and
• Günter Reiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 784–798, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.70

• lamellar crystal. Thus, the surfaces of these crystals were covered by side-branches. By using carboxyl groups as side-branches, which allow for chemical reactions, we could functionalize the crystal with semiconducting molecules. Here, we compare properties of crystals differing in size: small

• . Consequently, the surface of such lamellar crystals will be covered by side-groups. With an appropriate choice of these groups, chemical reactions may be performed at such surfaces. Thus, such lamellae covered with side-groups represent smooth surfaces with functional groups, which allow for a covalent

• chemical reactions. From the analysis of AFM height images of CPE45 nanocrystal films, we found that most nanocrystals were actually considerably thicker than 5 nm. Therefore, we concluded that surfaces of nanocrystals were not covered by carboxyl groups only, but contained also a significant amount of

Microwave solvothermal synthesis and characterization of manganese-doped ZnO nanoparticles

• Jacek Wojnarowicz,
• Roman Mukhovskyi,
• Elzbieta Pietrzykowska,
• Sylwia Kusnieruk,
• Jan Mizeracki and
• Witold Lojkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 721–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.64

• properties proves a very complex and problematic task. Obtaining Zn1−xMnxO nanomaterials with reproducible optoelectronic and magnetic properties remains an unsolved issue. Differing properties of the obtained Zn1−xMnxO result from the complexity of chemical reactions and the limitations of the currently

• properties in the case of Zn1−xMnxO is the lack of control over the doping impact on the formation of oxygen vacancies, crystalline lattice defects and dopant clusters [48]. It is presumed that there are several competitive chemical reactions in the reaction of Zn1−xMnxO synthesis, such as the oxidisation of

Green and energy-efficient methods for the production of metallic nanoparticles

• Mitra Naghdi,
• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• M. Verma,
• R. Y. Surampalli and
• J. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2354–2376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.243

• , surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection and catalysis of chemical reactions. Furthermore, biocompatible and functionalized NPs have applications in diagnosis and treatment of cancer. For these two purposes, fluorescent and magnetic nanocrystals for detection of tumors and also nanosystems for

Light-powered, artificial molecular pumps: a minimalistic approach

• Giulio Ragazzon,
• Massimo Baroncini,
• Serena Silvi,
• Margherita Venturi and
• Alberto Credi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2096–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.214

• closed path of chemical reactions, the cycling probability is the same in both directions, unless energy is introduced into the system, as it happens in the present case in the form of light [33]. The supply of energy, however, is not a sufficient condition to bring the system out of equilibrium. In the

• energy maxima and minima, induced by light, enables the directionally controlled threading and dethreading of the molecular components. Structure formula and schematic representation of the examined molecular components. Self-assembly chemical reactions (horizontal processes) and photochemical

Materials for sustainable energy production, storage, and conversion

• Maximilian Fichtner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1601–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.163

• well as their function when integrated into a battery electrode. Not only can a better understanding of the transport processes and chemical reactions at the microscale be gathered, but also the development of strategies for optimizing the electrode. Such a multiscale modeling approach is presented

Possibilities and limitations of advanced transmission electron microscopy for carbon-based nanomaterials

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1541–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.158

• being introduced into in situ TEM, include mechanical stress [106][107], electrical stimuli [108], and chemical reactions in the gas phase or in liquid cells [50]. Although only a few studies using in situ TEM on carbon-based nanomaterials have been reported, an increase can certainly be expected. For

Improved optical limiting performance of laser-ablation-generated metal nanoparticles due to silica-microsphere-induced local field enhancement

• Zheren Du,
• Lianwei Chen,
• Tsung-Sheng Kao,
• Mengxue Wu and
• Minghui Hong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1199–1204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.122

• the nanoparticle dispersion. Keywords: laser ablation; local field enhancement; microspheres; nanoparticles; optical limiting; Introduction Laser ablation in liquid (LAL) is a versatile technique to fabricate nanoparticles. Conventional synthesis of nanoparticles by chemical reactions is usually

The convenient preparation of stable aryl-coated zerovalent iron nanoparticles

• Olga A. Guselnikova,
• Andrey I. Galanov,
• Anton K. Gutakovskii and
• Pavel S. Postnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1192–1198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.121

• borohydride were purchased from Aldrich and were used without further purification. Deionized water was used for all chemical reactions. All the solvents were obtained from Aldrich and used as received. Powder X-ray diffraction data were collected on a Shimadzu XRD-7000 diffractometer (30 min) using Cu Kα

Multiscale modeling of lithium ion batteries: thermal aspects

• Arnulf Latz and
• Jochen Zausch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 987–1007, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.102

• interface of electrolyte and active particles or the complex chemical reactions leading to the growth of the SEI, plating and electrochemical reactions initiated in the bulk of the electrolyte at high potentials. A successful strategy for the development of predictive theories and simulation tools has

Simple approach for the fabrication of PEDOT-coated Si nanowires

• Mingxuan Zhu,
• Marielle Eyraud,
• Judikael Le Rouzo,
• Nadia Ait Ahmed,
• Florence Boulc’h,
• Claude Alfonso,
• Philippe Knauth and
• François Flory

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 640–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.65

• as a catalyst for the SiNWs etching, which was carried out for 2 min. The Ag catalyst was finally (Step 3) dissolved by immersion into 69% HNO3 for 30 min. The chemical reactions associated to each step are the following: Step 1: 4Ag+ + Si + 6F− → 4Ag + SiF62− Step 2: 2H2O2 + 4H+ + Si + 6F− → 4H2O

Conformal SiO₂ coating of sub-100 nm diameter channels of polycarbonate etched ion-track channels by atomic layer deposition

• Nicolas Sobel,
• Christian Hess,
• Manuela Lukas,
• Anne Spende,
• Bernd Stühn,
• M. E. Toimil-Molares and
• Christina Trautmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 472–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.48

• interesting to study water and ion transport in confinement [15][16]. Coated templates are also attractive to synthesize extremely thin nanowires for the investigation of finite size and quantum size effects [17]. Atomic layer deposition is based on cycles of self-limiting chemical reactions between the gas

Liquid-phase exfoliated graphene: functionalization, characterization, and applications

• Mildred Quintana,
• Jesús Iván Tapia and
• Maurizio Prato

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2328–2338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.242

• also describe some of the chemical protocols that have provided insight into the vast organic chemistry of the single atomic plane of graphite. Controlled chemical reactions applied to graphene are expected to significantly improve the design of hierarchical, functional platforms, driving the inclusion

• [19]. The physical and chemical phenomena associated with ultrasonic waves are cavitation and nebulization. Cavitation induces extreme conditions by collapsing air bubbles which initiates chemical reactions, while nebulization furthers the reaction within the heated droplets. These processes induce

• to pure DMF. In this process, carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are formed revealing the occurrence of chemical reactions. During the ultrasonication process, graphene sheets were cut close to the edges, producing small fragments which later aggregate into CNFs. To verify the mechanism of CNF formation, gold

Donor–acceptor graphene-based hybrid materials facilitating photo-induced electron-transfer reactions

• Anastasios Stergiou,
• Georgia Pagona and
• Nikos Tagmatarchis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1580–1589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.170

• chemical reactions leading to the covalent modification of a graphene framework are displayed. Briefly, after the exfoliation of graphite, the following reactions can be performed to modify the graphene sheet (summarized in Scheme 1): [3 + 2] 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of in situ generated azomethine ylides

Current state of laser synthesis of metal and alloy nanoparticles as ligand-free reference materials for nano-toxicological assays

• Christoph Rehbock,
• Jurij Jakobi,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Selina van der Meer,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wilfried Kues,
• Detlef Rath and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1523–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.165

• addition to ion release, the surface chemistry of the nanoparticle itself may also be directly associated with nanotoxicological effects, e.g., the formation of reactive oxygen species [33]. Here, surface atoms may trigger chemical reactions with biomolecules which are possibly harmful to the organism

Protein-coated pH-responsive gold nanoparticles: Microwave-assisted synthesis and surface charge-dependent anticancer activity

• Dickson Joseph,
• Nisha Tyagi,
• Christian Geckeler and
• Kurt E.Geckeler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1452–1462, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.158

• observed a red color that is characteristic for the formation of AuNPs. Several experiments were carried out by varying the thermal conditions but the AuNP formation took several hours. Hence, we used microwave irradiation with an aim to reduce the reaction time, as it is known to accelerate chemical

• reactions. To standardize the microwave reaction conditions, several experiments were conducted in which the irradiation power, temperature and time were varied, and the products were analyzed by UV–vis spectroscopy. A microwave power of 250 W and a temperature of 120 °C were found to be optimum conditions

Near-field photochemical and radiation-induced chemical fabrication of nanopatterns of a self-assembled silane monolayer

• Ulrich C. Fischer,
• Carsten Hentschel,
• Florian Fontein,
• Linda Stegemann,
• Christiane Hoeppener,
• Harald Fuchs and
• Stefanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1441–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.156

• lithography (CL), which is either exposed to visible light, oxygen plasma or an UV–ozone atmosphere. The gold mask has the function to inhibit the photochemical reactions by highly localized near-field interactions between metal mask and SAM and to inhibit the radiation-induced chemical reactions by casting a

• the potentially high resolution of the near-field photochemical process. Here we explore an extension of this near-field concept by using metal masks as a strongly localized barrier for the destruction of a silane monolayer by chemical reactions induced by oxygen ions, reactive ozone, or by

• . The gold mask has the function to inhibit the photochemical reactions of the SAM by highly localized near-field interactions between mask and SAM and to inhibit the radiation-induced chemical reactions by casting a highly localized shadow. Removal of the gold mask reveals the SAM nanopattern. As a

Liquid fuel cells

• Grigorii L. Soloveichik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1399–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.153

• parallel chemical reactions, and its mechanism is not fully understood [169]. The number of electrons removed from the BH4− ion depends on the anode electrocatalyst, the concentration of sodium borohydride and the ratio [OH−]:[BH4−]. For a ratio of about 4.4, the reaction is described by Equation 21, while

Photocatalysis

• Rong Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1071–1072, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.119

• complex process of solar energy driven water splitting and carbon dioxide reduction. Nanotechnology certainly plays a pivotal role in enabling a rational design of the structures, interfaces and surfaces with controllable features at a length scale comparable to chemical reactions. In this Thematic Series

DFT study of binding and electron transfer from colorless aromatic pollutants to a TiO₂ nanocluster: Application to photocatalytic degradation under visible light irradiation

• Corneliu I. Oprea,
• Petre Panait and
• Mihai A. Gîrţu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1016–1030, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.115

• system in the visible range of the spectrum, iii) proper energy level alignment of the excited state of the pollutant and the conduction band edge of the catalyst, and iv) fast charge transfer from the pollutant to the catalyst. Other requirements would regard the chemical reactions that take place after

Double layer effects in a model of proton discharge on charged electrodes

• Johannes Wiebe and
• Eckhard Spohr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 973–982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.111

• chemical reactions as isolated rare events, for which it should suffice to study the behavior of the system from shortly before to shortly after the event. Here, we define the reaction time as the time, when the sum of the weights of all metal EVB states is for the first time larger than 0.9 in trajectory

Controlling mechanical properties of bio-inspired hydrogels by modulating nano-scale, inter-polymeric junctions

• Seonki Hong,
• Hyukjin Lee and
• Haeshin Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 887–894, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.101

• of gelation kinetics and mechanical properties of PEG hydrogels compared to results obtained by using PEGs in the absence of amine groups. Therefore, the study provides new insight into designing new crosslinking chemistry for controlling nano-scale chemical reactions that can broaden unique

• . Biomaterials formed by quinone tanning processes found in (a) squid beaks, (b) insect cuticles, and (c) mussel adhesives. Representative chemical reactions were shown for each biomaterials (a,b,c top). Synthetic PEG derivatives that can mimic the natural catecholamine-involved quinone tanning due to the

Encapsulation of nanoparticles into single-crystal ZnO nanorods and microrods

• Jinzhang Liu,
• Marco Notarianni,
• Llew Rintoul and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.56

• . The fractured nanorod in Figure 4d reveals a nanobead entirely encapsulated into the nanorod. Growth mechanism The growth of ZnO in aqueous solution can be described as an epitaxial growth process. The precursors Zn(NO3)2 and HMTA in water lead to chemical reactions are as follows [20]: Hence, Zn2

The role of oxygen and water on molybdenum nanoclusters for electro catalytic ammonia production

• Jakob G. Howalt and
• Tejs Vegge

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 111–120, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.11

• presence of water often gives rise to oxygen adsorption on catalyst surfaces through decomposition of water and the adsorbed oxygen or hydroxide species often occupy important surfaces sites, resulting in a decrease or a total hindrance of other chemical reactions taking place at that site. In this study

• rise to oxygen or hydroxide adsorption on the surface, which can occupy or block important surfaces sites. The adsorbed oxygen species can either decrease or totally hinder other chemical reactions taking place at that site. Oxygen poisoning of the surface is indeed a main inhibitor for ammonia

Surface assembly and nanofabrication of 1,1,1-tris(mercaptomethyl)heptadecane on Au(111) studied with time-lapse atomic force microscopy

• Tian Tian,
• Burapol Singhana,
• Lauren E. Englade-Franklin,
• Xianglin Zhai,
• T. Randall Lee and
• Jayne C. Garno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 26–35, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.3

• surface coatings that resist damage. Multidentate molecules provide a model surface that will resist self-exchange and surface migration, and enable further steps of chemical reactions with high fidelity. Degradation of alkanethiol SAMs on metal surfaces is caused by UV exposure, thermal desorption, and

Synthesis of indium oxi-sulfide films by atomic layer deposition: The essential role of plasma enhancement

• Cathy Bugot,
• Nathanaëlle Schneider,
• Daniel Lincot and
• Frédérique Donsanti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 750–757, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.85

• to the high reactivity of radicals, PEALD generally allows the achievement of many chemical reactions that cannot occur with thermal ALD [13][19]. Here In2(S,O)3 films could be grown while using O2 plasma as oxygen source. But the growth of pure In2O3 films remained unsuccessful. This suggests that