ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• these techniques are photon-based [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Even though they provide valuable insights, the development of surface-sensitive techniques that can image the catalyst at the atomic scale under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions remains crucial. In attempting to close the pressure gap

• detection method with a laser diode, which is not compatible with the design limitations of a reactor volume of 95 μL. Figure 3a shows a zoomed-in image of a third-generation M5B qPlus sensor (purchased from Nanosurf). The sensor has four gold electrodes of which three are used for AFM drive and readout

• tunneling current simultaneously (Figure 5c,d). Consequently, the tip–sample distance will be maintained throughout the image while the current signal will be a direct indication of the conductivity of the surface. The Pd(100) surface has been prepared using the standard recipe of repeated cycles of Ar-ion

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• was characterized by STEM, where transmitted electrons are used to create the image [30]. In STEM micrographs, alginate nanoparticles appeared with sharp edges; however, the edges of the EudAlg nanoparticles revealed secondary projections (Figure 1C,D). Similar micrographs in which the edge of the

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• and an image analysis system (Andor Technology, Belfast, UK) and a software (KOMET 5.0, Kinetic Imaging, UK) at 400× magnification. Three independent experiments were performed for each group. The mean value of three Comet parameters, tail DNA (%), tail length (μm), and Olive tail moment (OTM) were

• fluorescent microscope equipped with a Nikon Digital slight Ds-Ri1 CCD camera and a NIS element BR imaging software (Nikon, Minato Tokyo, Japan). Three independent experiments were performed for each group and a representative image is shown in the results. Transfection of the GFP-LC3 plasmid The GFP-LC3

• S1d, the FESEM image reveals a well-defined interlocked 3D network of GO nanosheets, with the transparency observed attributed to the formation of single or few layered GO nanosheets [25][50]. In Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1e, the HRTEM micrograph reveals highly transparent GO nanosheets

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• [48][49][50][51][52][53]. Morphology In the SEM images of the MWCNTs-COOH (presented in our previous study [43]), a dense structure of randomly aggregated, convoluted, and highly tangled tubes was observed. The image of MWCNTs-G shows a hybrid structure of multiwalled nanotubes dispersed within the

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• the synthesized nHA is given in Figure 2. Figure 2 shows that the XRD pattern of nHA aligns with the ICSD #157481 standard (Figure 1) and the P63/m space group. This alignment confirms the successful synthesis of hydroxyapatite. Notably, the image highlights the characteristic (211) peak of HA at 2θ

• results reveal an average particle size of 68.08 nm, as displayed in Figure 3b. Moreover, a more comprehensive examination of the SEM image using OriginLab software yields a sample porosity of 54.78%, as illustrated in Figure 3d. In this representation, the blue regions correspond to the solid volume of

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• penetration depth is only a few millimeters, which does not provide clear imaging of deeper ocular structures [177][178]. Fluorescence imaging is hindered by contrast agent photobleaching and phototoxicity, resulting in low image quality and biological side effects [179][180]. Photoacoustic imaging has deep

• [189][192]. Photothermal nanomaterials with high extinction coefficients that enhance photothermal-acoustic conversion are particularly suitable for PAI, helping to improve image resolution, enhance signal strength, and increase contrast [193][194]. AuNPs with excellent photostabilization are common

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• agreement with the OT results since the concentration used in the sample to obtain this image was 1 μM of neodymium. Finally, for erbium (Figure 3c) the complexes also appears compacted/condensed for 1 μM of the rare earth, also in agreement with the OT results. We stress that the intent of the AFM

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• studied composites. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the initial lamellar mordenite sample MOR-L is also shown for comparison. As can be seen, MOR-L exhibits elongated plates up to 1 μm long and 0.1 μm wide, combined into stacks. After introduction of TEOT followed by hydrolysis and

• associated with extra-framework Al species, which according to 27Al NMR amount to a total of about 20% (Figure 2). For Ti-E24h-C, a low intensity peak appears at 72.7 eV. This peak can be related to framework Al in the 3D mordenite fibers, which are clearly seen in the SEM image (Figure 3). It should be

• extra-framework Al species Ief is shown in the legend. SEM images of the parent lamellar mordenite MOR-L (bottom left) and TiO2-loaded samples. The bottom-right image shows the formation of mordenite crystals in the Ti-E24h-C sample. (a) Al 2p, (b) Ti 2p, and (c) decomposed O 1s XPS spectra of the Ti

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• produce hydroxyl radicals (•OH−). These radicals degrade the dye molecules into harmless substances; the degradation is shown in Figure 2d. TEM analysis The size of the ZnO NPs, which was determined from TEM using Image J software, varied from 7 to 98 nm, with an average size of 10 nm. The SAED pattern of

• ZnO NPs confirms the XRD results, that is, the hexagonal wurtzite structure (Figure 3). SEM and EDX analysis SEM was used to analyze the surface morphology of a modified nanocomposite film, and the image displays a consistent coverage of a web-like structure. Close-up views revealed a crumpled and

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• , instance, material, medium, property, and supplementary; a property can describe either a medium (e.g., environmental, biological, or experimental) or material, a supplementary provides a way to include visual information about a property (e.g., image or diagram), and the instance itself is the point in

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• precision of scanning probe microscopy experiments by introducing a software for lateral drift correction [1]. Post-data acquisition drift correction for longer series of consecutively recorded image sets can be cumbersome and extremely time consuming. Here, the authors develop an easy-to-use and robust

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• shear stress at the plate is reported in Figure 2D for different angular velocities and corresponding volumetric flow rates. Super-hydrophobicity of SNF coatings on steel Figure 3A shows a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of a stainless-steel surface coated with SNFs. The wire-type structures

• – we can conclude that nanofilaments can be deposited on steel surfaces and that the grown structures render the steel surface super-hydrophobic [24]. The morphology and function of the SNF steel coatings remain intact during the shear stress test. The SEM image of the SNF coating after shear exposure

• plate for different rotational speeds and respective values of volumetric flows for a 4-inch pipe. The circled area represents the region of constant-sheer stress. (A) SEM image of the coated surface. A network of SNFs with different width and diameters is visible. (B,C) Water contact angle measurements

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• visible hexagons (Figure 3b I,III,VIII). The domains close to the {100} orientation exhibited a square-shaped blue zone in the center of the reciprocal space image, corresponding to the X-symmetry point (Figure 3b V). Overall, the domains in the scales seem to be oriented randomly. Additional measurements

• spectrum measured in the image center, close to the X-symmetry point, has a peak around 440 nm, whereas the spectra measured at the diagonals close to the rim, approaching L-symmetry points, have peaks around 500 nm (Figure 3e). The reflectance peak from the L-symmetry point, measured from a {111}-oriented

• higher refractive index contrast, or (iii) materials with non-linear optical properties [48][49][50] would be an interesting future research direction. Experimental Light microscopy The image of the whole animal was taken with a stereomicroscope (Stereo Discovery V20, Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). For

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• somewhat less definite. These changes were not measurable, but they were visually noticeable (compare Figures 3–5), especially when directly viewing the samples in TEM. The bio-NPs exhibited less features, and many of the smallest dots that form the three-dimensional image had disappeared. We were unable

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• Horiba LabRAM HR Evolution (Excitation: 325 nm, Lens: 40×, spot size: 1 μm) was used. Image J software was used to extract spatial periodicities and to generate 2D fast Fourier transform images (2D FFT) of the Hf surface structures. Results and Discussion Nanoparticles Figure 3 shows TEM images, the

• corresponding particle size distributions, and the SAED patterns of NPs obtained in DW (Figure 3a–c), toluene (Figure 3d–f), and anisole (Figure 3g–i). The TEM image corresponding to HfNPs in DW shows the formation of nanofibres of diameters ranging from 5 to 65 nm along with spherical NPs (marked with red

• , and (c) anisole. Schematic of the NS fabrication by raster scanning the sample, resulting in LSFL and HSFL formation. FESEM image and inverse FFTs of LSFL with spatial periodicity on laser-ablated NSs in (a, b) DW, (c, d) toluene, and (e, f) anisole. FESEM image and HSFL size distribution of NSs laser

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• complete expansion of the envelope, the mucilaginous polysaccharides (pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose fibrils) form a netlike 3D structure. (h) High-magnification image showing cellulose fibril bundles (cfb), which form the main (unbranched) skeleton, while pectins and hemicelluloses (csp – cross

• . Delicate cellulose fibrils, stretching from the seed surface, are imbedded in the mass of pectins. (e) Lepidium sativum – polarisation microscopy image of cellulose fibrils demonstrating the presence of crystalline cellulose shining white. (f) Ocimum basilicum – fluorescence microscopy image of the

Ultrablack color in velvet ant cuticle

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Wencke Krings,
• Juliana Reis Machado,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1554–1565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.122

• butterfly was obtained from [12]. The spectra of T. bifurca are derived from our study. The illustrations of velvet ant and bird-of-paradise were created using Adobe Photoshop. Butterfly image is from Insectpedia - stock.adobe.com. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. The image of the peacock spider

• female Traumatomutilla bifurca (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). (A) Visible spectrum image, (B) thermal image of the animal before heating, (C) thermal image after 1 min of heating, and (D) thermal image after 2 min of heating. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 28: Spectrum obtained from

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• neighbours (kNN) model developed by Varsou et al. [33] to predict the ZP of 37 metal and metal oxide NPs based on their core type and the NPs main elongation (image descriptor derived from microscopy images). Papadiamantis et al. [34] developed a kNN/read-across model for the estimation of the ZP of 69

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

•  2e), the binding energy peak of Cu 2p3/2 (934.9 eV) can be attributed to Cu2+. Characterization of (Cu)(Fe)BTC@CPE Morphology The TEM image of the (Cu)(Fe)BTC sample shows unevenly distributed particles with different particle sizes fluctuating in the range of 40 to 100 nm (Figure 3). After mixing

• room temperature (25 ± 1 °C). (a) XRD pattern and (b) N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms of the (Cu)(Fe)BTC sample. Full-scan (a) and high-resolution C 1s (b), O 1s (c), Fe 2p (d), and Cu 2p (e) XPS spectra of the (Cu)(Fe)BTC sample. TEM image of (Cu)(Fe)BTC sample. SEM images of (Cu)(Fe)BTC@CPE (a

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• measurements were conducted with the sessile drop method. Droplets of 5 µL were pipetted onto the surface, and an image was captured. Eight images from two duplicates of each sample type were acquired on a smartphone device and processed in ImageJ (NIH). Atomic force microscopy AFM was conducted on a Veeco di

• Microscopy Sciences). Samples were sputter-coated with gold/palladium (Cressington 108A) and imaged on a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (FEI Quanta 600F). ImageJ was used to measure fiber diameter and clot density. Clot density was determined by drawing a line through the image and counting the number of

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• the Schottky diode based on CDs. (a) TEM image, (b) size distribution, (c) XRD pattern, (d) FTIR spectrum, (e) XPS spectrum, and (f) Raman spectrum of the CDs. UV–vis absorption and fluorescence spectra of the CDs (λexc = 320 nm). (a) Fluorescence and (b) normalized fluorescence spectra of the CDs at

• various excitation wavelengths in the range from 300 to 400 nm. SEM image of Si/CDs/Au-based Schottky diode. (a) UV–vis absorption spectra and (b) bandgap of the CDs layer. I–V characteristics of the Si/CDs/Au-based Schottky diode. Acknowledgements We thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kübra Çınar Demir and Lecturer

Out-of-plane polarization induces a picosecond photoresponse in rhombohedral stacked bilayer WSe₂

• Guixian Liu,
• Yufan Wang,
• Zhoujuan Xu,
• Zhouxiaosong Zeng,
• Lanyu Huang,
• Cuihuan Ge and
• Xiao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.109

• , respectively, represent W and Se atoms. The black arrow represents the direction of interlayer polarization. (b) Optical image of the graphene/3R WSe2/graphene heterojunction device. The yellow and orange dashed lines represent two monolayers of WSe2. The white dashed lines represent the top and bottom

• probe power. (d) Photoresponse intensity of heterojunction (red dots) and graphene region (black dots) as a function of probe power. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 20: Characterization of structure, SHG image, SEM and EDS images, Raman and PL spectrum of WSe2 and raw TRPC curves for

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• . Finally, we performed a lift-off process using N-methylpyrrolidone followed by a rinse in isopropyl alcohol. The edges of the structures after the lift-off process appeared to be vertical well-defined walls without upward bends, as shown in the SEM image in Figure 2. A thin layer of titanium on top of

• from single quantum vaporized helium atoms, as well as for dark matter search. Photographs of structures taken with an optical microscope. (a) Chip with samples A1–A4 and (b) sample B1. SEM image of the edge of the Hf/Ti bridge structure made with the lift-off process. The dependence of resistance

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• ://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. The body parts of Hymenoptera that can serve as sources for bioinspired and biomimetic materials and technologies. The image was adapted