Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• crucial for maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods of time [20][21]. By adjusting the polymer composition and lipid matrix, researchers can fine-tune the release kinetics of phytochemicals, ensuring sustained therapeutic effects. This controlled release mechanism is particularly

• against HCT-116 cells, in terms of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, was assessed using flow cytometry. Comparison with APN suspension showed significant improvements favoring APN-PLHNPs. Additionally, the anticancer mechanism was further explored by examining the gene expression of key signaling molecules

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• the self-diffusion coefficients in a monovacancy mechanism mediated by nearest-neighbor vacancy jumps [26][27]. It is important to note that Shen’s approach assumes a size-dependence of the vacancy concentration in the steady-state regime (Equations 15 and 16), that is, the concentrations are

• K), regardless of whether the material is irradiated or not (indicating instability of the initial bcc phase). In this zone, the dominant mechanism is not radiation but rather surface effects associated with a decrease in surface energy during the phase change. Consequently, both functions Δg and

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• performance of Pt(CO)2Cl2 and Pt(CO)2Br2 as Pt precursors and comparing the differences in H2+-, He+-, and Ar+-induced Pt deposition. To determine precursor and ion identity effects on the deposition mechanism, we employ a surface analysis approach under UHV conditions to determine the ion-induced

• /cm2 Ar+ dose was required to completely remove Br from PtBr2. Since ion beam-induced physical sputtering is driven by a momentum/energy transfer mechanism with a dependence on the mass ratio between the ion and target [69][70][71][72], this difference can attributed to the better mass match between Ar

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• morphological and functional innovations predominantly involve the slender waist of Apocrita wasps, the stinging mechanism observed in Aculeata, parasitoidism (a specialized form of carnivorous behavior), and secondary phytophagy (a reversion to plant-based feeding) [7]. Hymenoptera are also well known as the

• feature observed in ensign wasps (Afrevania and Trissevania, Evaniidae) [110]. These wasps exhibit a sophisticated ability to fold their forewings along two intersecting fold lines, creating a four-plane wing folding mechanism [110]. By incorporating a similar four-plane wing folding mechanism, drones

• applications for the development of micro-aerial vehicles [118][119]. The wing-to-wing coupling mechanism in Hymenoptera functions as a multifaceted joint, linking the forewing’s rolled membrane to the hindwing’s hook structures, enabling synchronized movement and improved aerodynamic performance [121][122

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• the shorter nanorods. The mechanism is similar to the interaction of metals with longer nanorods. However, the change in metal selectivity is due to the size of nanorods. In NaOH absence, no metal shows prominent interaction with centrifuged CTAB-AuNR21.0 and AuNR20.5 (Supporting Information File 1

• detection. Table 2 summarizes various studies on detecting heavy metals using CTAB-capped metal nanoparticles via linkers or buffers. Table 2 includes detected metals using as-prepared/centrifuged CTAB-capped AgNS, AuNS, AuNR1, and AuNR2. Possible mechanism of heavy metal detection Previous studies have

• mechanism in this study is influenced by factors such as the amount of NaOH, nanoparticle shape, and nanoparticle concentration. As previously reported, CTAB-capped silver nanospheres detected Cu2+ and Hg2+, attributed to the interaction between the metal ions and the nanoparticles. The underlying mechanism

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• -selective feeding mechanism, which transports particles in the size range from 0.5 to 3 μm to the intestinal lumen [59][60]. Therefore, even at higher doses, we did not observe a linear relationship between C. elegans’ survival and the material’s concentration. Considering this, we evaluated the effects of

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• to examine the photocatalytic mechanism under different irradiation sources. Also by the sol–gel method, the active materials can be deposited in future studies as films on different supports for better surface contact and recovery degree, enhancing the scale-up opportunity for water cleaning

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• actuation mechanism. This opens the possibility to perform both electrical and mechanical measurements of nanostructures, in particular, free-standing nanostructures, which are the most interesting for their mechanical and electrical properties combined in nanoscale phenomena [28][29][30]. The requirements

• for the desired MEMS measurement platforms are as follows: They should be dimensionally compatible with the nanostructure to be tested and allow for actuation with an embedded actuation mechanism. To operate, MEMS platforms require auxiliary equipment such as a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or

• device, as has been shown in the case of FIB origami [46]. More recently, Masteghin et al. have shown how strain engineering and eigenstrain modification can influence single-material MEMS devices [47]. The exact mechanism depends on the ion and substrate materials, but surface amorphisation or material

Enhanced catalytic reduction through in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles embedded in glucosamine/alginate nanocomposites

• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Le-Kim-Thuy Nguyen,
• Minh-Trong Tran,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Nguyen Minh Ty,
• T. Ngoc Han Pham,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Tran Thi Huong Giang,
• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1227–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.99

• synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) within a glucosamine/alginate (GluN/Alg) nanocomposite via an ionotropic gelation mechanism in aqueous environment. The resulting nanocomposite, AuNPs@GluN/Alg, underwent thorough characterization using UV–vis, EDX, FTIR, SEM, TEM, SAED, and XRD analyses. The spherical

• Au3+ into Au(0) during the synthesis of the nanocomposite AuNPs@GluN/Alg without additional chemicals. Alginate serves as a stabilizing agent. In the ionotropic gelation mechanism, the cross-linking matrix of Ca–alginate, formed by Ca2+ ions and carboxyl groups in sodium alginate, becomes insoluble

• mechanism involves the transfer of electrons from BH4− (the electron donor) to the dye (the electron acceptor) facilitated by the surface of the metal nanoparticles [42][43]. Prior to electron transfer, dye and BH4− are adsorbed onto the catalyst surface, as depicted in Figure 5. Consequently, the

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• ) designed to transport therapeutic agents with precise delivery to tumor sites. This approach aims to mitigate toxic effects associated with off-target drug delivery and optimize therapeutic efficacy. For decades, the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect has stood as the central mechanism for

• were 8–10 nm in size and exhibited efficient renal clearance, with over 90% ID found in the urine at 72 h p.i. Such a high clearance rate was unexpected considering the larger size of the construct compared to the kidney filtration barrier, and the underlying mechanism for this phenomenon requires

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• drug doxorubicin (DOX) has been used in the present study. It is a known antitumor antibiotic of the anthracycline series, which has been approved as anticancer drug in 1974. It has antimitotic and antiproliferative effects. The mechanism of action is interaction with DNA, the formation of free

AI-assisted models to predict chemotherapy drugs modified with C₆₀ fullerene derivatives

• Jonathan-Siu-Loong Robles-Hernández,
• Dora Iliana Medina,
• Katerin Aguirre-Hurtado,
• Marlene Bosquez,
• Roberto Salcedo and
• Alan Miralrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1170–1188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.95

• are mostly designed to serve as chemotherapy agents for breast cancer. Thus, it is possible to assume that several drugs share a common mechanism of action and, subsequently, a common protein target, such as CXCR7. For instance, gemcitabine, shown in Figure 2, shares the pocket within CXCR7 with

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• radius of the nanomaterial components but positively by the molecular bulk of the nanomaterials. Electronegativity and atomic size determine the reactivity and contact strength of nanomaterials with biological systems, whereas the molecule bulk affects the mechanism of inhibition through steric effects

• testing methods for chemical safety assessments. Scatter plot (a) and Williams plot (b) for the nano-qRASTR model. The red dashed line indicates the highest Hat or leverage value, that is, the h* cut-off line. SHAP plot for the nano-qRASTR model. Mechanism of zebrafish hatching enzyme inhibition by MONPs

Photocatalytic methane oxidation over a TiO₂/SiNWs p–n junction catalyst at room temperature

• Qui Thanh Hoai Ta,
• Luan Minh Nguyen,
• Ngoc Hoi Nguyen,
• Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen and
• Dai Hai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1132–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.92

• reactor. Plausible charge transport mechanism Figure 8 shows a schematic mechanism of the photocatalytic activity of the p–n TiO2/SiNWs hierarchical structures. According to previous studies the energy bandgaps of p-Si and n-type TiO2 were assumed to be 1.1 eV and 3.3 eV, respectively [54][55][56

• Aderson’s model [39]. The photogenerated electrons tend to produce C2H6, C3H8, and H2 from H+. The photogenerated holes at the VBM of TiO2 create oxidized intermediates and H+ [59][60][61]. The whole process can be expressed by the S-scheme mechanism, as follows: at the CB of n-type TiO2 and at the VB of

• over the TiO2/SiNWs sample. Proposed mechanism of photocatalytic CH4 oxidation reaction over p–n junction TiO2/SiNWs sample. Schematic illustration of TiO2/SiNWs chip fabrication starting from a p-type silicon wafer. A thin layer of TiO2 was deposited on the Si NWs via ALD. Comparison of the OCM

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• elemental silver at the bottom, the formation mechanism of which deserves further investigation. Experimental FEBID was carried out in a Hitachi S3600 tungsten filament scanning electron microscope (SEM). The precursor compound trimethylphosphine(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)silver(I), short (hfac)AgPMe3

• silver deposition with a focused electron beam, such non-uniform deposit structures have not been observed before. The mechanism of the interfacial silver layer formation in our case may include several factors. One factor may be the presence of water. In the typically used high-vacuum range of 10−4 Pa

• the formation mechanism of the interfacial silver layer deserves further in-depth studies, which are beyond the scope of this article. These studies would involve surface science approaches using mass spectrometry and/or other spectroscopic techniques, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• small interfering RNA) for hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) [10]. Here, we describe the mechanism of nanomedicine-based drug delivery for liver fibrosis treatment. In the following review, we briefly summarize the basic physiology of liver fibrosis, the interaction between NPs and the liver

• enhancing the antioxidant defense mechanism. Besides providing the containment for the active substance, the nanostructured lipid nanocarriers could be utilized for targeted delivery without conjugating any specific ligand. Composed of natural phospholipids, liposomes are generally considered to be

• work on designing nanocarriers for liver fibrosis and elucidating their work mechanism. Also, there are some difficulties to reevaluate the published toxicity reports and to compare them among each other because of non-standardized protocols used to evaluate the toxicity, leading to conflicting

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• solvent using the Doppler approach, which measures particle velocity as a function of voltage. The determination of the zeta potential is crucial in understanding the mechanism of drug–nanoparticle interactions [66]. In addition to the methods described above, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy is

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• single alloy NP with a squared area was represented in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S5. It is evident from the figure that individual NPs encompassed both Ag and Au elements. The detailed mechanism underlying the formation of alloy NPs was elucidated in our previous study [44]. Earlier studies

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• bacteria according to the mechanism shown in Figure 4. The biofilm formation consists of four stages, namely, (i) adhesion, (ii) aggregation, (iii) maturation, and (iv) dispersion. Adhesion is the first step and is ruled by the polarity of the surface as reported by Gittens and co-workers [105]. The

• hydrophobicity and nanostructuring [128][129]. Kang et al. [130] suggested that the main mechanism of action is cell disruption due to the mechanical effect of CNTs themselves via surface polarity changes. Rodrigues et al. [131] dwelled more deeply into CNT coatings and found a correlation between the exopolymer

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• to lysosomes. When it comes to entry of NPs into cells, normal tissue, and tumors there are still a number of open questions. Regarding questions on the cellular level: Can one modify the NPs to obtain more efficient targeting and entry? By which endocytic mechanism(s) are the NPs taken up? Will NPs

• with bound ligands enter by the same mechanism as the free ligands? Will the NPs affect intracellular transport and what are the consequences for the cell or tissue? In vivo, one might want NPs to be transcytosed across a cell layer. However, not much is known about the requirements for NPs to cross a

• involved in macropinocytosis, the CLIC/GEEC (clathrin-independent carrier/glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein-enriched endosomal compartments) pathway, as well as in FEME (fast endophilin-mediated endocytosis) and phagocytosis (an uptake mechanism for large particles mostly found in

Atomistic insights into the morphological dynamics of gold and platinum nanoparticles: MD simulations in vacuum and aqueous media

• Evangelos Voyiatzis,
• Eugenia Valsami-Jones and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.81

• scattering [23], and optical microscopy [24], have provided accurate estimates of nucleation rates and critical nucleation sizes, but little data have been produced for the sub-micrometer size regime regarding crystal facet formation and the mechanism of crystal growth. Moreover, a fundamental prerequisite

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• . The first transduction mechanism is known as charge modulation, in which charged biomolecule species bind to the surface of the gate insulator and modify the charge density of the channel surface, and thus the surface conductivity by Coulomb interaction. This acts as a gating mechanism, and

• concurrently shifts the threshold voltage and modifies the drain current via channel conductivity modulation. The difference between the current (threshold voltage) in the presence of biomolecules and the current without biomolecules is used to define the current sensitivity. The second transduction mechanism

• material and silicon-on-insulator substrates with low-doped device layers and small nanowire diameters, achieving a fully depleted mechanism and allowing better surface-to-volume ratios and higher sensitivity applications. 2.2 Two-dimensional FET-based biosensors 2.2.1 Source-engineered Schottky barrier

Beyond biomimicry – next generation applications of bioinspired adhesives from microfluidics to composites

• Dan Sameoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 965–976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.79

• lithography; Perspective As of the time of this writing, it has been 24 years since the seminal work by Kellar Autumn and his colleagues demonstrated how a single gecko foot hair could generate adhesion [1]. Autumn’s discovery that van der Waals forces were the primary mechanism behind the extraordinary

• easily adhered to in its soft state (Figure 2). Thus, it served as a dual-mechanism dry adhesive, although it could not operate with both mechanisms simultaneously. SMP materials are finding increasing use in newer versions of dry adhesives [30][31][32], and their full capabilities for switchable

• was initially applied as an adhesion mechanism for microfluidics, a distinct project I was working on in 2012, that required a reversible adhesion system offering high strength, low contamination, no damage to mating surfaces, and no need for separate glues, plasma treatments, or magnets. A simple

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• the mechanism of release of active material from the nanofibers can be adjusted by changing the type and composition of polymer or polymer blends used as matrix and the process parameters. Some of the parameters affecting the release are (i) degradation of the polymer matrix, (ii) molecular weight of

• regeneration of damaged bone tissue can take several weeks or even months, it is important to select a polymeric matrix capable of releasing drugs over an extended period of time to achieve optimum therapeutic efficiency. The polymer must also be chosen in accordance with the targeted release mechanism. It is

Effects of cutting tool geometry on material removal of a gradient nanograined CoCrNi medium entropy alloy

• Yu-Sheng Lu,
• Yu-Xuan Hung,
• Thi-Xuyen Bui and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 925–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.76

• : CoCrNi; gradient nanograined materials; Hall–Petch; molecular dynamics; relative tool sharpness; removal mechanism; Introduction Compared with traditional alloys, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with multiple elements exhibit diverse and unprecedented mechanical properties, attracting widespread scientific

• CoCrNi MEA [9]. Lu et al. revealed the mechanism of the excellent strength, ductility, and work-hardening capacity of gradient nanograined (GNG) CrCoNi MEA samples [10]. However, it is complicated to fabricate experimentally GNG samples and to examine gradient grain structures. Therefore, this study

• chip thickness has the lowest average resultant force, consistent with the results of the surface morphology analysis in Figure 2. The subsurface quality of the workpiece significantly affects accuracy and durability in the machining process. To investigate the deformation mechanism of the subsurface