Analytical development and optimization of a graphene–solution interface capacitance model

• Hediyeh Karimi,
• Rasoul Rahmani,
• Reza Mashayekhi,
• Leyla Ranjbari,
• Amir H. Shirdel,
• Niloofar Haghighian,
• Parisa Movahedi,
• Moein Hadiyan and
• Razali Ismail

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 603–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.71

• stiffness with a Young’s modulus of approximately 1000 GPa, a significant heat conductivity of 3000 W·(m·K)−1, and large specific surface area of 2600 m2·g−1 [15][16][17]. Intrinsic graphene is a semi metal or a zero band gap semiconductor, which results in a high electron mobility at room temperature [18

Calibration of quartz tuning fork spring constants for non-contact atomic force microscopy: direct mechanical measurements and simulations

• Jens Falter,
• Marvin Stiefermann,
• Gernot Langewisch,
• Philipp Schurig,
• Hendrik Hölscher,
• Harald Fuchs and
• André Schirmeisen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 507–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.59

• epoxy glue. Commonly, spring constants of kqPlus = 1800–2000 N/m are used for the force transformation. These values are estimated from the geometric dimensions of the free prong of the tuning fork and the Young’s modulus of quartz by using the beam formula according to Equation 1 [16]. In this equation

• w and t are the width and thickness of the free prong, respectively and Equartz is the Young’s modulus of quartz. The limitations for the validity of this formula are small deformations leading to only elastic stress/stain inside the uniform, rectangular cross section of the beam, which consists of

• L0 as it is commonly done in the nc-AFM literature in order to avoid inaccuracies in later discussions. Inserting our measured values of ΔL1 = 2139 μm, w = 207.3 μm and t = 120.8 μm into Equation 1 together with the Young’s modulus of quartz of Equartz = 78.7 GPa results in a stiffness of the free

The softening of human bladder cancer cells happens at an early stage of the malignancy process

• Jorge R. Ramos,
• Joanna Pabijan,
• Ricardo Garcia and
• Malgorzata Lekka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 447–457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.52

• are stiffer (higher Young’s modulus) than cancerous cells (HTB-9, HT1376, and T24 cell lines). However, independently of the histological grade of the studied bladder cancer cells, all cancerous cells possess a similar level of the deformability of about a few kilopascals, significantly lower than non

• mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix [2][4]. Remarkably, in this case the ECM of the malignant cells is stiffer (reflected by a higher Young’s modulus) as compared to the ECM of non-malignant tissues [2]. Those studies underline the connection between changes in the mechanical properties of the

• extended also to primary cells [6][13] and tissue sections [5][12] that were collected from human patients. For example, a comparison of the elastic properties of normal and benign breast tissues gives a wide distribution of the Young’s modulus, in which a peak at lower values characterizes malignant

Single-asperity contact mechanics with positive and negative work of adhesion: Influence of finite-range interactions and a continuum description for the squeeze-out of wetting fluids

• Martin H. Müser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 419–437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.50

• deformed tip (in the small-slope approximation) as where E is the effective modulus, E = EY/(1 − ν2), EY being the Young’s modulus and ν the Poisson ratio. The convention of using the symbol E* for the effective modulus is abandoned for clarity, because primes will be used later to indicate scaled

Tensile properties of a boron/nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube–graphene hybrid structure

• Kang Xia,
• Haifei Zhan,
• Ye Wei and
• Yuantong Gu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 329–336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.37

• with different dopants. It is found that with the presence of dopants, the hybrid structures usually exhibit lower yield strength, Young’s modulus, and earlier yielding compared to that of a pristine hybrid structure. For dopant concentrations below 2.5% no significant reduction of Young’s modulus or

• materials. Keywords: doping; graphene; molecular dynamics simulation; nanotubes; tension; Young’s modulus; Introduction In recent years, low-dimensional structures such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene have attracted huge attention of the scientific community, because of their excellent performance

• ) simulations, Bohayra et al. [10] conclude that the content of nitrogen atoms (up to 6%) has a negligible effect on the Young’s modulus of a nitrogen-doped graphene layer, while the presence of nitrogen substitutions reduces the layer strength significantly. Only a few works have been devoted to examine the

Frequency, amplitude, and phase measurements in contact resonance atomic force microscopies

• Gheorghe Stan and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 278–288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.30

• cantilever is described by its Young’s modulus E, second moment of area of its cross section I, mass density ρ, and cross-sectional area A, and ηair characterizes the damping of the oscillations in air. The general solution of Equation 1 is in the form of y(x,t) = y(x)eiωt, with with A1, A2, A3, and A4

• length L = 225.03 µm, width w = 30.00 µm, and thickness T = 4.89 µm. With mass density ρSi = 2329.00 kg/m3 and Young’s modulus ESi = 130.00 GPa, the cantilever’s spring constant was calculated as kc = 10.00 N/m. Using these parameters and considering ηair = 2.50 s−1 in Equation 1, the first two

Fabrication of carbon nanomembranes by helium ion beam lithography

• Xianghui Zhang,
• Henning Vieker,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 188–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.20

• characterized by bulge test in an atomic force microscope (AFM): biphenyl-based CNMs possess a Young’s modulus of ca. 10 GPa and a remarkable tensile strength of ca. 600 MPa [4]. The possibility of transferring CNMs and their high mechanical strength make them suitable candidates for nanoelectromechanical

Dynamic nanoindentation by instrumented nanoindentation and force microscopy: a comparative review

• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Estelle Kalfon-Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 815–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.93

• a Poisson ratio of 0.45, the resultant value of 2.15 GPa compares well with literature data that report a Young’s modulus of 1.8 GPa at this frequency [113]. The data in Figure 5 represent the storage modulus. In order to measure the smaller loss component, dynamic analysis was performed by using

Nanoglasses: a new kind of noncrystalline materials

• Herbert Gleiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 517–533, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.61

• recent nuclear resonant vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) measurements performed at 300 K. The mean interatomic force constant (P) in a melt-spun Fe90Sc10 was 138.195 N/m whereas the one in the nanoglass was almost 10% higher (147.965 N/m) [20]. It should be noted that the Young’s modulus measurements for

• new electronic structure of these interfaces is suggested by the observation of a reduce s-electron density (Mössbauer spectroscopy), an enhanced Young’s modulus and atomic force constant in NRVS, an enhanced Curie temperature and enhanced hyperfine field as well as itinerant ferromagnetism instead of

• observation of a reduced s-electron density (Mössbauer spectroscopy, Figure 10), an enhanced Young’s modulus, an atomic force constant in NRVS, an enhanced Curie temperature and enhanced hyperfine field (Figure 12) as well as itinerant ferromagnetism instead of a spin-glass structure (Figure 13

Multiple regimes of operation in bimodal AFM: understanding the energy of cantilever eigenmodes

• Daniel Kiracofe,
• Arvind Raman and
• Dalia Yablon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 385–393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.45

• , and a tip–sample interaction force where E, I, ρc, A, w, x, t, Fhydro, Fts, Fdrive and δ are the cantilever Young’s modulus, area moment of inertia, density, cross-sectional area, deflection, axial coordinate, time, hydrodynamic force, tip–sample interaction force, driving (excitation force), and

• different materials that are located side by side. The material on the left (red lines) has a Young’s modulus of 3 GPa and the one on the right (blue lines) has a modulus of 2 GPa. These values are close to the storage modulus from dynamic mechanical analysis (time–temperature superposition was used to

• change in Young’s modulus) can be an order of magnitude higher in these states than in standard bimodal imaging. For example, in Figure 6a, the two materials are essentially indistinguishable for A2,free < 2.5 nm, but are very clearly separated for A2,free > 2.8 nm. This is consistent with a previous

Optimal geometry for a quartz multipurpose SPM sensor

• Julian Stirling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 370–376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.43

• of the system.) The dynamic Euler–Bernoulli beam equation describes the dynamic deformations of a beam, where E and ρ are the Young’s modulus and density of the material, respectively. A and I are the area and second moment of area of the cross section of the beam. f(x,t) is the applied force per

Mechanical and thermal properties of bacterial-cellulose-fibre-reinforced Mater-Bi^® bionanocomposite

• Hamonangan Nainggolan,
• Saharman Gea,
• Emiliano Bilotti,
• Ton Peijs and
• Sabar D. Hutagalung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 325–329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.37

• pressure of 130 mbar at a cooling rate of 10 °C min−1. Both Mater-Bi and FBC were blended by using a mini twin-screw extruder at 160 °C for 10 min at a rotor speed of 50 rpm. Tensile tests were performed according to ASTM D638 to measure the Young’s modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break. A

• researchers due to its unique properties, such as high water capacity, high crystallinity, ultrafine fibre networks with a diameter of 20–100 nm, high purity (which is distinguished from plant cellulose), and high tensile strength [7][8][9][10]. The isotropic Young’s modulus of a BC sheet is about 20 GPa [11

• product from Novamont, with BC were prepared and their mechanical, thermal and morphological properties tested. Results and Discussion The mechanical properties of Mater-Bi as well as bionanocomposites of Mater-Bi/FBC, including the Young’s modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break are shown in

Towards 4-dimensional atomic force spectroscopy using the spectral inversion method

• Jeffrey C. Williams and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 87–93, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.10

• demands very high accuracy in order to reproduce the sharp curvatures and intricate features of the force curves [17]. While the torsional harmonic cantilever leads to an enhanced implementation of the original spectral inversion procedure, which is sufficiently accurate to estimate the effective Young’s

• modulus of soft samples, it does not solve the issues of signal-to-noise ratio for the higher frequencies in the spectrum (that is, for frequencies that are appreciably higher than the torsional eigenfrequency). This challenge becomes more significant as the sample stiffness increases (see for example

Effect of normal load and roughness on the nanoscale friction coefficient in the elastic and plastic contact regime

• Aditya Kumar,
• Thorsten Staedler and
• Xin Jiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 66–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.7

• roughness on the contact characteristics we calculated various plasticity indices that have been proposed in the literature. The first here is the one given by the GW model [5][6], (E*/H)(σsks)1/2, where H is the hardness, E* is the reduced Young’s modulus, σs is the surface roughness, and ks is the

Calculation of the effect of tip geometry on noncontact atomic force microscopy using a qPlus sensor

• Julian Stirling and
• Gordon A. Shaw

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 10–19, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.2

• E, I, ρ, and A are the Young’s modulus, second moment of area, density, and cross-sectional area of the tine, respectively. f(x,t) is the external force per unit length acting on the tine, and Z(x,t) is the deflection along the length of the tine. Separating the spatial (Φi(x)) and temporal

Characterization of the mechanical properties of qPlus sensors

• Jan Berger,
• Martin Švec,
• Martin Müller,
• Martin Ledinský,
• Antonín Fejfar,
• Pavel Jelínek and
• Zsolt Majzik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 1–9, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.1

• . All remaining parts can be considered as constants because (i) we assume the Young’s modulus to be constant for quartz tuning forks; and (ii) we found from repeated measurements that variations in t and w are negligible (less than ±2 μm) for our purposes. The dimensions of the prong were determined by

• case of a straight Au wire, the stiffness can be obtained from where d is the diameter, l is the length of the wire and E is the Young’s modulus (79 GPa for Au). The negligible role of the wire is mainly due to the relatively small diameter (25 μm) of the Au wire. In our case, the typical length of the

Spring constant of a tuning-fork sensor for dynamic force microscopy

• Dennis van Vörden,
• Manfred Lange,
• Merlin Schmuck,
• Nico Schmidt and
• Rolf Möller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 809–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.90

• simulation by the finite-element method. Result and Discussion Calculation for a rectangular beam The formula for the spring constant of a beam that is clamped on one side is where E is the Young’s modulus (for quartz), τ is the thickness, w the width, and L the length of a prong. For the cantilevers used in

• offset. According to Equation 4 the spring constants listed in Table 2 are obtained. The higher spring constant at 80 K is most probably due to the increase in Young’s modulus of the glue. The value at room temperature is rather close to the value obtained by the measurements using Hooke’s law. Numerical

• are valid for the average bonding. In the simulation, both materials, the glue and the tuning fork (quartz), are considered isotropic. COMSOL Multiphysics needs three different material-specific parameters: Young’s modulus, the Poisson ratio and mass density. The values and the origin of these

Growth behaviour and mechanical properties of PLL/HA multilayer films studied by AFM

• Cagri Üzüm,
• Johannes Hellwig,
• Narayanan Madaboosi,
• Dmitry Volodkin and
• Regine von Klitzing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.87

• . It was found that the film thickness increases linearly with the bilayer number n, ranging between 400 and 7500 nm for n = 12 and 96, respectively. The apparent Young’s modulus E ranges between 15 and 40 kPa and does not depend on the indenter size or the film bilayer number n. Stress relaxation

• ; viscoelasticity; Young’s modulus; Introduction Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) have been studied intensely for the past two decades [1][2]. Despite their complex structure and wide range of applicability, PEMs can be prepared simply by alternating deposition of polycations and polyanions by dipping/spraying a

• biological processes [3]. In this work, scanning- and colloidal-probe AFM were used to perform nanoindentation on poly (L-lysine)/hyaluronan (PLL/HA)n films with n = 12–96, in order to better understand their growth behaviour, apparent Young’s modulus, and viscoelastic properties. Results and Discussion

Mapping mechanical properties of organic thin films by force-modulation microscopy in aqueous media

• Jianming Zhang,
• Zehra Parlak,
• Carleen M. Bowers,
• Terrence Oas and
• Stefan Zauscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 464–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.53

• angular frequency of the actuation, kc is the spring constant of the AFM cantilever, and k* is the contact stiffness, The contact stiffness is a function of the reduced Young’s modulus, E*, the tip radius, R, and the applied force, F. Equation 1 explains how the amplitude of the AFM cantilever deflection

• apparent stiffness of the EG3 layer (see Supporting Information File 1 for details) [65]. The apparent Young’s modulus of the thiols on the surface is around 30 GPa, consistent with moduli of short alkanethiol chains obtained by using SEM and nano-indentation [66][67]. The approach to deconvolute these

Repulsive bimodal atomic force microscopy on polymers

• Alexander M. Gigler,
• Christian Dietz,
• Maximilian Baumann,
• Nicolás F. Martinez,
• Ricardo García and
• Robert W. Stark

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 456–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.52

• (APD) measurements on both freshly cleaned silicon and polystyrene (nominal Young’s modulus of 2.7 GPa; test sample from Bruker AFM Probes, Camarillo, CA) using a Cypher AFM (Asylum Research, Santa Barbara, CA). All of the components required for bimodal operation were implemented in the instrument by

Conducting composite materials from the biopolymer kappa-carrageenan and carbon nanotubes

• Ali Aldalbahi,
• Jin Chu,
• Peter Feng and
• Marc in het Panhuis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 415–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.48

• resulted in films with reduced values of tensile strength (TS = 20 MPa), strain-at-break (γ = 2%) and Young’s modulus (E = 1165 MPa) (Table 4). The addition of CNTs resulted in increases in the TS, γ and E values for both MWNTs and SWNTs compared to the corresponding values for the sonicated KC film (Table

• . Tensile strength, strain-at-break and Young’s modulus were determined from the maximum stress, the strain at failure, and the slope of the initial linear part of the stress–strain curve, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were acquired by using a JEOL JSM-7500FA. Samples were prepared

• . Summary of the mechanical properties of composite films prepared by evaporative casting (E1–4) and vacuum filtration (B1–4). Young’s modulus (E), tensile strength (TS) and strain-at-break (γ). E1–4 and B1–4 refer to composite films listed in Table 3. Acknowledgments This work was funded by King Saud

Theoretical study of the frequency shift in bimodal FM-AFM by fractional calculus

• Elena T. Herruzo and
• Ricardo Garcia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 198–206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.22

• length scale of the interaction force. For the force which appears in the DMT model [51] where H is the Hamaker constant of the long-range van der Waals forces, d0 is the equilibrium distance, R is the tip radius and Eeff is the effective Young’s modulus, which is related to the Young’s moduli Et and Es

Direct monitoring of opto-mechanical switching of self-assembled monolayer films containing the azobenzene group

• Einat Tirosh,
• Enrico Benassi,
• Silvio Pipolo,
• Marcel Mayor,
• Michal Valášek,
• Veronica Frydman,
• Stefano Corni and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 834–844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.93

• F (Figure 10), the SAM thickness changes by Δl = l0 − l, where l0 is the initial equilibrium thickness and l the compressed thickness. If the material is assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic, its Young’s modulus E is given by We assume the molecules to behave as ideal (harmonic) springs

Mechanical characterization of carbon nanomembranes from self-assembled monolayers

• Xianghui Zhang,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 826–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.92

• one side. The Young’s modulus and the prestress are then calculated from the obtained pressure–deflection relationship. The deflection is usually monitored with an optical microscope, either by viewing the membrane from the side [12] or by using a laser interferometer [13]. Both methods have a

• the center of the membrane and measuring the corresponding deflection (the central-point method). These techniques can be used to determine Young’s modulus and the prestress. They also allow us to investigate the viscoelastic behavior and thus generate insights into the mechanics of CNMs. Results and

• pressure. The change of the indentation depth Δδ is given by [10] where δ0 is the step height in topographic AFM images of the nonpressurized membrane, E is the Young’s modulus, σ0 is the residual stress, ν is the Poisson’s ratio and 2a is the length of the short edge of the membrane. The corrected

Plasmonic nanostructures fabricated using nanosphere-lithography, soft-lithography and plasma etching

• Manuel R. Gonçalves,
• Taron Makaryan,
• Fabian Enderle,
• Stefan Wiedemann,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Othmar Marti and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 448–458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.49

• low Young’s modulus of PDMS used in the fabrication of the stamp, deformed hemispheres may occur for very small PS beads. The zeroth-order reflectance and transmittance of gold films evaporated onto the hemispheres was measured. The low reflectance bands found on coated hemispheres, when compared to