Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation?

• Annalena Wolff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 965–983, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.73

• microscope is better suited to achieve the required mirror-flat sample surface when operating the ion source with Ne instead of He. Copper was chosen as a test material and polished using Ga and Ne ions with different ion energies as well as incident angles. The results show that crystal structure

• here looks at the ion-beam-induced artefacts when polishing copper for EBSD measurements for different ion species (Ga, Ne) as well as polishing protocols. EBSD is a characterization technique in scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) that allows for the study of microstructure, local texture, grain size

• as ion impurity concentration within the smaller of either the EBSD information depth (20 nm) or interaction volume depth are evaluated and correlated to the experiments. Non-irradiated copper To verify the original specimen structure, TEM electron diffraction on thin foils as well as EBSD

Uniform arrays of gold nanoelectrodes with tuneable recess depth

• Elena O. Gordeeva,
• Ilya V. Roslyakov,
• Alexey P. Leontiev,
• Alexey A. Klimenko and
• Kirill S. Napolskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 957–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.72

• segment were selectively etched away after turning the AAO template upside down (Figure 1d). Segment 1 – copper Optimization of the deposition potential (Ed) for the formation of the first Cu segment was performed in the range from −0.1 to −0.5 V. In the case of more negative potentials, an intensive

• surface. Segment 3 – copper At this step, a key quality parameter is the percentage of pores filled by the metals completely from the bottom to the top of the AAO template. Only nanowires in this type of pores can take part in an electrochemical reaction during the operation of the NEAs because only these

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• successful use in biological milieus. Recent studies indicated that the green synthesis of nanoparticles, such as zinc oxide nanoparticles and bimetallic copper–silver and nickel–cobalt nanoparticles, is preferred for catalytic, antibacterial, and therapeutic applications [12][13][14]. Several other

Modification of a SERS-active Ag surface to promote adsorption of charged analytes: effect of Cu²⁺ ions

• Bahdan V. Ranishenka,
• Andrei Yu. Panarin,
• Irina A. Chelnokova,
• Sergei N. Terekhov,
• Peter Mojzes and
• Vadim V. Shmanai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 902–912, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.67

• charged hydrophilic thiols (sodium 2-mercaptoethyl sulfonate, mercaptopropionic acid, 2-mercaptoethanol, 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol hydrochloride, and thiocholine) to vary the surface charge of the SERS substrate. We used two oppositely charged porphyrins, cationic copper(II) tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl

• ) porphine (CuTMpyP4) and anionic copper(II) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine (CuTSPP4), with equal charge value and similar structure as model analytes to probe the SERS signal. Our results indicate that the SERS spectrum intensity strongly, up to complete signal disappearance, correlates with

• surface modifications were tested using a negatively charged oligonucleotide labeled with Black Hole Quencher dye. Only the addition of copper ions into the analyte solution yielded a good SERS signal. Considering the strong interaction of copper ions with the oligonucleotide molecules, we suppose that

Effects of temperature and repeat layer spacing on mechanical properties of graphene/polycrystalline copper nanolaminated composites under shear loading

• Chia-Wei Huang,
• Man-Ping Chang and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 863–877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.65

• Chia-Wei Huang Man-Ping Chang Te-Hua Fang Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807618, Taiwan 10.3762/bjnano.12.65 Abstract In the present study, the characteristics of graphene/polycrystalline copper nanolaminated (GPCuNL

• -healing occurs in the armchair direction, which causes the shear stress to increase after failure. Furthermore, the maximum shear stress and the shear strength of the composites decrease with an increase of the repeat layer spacing. Also, the shear modulus increases by increasing the grain size of copper

• nanoplatelets (GNPs) in a copper matrix the in-plane tensile strength was increased by 26% [17]. Li et al. used graphene nanoplatelets decorated with Ni nanoparticles as addition in a Cu matrix. These Ni-GPL/Cu composites exhibited a 42% increase in ultimate tensile strength (UTS) over that of pure Cu, with

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• then copper sulfate was added to make the bacterial flagella enter a “paralysis” state. Finally, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was used to separate the copper sulfate, so that the bacteria could move again. The success of this research created a theoretical basis for the use of biomaterials for self

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• significant distortions to the ML, in which S atoms migrate out of the surface. Similar rearrangements can be observed for all Ru3 structures at site hollow (Figure 6C,F,I) as well as for the 2D Co3 structures at site hollow (Figure 5C,F). Compared to copper, where we did not observe this distortion, the

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• media. Similar to tissue homogenates, small AgNPs were again found by TEM examination (Figure 7). The elemental mapping of newly formed particles was done via EDX. The EDX spectra (Figure 7c) showed Ag, S, Na, C, O, and Cu. The signals corresponding to C, O, and Cu resulted from the carbon copper grid

• (902A; Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) operated in bright-field mode with an acceleration voltage of 80 kV, while a Canon PowerShot S50 camera was used to capture the images. The sample preparation for TEM involved the deposition of a drop of the AgNP suspension onto a Formvar®-coated copper grid

• samples were diluted 1:5 with PBS, dropped on a Formvar®-coated copper grid, air-dried, and examined by TEM. The TEM visualization was also employed to inspect possible transformation of ionic Ag to AgNP in mCYS and mGSH media by dissolving AgNO3 in each media at a concentration of 100 mg Ag/L. After 2 h

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• interaction volume and resulting modification of the sample for helium ions impinging on bulk silicon and copper targets providing key insights into the beam–sample interaction [16]. Dose series were conducted and the interaction volumes directly visualized by preparing cross sections by gallium focused ion

• formed in near-surface regions can then lead to surface blistering. These phenomenona have been known and investigated for several decades. In early HIM studies on the subsurface effects of helium ions on bulk silicon and copper targets by Livengood et al., the formation of nanobubbles and larger

• focused helium ion beam of the HIM. Wang et al. used the HIM to conduct a systematic study of the effect of such a helium gas bubble superlattice on the mechanical properties of copper, which is representative of a range of fcc alloys that are known to exhibit radiation tolerance [78]. Copper nanopillar

High-yield synthesis of silver nanowires for transparent conducting PET films

• Gul Naz,
• Hafsa Asghar,
• Muhammad Ramzan,
• Muhammad Arshad,
• Rashid Ahmed,
• Muhammad Bilal Tahir,
• Bakhtiar Ul Haq,
• Nadeem Baig and
• Junaid Jalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 624–632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.51

• PET films whose transmittance was calculated to be up to 92.5%. Experimental Materials All required chemical reagents, that is, silver nitrate (AgNO3), ethyl glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), copper chloride (CuCl2), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, acetone, and

Stability and activity of platinum nanoparticles in the oxygen electroreduction reaction: is size or uniformity of primary importance?

• Kirill O. Paperzh,
• Anastasia A. Alekseenko,
• Vadim A. Volochaev,
• Ilya V. Pankov,
• Olga A. Safronenko and
• Vladimir E. Guterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.49

• min. A drop of the resulting suspension was applied to a standard copper mesh with a diameter of 3.05 mm, covered with a 5–6 nm thick layer of amorphous carbon. Next, the sample was dried in air at room temperature for 60 min. The histograms of platinum nanoparticle size distribution in the catalysts

Properties of graphene deposited on GaN nanowires: influence of nanowire roughness, self-induced nanogating and defects

• Jakub Kierdaszuk,
• Piotr Kaźmierczak,
• Justyna Grzonka,
• Aleksandra Krajewska,
• Aleksandra Przewłoka,
• Wawrzyniec Kaszub,
• Zbigniew R. Zytkiewicz,
• Marta Sobanska,
• Maria Kamińska,
• Andrzej Wysmołek and
• Aneta Drabińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 566–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.47

• copper foil with methane gas as the precursor [31]. Next, graphene was transferred onto GaN NWs substrates. Due to low adhesive forces between graphene and corrugated substrates, the most common method to transfer graphene with the use of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer could not be applied for

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• gold, silver, or copper. Additionally, the shape, density, and form of the nanoparticles on the SERS substrates were found to be critical parameters for field enhancement [4][7] and the formation of the so-called hot spots [4]. These hot spots can be created, for example, by nanoparticles forming small

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• characterizations. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) were conducted of NM-212 dispersed in DI water, sonicated for 10 min in a bath, and captured on 300 mesh lacey carbon copper grids dipped into the dispersion for

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• working electrode, a slurry composed of previously prepared Co3O4 material, super P carbon (Saibo), and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF; Arkema) (weight ratio of 8:1:1) mixed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was prepared and then coated on copper foil by using a doctor blade. After that, the electrode was dried

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• . TEM samples were prepared by drop casting the with acetonitrile diluted material on 200 µm carbon-coated copper grids, followed by washing the grid several times with acetonitrile to remove the excess ionic liquid. The size distribution was determined manually or with the aid of the Gatan Digital

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• combination with a thermal stability up to 2600 K [50], renders graphene an exciting candidate for room-temperature bolometry [51]. Single-layer graphene was grown by chemical vapor deposition onto a multicrystalline copper foil using methane as precursor gas at 1035 °C. For the transfer process, the graphene

• sheet was covered by a 500 nm thick PMMA layer. After etching the copper foil, the graphene sheet was transferred onto a SiN membrane with a regular grid of holes. The transfer process is described in detail elsewhere [52]. The SiN membrane was covered with a thin layer of gold, which allowed us to

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• ) and 100 IU/mL pen/strep (Gibco by Life Technologies), respectively [62]. Briefly, a carbon-coated copper grid (300 mesh; Agar scientific) was placed into a clear plastic centrifuge tube and 4 mL of sample was added into the tube very slowly. The tube was covered by parafilm and ultracentrifuged for 1

A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• to generate more reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to induce oxidative stress could be a reason for their antibacterial activity against R. solanacearum in tobacco plants [23]. Aside from MgO NPs, other nanomaterials, including titanium dioxide (TiO2 NPs), zinc oxide (ZnO NPs), copper oxide (CuO NPs

• zebrafish hatching enzyme 1 (ZHE1), which caused a delay in the hatching of zebrafish embryos by 50% following its exposure to copper oxide (CuO). The group of d’Amora [51] compared the toxicity of oxidized carbon nano-onions, oxidized carbon nano-horns, and graphene oxide on the development of zebrafish

• ][158]. Improving the luster and the quality of silkworm silk is imperative and studies are being carried out in this direction. Feeding silkworms with nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), titanium dioxide, copper, and graphene has been reported to improve the mechanical properties and

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• flexible conductive materials, metallic materials (e.g., copper, zinc, silver, and gold) are still frequently used as electrodes for flexible electronics due to their excellent electrical conductivity. By using the Kapton tape to attach soft stencils to paper, various metals can be deposited through the

• by stencil-assisted vapor deposition [103]. The arrays of small holes with various shapes and distributions are drilled on the stencil via laser cutting, and a layer of copper with thickness of 100 nm is deposited onto the electrode via physical vapor deposition. By combining the stencil-assisted

• power sources or self-powering strategies. Chen et al. showed the construction of origami P-TENGs as a self-powered paper interface (SPIN) to harvest mechanical energy from contact–separation movements [132] (Figure 6b). The SPIN unit is made of copper tape electrodes, PTFE, and nylon sheet friction

The role of gold atom concentration in the formation of Cu–Au nanoparticles from the gas phase

• Yuri Ya. Gafner,
• Svetlana L. Gafner,
• Darya A. Ryzkova and
• Andrey V. Nomoev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 72–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.6

• concentration of gold atoms on the size and on the actual chemical composition of the formed bimetallic nanoparticles. The modeled region had a cubic shape with a face length of 1350 Bohr radii and contained a total of 91125 copper and gold atoms uniformly distributed in space. Thus, based on the results of the

• initial vapor phase, basically corresponded to a given target composition. Keywords: binary nanoparticles; computer simulation; copper; gold; molecular dynamics; Introduction The nanometer-sized Cu–Au compounds are being studied quite actively [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] because of their potential

• oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde and in the epoxidation of propene with nitrous oxide. Moreover, in experimental and theoretical works [9], it was clearly shown that the partial substitution of copper with gold leads to a change in the physicochemical properties in many cases. For example, there

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• less defective flakes were obtained. The volumetric capacitance of the delaminated Mo2CTx “paper” was measured as 700 F·cm−3 at 2 mV·s−1 [28]. Ramachandran et al. developed a MXene composite with non-peripheral octamethyl-substituted copper(II) phthalocyanine, MXene/N-CuMe2Pc, with different fractions

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• UCNPs, was dried on a carbon-coated copper grid (Cu 400 mesh, Quantifoil®: 100 carbon support films). The images were analyzed using the software FIJI. At least 300 particles per sample were analyzed. Dynamic light scattering and electrophoretic light scattering The DLS and ELS measurements were

Atomic layer deposited films of Al₂O₃ on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes: stability and barrier properties

• Hana Krýsová,
• Michael Neumann-Spallart,
• Hana Tarábková,
• Pavel Janda,
• Ladislav Kavan and
• Josef Krýsa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 24–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.2

• semiconducting electrodes, such as ZnO. Aluminium oxide is another promising candidate for this task. It is amphoteric but insoluble in aqueous media at a neutral pH value [8][9]. ALD oxide layers, including Al2O3, were used as barrier coatings on copper to protect against corrosion in 0.1 M NaCl [10]. As