A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans

• Selene Acosta,
• Carlos Moreno-Aguilar,
• Dania Hernández-Sánchez,
• Beatriz Morales-Cruzado,
• Erick Sarmiento-Gomez,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Luis Octavio Sánchez-Vargas and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1054–1061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.90

• by the exfoliation of graphite in sterile deionized water using Ce6 as the stabilizing molecule. To do this, graphite was sterilized by exposure to ultraviolet light for 45 min, and a methanol solution of Ce6 was filtered using a 0.2 μm pore size filter to ensure the sterility of the sample. The

Electrochemical nanostructuring of (111) oriented GaAs crystals: from porous structures to nanowires

• Elena I. Monaico,
• Eduard V. Monaico,
• Veaceslav V. Ursaki,
• Shashank Honnali,
• Vitalie Postolache,
• Karin Leistner,
• Kornelius Nielsch and
• Ion M. Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 966–975, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.81

• was used. An optical filter was used to select radiation from the near-IR spectral range (700–2500 nm, optical power 130 mW). The current through the samples was measured by means of a Keithley’s Series 2400 source measure unit. Since the photoconductivity decay time is long enough, a mechanical

A 3D-polyphenylalanine network inside porous alumina: Synthesis and characterization of an inorganic–organic composite membrane

• Jonathan Stott and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.78

• filter holder from Millipore and sealed with silicone rings. Hydrolysis of methoxy groups and functionalization of the surface of the ALOX-membrane due a condensation reaction between hydroxyl groups on the surface and hydroxylated silanes. Synthesis of NCA-monomers from α-amino acids and triphosgene

Extracting viscoelastic material parameters using an atomic force microscope and static force spectroscopy

• Cameron H. Parvini,
• M. A. S. R. Saadi and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 922–937, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.77

• , smoothing the deflection data with a simple first-order Butterworth filter can remove some of the measurement noise and make finding the deflection minimum easier. While searching for the smallest value without filtering, noise can cause neighboring points to appear lower than the actual minimum and

Measurement of electrostatic tip–sample interactions by time-domain Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Christian Ritz,
• Tino Wagner and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 911–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.76

• Kalman filter; Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM); time domain; Introduction Electrostatic forces are important interactions in non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM). They arise from differences in the work function of the tip and the sample, from trapped charges, or from potentials applied to

• found from their ratio which otherwise only depends on the parameters of the applied modulation, Uac and Udc. When applying KFM as an open-loop technique, optimization of filter parameters is possible, leading to an improved controller performance [16]. For correct height measurements, it is necessary

• . Another possibility for compensating the remaining frequency shift is the use of two-pass methods with feed-forward compensation techniques [20][21]. In this paper, we present a time-domain (TD) controller for KFM as a single-pass solution to the problem outlined above. Our method uses a Kalman filter as

Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Faraz A. Inam,
• Shin-ichiro Sato and
• Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

• as well as from nearby emitters which are not resolved by the optical imaging system. A small fraction of the background counts may also come from the laser back reflection that passes through the filter. The coincidence data is background corrected and then normalized to obtain the intensity

Exfoliation in a low boiling point solvent and electrochemical applications of MoO₃

• Matangi Sricharan,
• Bikesh Gupta,
• Sreejesh Moolayadukkam and
• H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 662–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.52

• steel current collectors, separated by filter paper dipped in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. Results and Discussion LPE assisted by tip sonication is an effective technique to peel off mono- and few-layers from layered bulk materials. In the crystal structure of α-MoO3 the atoms are connected to layers through

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• processing at 200 °C for 20 h. After the Teflon-lined autoclave was cooled to room temperature in air, filtration with filter paper of 10 μm pore size was performed to separate the HTC-produced mixture. The filtrate was further filtered with filter paper of 450 nm pore size. The material collected after the

Preparation and in vivo evaluation of glyco-gold nanoparticles carrying synthetic mycobacterial hexaarabinofuranoside

• Gennady L. Burygin,
• Polina I. Abronina,
• Nikita M. Podvalnyy,
• Sergey A. Staroverov,
• Leonid O. Kononov and
• Lev A. Dykman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 480–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.39

• obtained through holding the grid near an incandescent lamp for 2 min. The excess of the liquids was removed by touching the grid to a strip of the filter paper. The grid was washed by a drop of deionized water, dried and then analyzed by TEM. According to TEM data, the prepared Ara6-GNPs 3 and 4 had the

Current measurements in the intermittent-contact mode of atomic force microscopy using the Fourier method: a feasibility analysis

• Berkin Uluutku and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 453–465, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.37

• in our case) acts like an antenna and creates a clear peak at the oscillation frequency in the measured current. This noise is not trivial to filter out due to its location being right at the principal frequency, where we also expect our strongest current peak. This noise may also cause high-gain

Synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic performance of 0D/2D CuO/tourmaline composite photocatalysts

• Changqiang Yu,
• Min Wen,
• Zhen Tong,
• Shuhua Li,
• Yanhong Yin,
• Xianbin Liu,
• Yesheng Li,
• Tongxiang Liang,
• Ziping Wu and
• Dionysios D. Dionysiou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 407–416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.31

• NANO ZS90 instrument (Malvern, UK). Photocatalytic activity evaluation The photocatalytic performance was examined by the degradation of MB with light irradiation simulated by a 300 W Xe lamp with a 420 nm cut-off filter. In detail, 0.05 g of the as-synthesized photocatalyst was added into 100 mL of

Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• morphology of the VLP-siRNA was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Copper grids (400 mesh, Ted Pella) were used, in which 6 μL of the sample was placed at a concentration of 0.1 μg/μL and after two minutes the liquid excess was removed by using Whatman No. 2 filter paper. Negative contrast was

Poly(1-vinylimidazole) polyplexes as novel therapeutic gene carriers for lung cancer therapy

• Gayathri Kandasamy,
• Elena N. Danilovtseva,
• Vadim V. Annenkov and
• Uma Maheswari Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 354–369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.26

• -emission scanning electron microscope (JSM6701F, JEOL, Japan). For transmission electron microscopy, 1 mL of the polyplex was deposited on 400 mesh copper grids (Canemco-Marivac, Canada) and air-dried for 10 min. The excess sample was removed by blotting using a filter paper. The grids were washed using

Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Olivier Bardagot and
• Renaud Demadrille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 323–337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.24

• batch processing options of the OriginPro software (OriginLab Corp.). These routines were employed to import the 2D spectroscopic data and to perform automated curve fit adjustments on the VKPFM(Δt) curves. A Gaussian smooth filter was applied to the spectroscopic images. The processed data display the

Understanding nanoparticle flow with a new in vitro experimental and computational approach using hydrogel channels

• Armel Boutchuen,
• Dell Zimmerman,
• Abdollah Arabshahi,
• John Melnyczuk and
• Soubantika Palchoudhury

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 296–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.22

• immersed in 13 different solutions (5 mL, pH 1–13) and the weights of the swollen hydrogels (Wswollen) were recorded at regular intervals after carefully removing the hydrogel from the solution and blotting the surface water with filter paper. The extent of swelling of the hydrogel (Wt) was measured using

Phase inversion-based nanoemulsions of medium chain triglyceride as potential drug delivery system for parenteral applications

• Eike Folker Busmann,
• Dailén García Martínez,
• Henrike Lucas and
• Karsten Mäder

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 213–224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.16

• 5 imaging reader (BioTek Instruments) using the RFP 531(excitation)/593(emission) filter set. The cell viability was expressed as a percentage of the negative controls (untreated cells) after subtraction of the blank. All experiments were conducted in triplicate. The mean inhibitory concentration

A review of demodulation techniques for multifrequency atomic force microscopy

• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael G. Ruppert and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 76–91, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.8

• multifrequency atomic force microscopy. The compared methods include the lock-in amplifier, coherent demodulator, Kalman filter, Lyapunov filter, and direct-design demodulator. Each method is implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) with a sampling rate of 1.5 MHz. The metrics for comparison include

• ; Kalman filter; Lyapunov filter; digital signal processing; field-programmable gate array (FPGA); Introduction Atomic force microscopy (AFM) [1] has enabled innovation in nanoscale engineering since it was invented in 1986 by Binnig and co-workers. Atomic-scale topographical resolution is achieved by

• [28][31]. Motivated by improving high-speed MF-AFM demodulation capabilities, a multifrequency Kalman filter was developed [32]. It outperformed a commercially available lock-in amplifier in terms of both tracking bandwidth and noise performance. However, a major disadvantage of the Kalman filter is

The different ways to chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: templated vs direct complexation. Influence of particle preparation on morphology, cell uptake and silencing efficiency

• Arianna Gennari,
• Julio M. Rios de la Rosa,
• Erwin Hohn,
• Maria Pelliccia,
• Enrique Lallana,
• Roberto Donno,
• Annalisa Tirella and
• Nicola Tirelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2594–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.250

• , Germany) and a DLS (Zetasizer Nano SZ, Malvern) in the given order. A 0.02% (w/v) NaN3 solution filtered through a 0.1 µm pore size filter was used as the eluent. Prior to injection, the nanoparticle suspensions were concentrated to 3 mg/mL via ultrafiltration by using a membrane with MWCO of 10 kDa and

• adjusted to 7.4 by adding 1 M HCl and the volume brought to 195 mL with distilled water. The resulting medium was filtered using disposable sterile filter systems (0.22 μm) and supplemented accordingly (20% v/v FBS, 2% v/v Penicilin-Streptomycin), referred to a final volume of 250 mL. Nanoparticle

Bombesin receptor-targeted liposomes for enhanced delivery to lung cancer cells

• Mohammad J. Akbar,
• Pâmela C. Lukasewicz Ferreira,
• Melania Giorgetti,
• Leanne Stokes and
• Christopher J. Morris

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2553–2562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.246

• filtration with a 0.2 µm filter. The gradient profile was 0–5 min 5% B, 5–25 min 5–95% B and 5 min 5% B. Peptide samples (≈1 mg/mL in milli-Q water) were eluted on a Phenomenex Luna® C18 (2) LC Column (5 µm, 100 Å, 150 × 4.6 mm, Phenomenex, UK). Conjugate analysis was performed on a Hypersil™ BDS C8 LC

• incubation at 37 °C, cells were transferred onto ice and washed using 500 µL phenol red-free SFM. Samples were analysed on a Beckman Coulter CytoFlex flow cytometer using exited using 488 nm laser and the emitted wavelength acquired using 585/42 bandpass filter. After doublet exclusion, 104 events/sample

Formation of metal/semiconductor Cu–Si composite nanostructures

• Natalya V. Yumozhapova,
• Andrey V. Nomoev,
• Vyacheslav V. Syzrantsev and
• Erzhena C. Khartaeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2497–2504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.240

• precipitation of the powder. The composite nanoparticle vapour, passing into the chamber (9) through the pipe (8), is deposited on the filter (10). Simulation Technique For the simulations, we used the molecular dynamics method, in which the matter is considered at the atomic level without explicitly taking

• of the powder; 8 – connecting pipe; 9 – filter chamber; 10 – filter; 11 – pumping nozzle. Clusters with different silicon contents after 1.5 ns (cooling rate 1 K/ps); dark atoms are copper, light atoms are silicon (on the left is the appearance, on the right is in the incision): a) 10 atom %; b) 50

Coating of upconversion nanoparticles with silica nanoshells of 5–250 nm thickness

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Maysoon Saleh,
• Bastian Rühle,
• Ute Resch-Genger and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2410–2421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.231

• , a sonotrode UP200H (200 W, 24 kHz) from Hielscher was used. Ultrapure water (Millipore; filter size = 0.22 μm, ρ = 18.2 MΩ cm) was used for all syntheses. For the controlled addition of TEOS, a peristaltic pump (REGLO Digital MS–2/8–160) from Ismatec with a TYGON R-3603 tubing, type AME-01or an LA

• electrophoretic light scattering The DLS measurements were carried out with a Zetasizer Nano ZS from Malvern Instruments at 25 °C using a wavelength of 633 nm. The uncoated cores were dispersed in cyclohexane, and the silica-coated particles were dispersed in ethanol and filtered with a sterile syringe filter

Deterministic placement of ultra-bright near-infrared color centers in arrays of silicon carbide micropillars

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Abdul Salam Al Atem,
• Faraz Ahmed Inam,
• Hans Jürgen von Bardeleben,
• Sophie Hameau,
• Ahmed Fahad Almutairi,
• Gérard Guillot,
• Shin-ichiro Sato,
• Alberto Boretti and
• Jean Marie Bluet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2383–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.229

• variable from 10 MHz to 80 MHz. The excitation wavelength to perform the photo counts, photo stability, and power saturation measurements was set to 730 nm (25 nm bandwidth) and 80 MHz. For lifetime measurements we used 40 or 10 MHz. The laser power was finely controlled using a neutral density filter

• signal was transmitted back to the detection arm and filtered using a Thorlabs 850 nm longpass filter (LP, FEL0850). The fluorescence signal was collected using an achromatic aspherical converging lens of 100 mm focal length and sent using a fiber launcher to a multimode 1 m patch fiber coated from 700

• is similar to the one described above with all optics optimized for IR emission. A CW 980 nm diode laser was used to excite the sample and perform confocal mapping, a DM (Semrock Di02-R1064-25x36, filters are LP Semrock BLP02-1319R at 1319 nm and a band-pass filter (BP) from Edmund optics at 1350

A novel method to remove impulse noise from atomic force microscopy images based on Bayesian compressed sensing

• Yingxu Zhang,
• Yingzi Li,
• Zihang Song,
• Zhenyu Wang,
• Jianqiang Qian and
• Junen Yao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2346–2356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.225

• the image may be hidden in the noise [2]. There is no method that can filter out all types of noise at the same time. Therefore, different filtering methods, according to the type of the noise, need to be applied to acquire high-quality images with removed noise [3][4]. Chen [5] has proposed

• “unsupervised destripe” to remove the non-uniform stripe noises from AFM images. Orthogonal wavelets are applied to filter the Gaussian noise from AFM images [6]. For the impulse noise in AFM images, the median filter is generally applied [7][8], where every pixel is replaced by the median value of pixels of

• the neighborhood. In order to reduce the image blurring and the loss of details, the adaptive median filter [9] is proposed where only the noisy pixels are replaced. The removal of impulse noise is decomposed into two steps: the identification of noisy pixels and the recovery of the true image. To

Mannosylated brush copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ε-caprolactone) as multivalent lectin-binding nanomaterials

• Stefania Ordanini,
• Wanda Celentano,
• Anna Bernardi and
• Francesco Cellesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2192–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.212

• acquired with a DeLong America LVEM5 microscope, equipped with a field-emission gun and operating at 5 kV. TEM samples were prepared by dropping 10 µL of sample (10 mg/mL in water) on a copper grid (400 mesh) placed on filter paper. The grid was left to dry overnight for evaporating the solvent

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications

• Alberto Boretti,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Jonathan Blackledge and
• Stefania Castelletto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2128–2151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.207