Growth model and structure evolution of Ag layers deposited on Ge films

• Arkadiusz Ciesielski,
• Lukasz Skowronski,
• Ewa Górecka,
• Jakub Kierdaszuk and
• Tomasz Szoplik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 66–76, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.9

• manipulated. Annealing the samples at temperatures close to the melting point (300 °C for 35 nm thick Ag layer) results in a uniform density of the silver layer, which ultimately terminates the segregation process. Experimental All materials were deposited from fabmate or tungsten crucibles, using a PVD75

The role of ligands in coinage-metal nanoparticles for electronics

• Ioannis Kanelidis and
• Tobias Kraus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2625–2639, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.263

• resolution, they fit through the small nozzles of inkjet printers, they sediment only slowly, and they have lower melting temperatures than the bulk. Many of them carry ligand molecules that need to be considered when using them for electronics. This review is devoted to the role of the ligands. Surface

• particles with organic molecules, one may sinter them to create metallic, conductive connections [32]. The conditions required for successful sintering depend on the tendency of the surface ligands to desorb, which lets particles fuse without melting [122]. Metal nanoparticle films with low insulator–metal

Synthesis of [{AgO₂CCH₂OMe(PPh₃)}_n] and theoretical study of its use in focused electron beam induced deposition

• Jelena Tamuliene,
• Julian Noll,
• Peter Frenzel,
• Tobias Rüffer,
• Alexander Jakob,
• Bernhard Walfort and
• Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2615–2624, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.262

• ), of which the first one corresponds to the melting of 2. However, weight loss of 2 during heat treatment can already be observed at 200 °C, indicating partial evaporation passing over into decomposition, whereas the corresponding DSC signals, as well as vapor pressure measurements (Supporting

Au₅₅, a stable glassy cluster: results of ab initio calculations

• Dieter Vollath,
• David Holec and
• Franz Dieter Fischer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2221–2229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.222

• that is close to the melting enthalpy of bulk gold. Additionally, the surface energy of this cluster was calculated using two different theoretical approaches resulting in values close to the surface energy for bulk gold. It shall be emphasized that it is now possible to give a confidence interval for

• , which is the final relaxed structure. The second regime describes the formation of the cluster. The energy released during this process is close to the enthalpy of melting of gold, 1.24 × 104 J·mol−1 [28]. The two regimes can be explained as: (i) formation of an amorphous cluster from the random

• [29]. The transition to the glassy structure is connected with an energy release equal to the melting enthalpy. Such a phenomenon is not observed for bulk materials, where the formation of the glassy structure is not connected with any energy release. (ii) The interatomic distance is smaller than in

Ta₂N₃ nanocrystals grown in Al₂O₃ thin layers

• Krešimir Salamon,
• Maja Buljan,
• Iva Šarić,
• Mladen Petravić and
• Sigrid Bernstorff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2162–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.215

• alternative plasmonic materials includes the transition-metal nitrides such as TiN, ZrN, TaN or HfN [11][12][13]. Their advantages are compatibility with the silicon CMOS technology and physical properties suitable for harsh environments (high melting point, chemical stability) [14]. In addition, most of

In situ controlled rapid growth of novel high activity TiB₂/(TiB₂–TiN) hierarchical/heterostructured nanocomposites

• Jilin Wang,
• Hejie Liao,
• Yuchun Ji,
• Fei Long,
• Yunle Gu,
• Zhengguang Zou,
• Weimin Wang and
• Zhengyi Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2116–2125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.211

• and carbides have attracted great attention for advanced engineering applications due to their exceptional hardness, thermal and chemical stability at high temperatures [1][2][3]. For example, titanium diboride (TiB2) processes high hardness and a high melting point, good chemical and metallurgical

• melting point, the B2O3 begins to transform into liquid [37]. The molten liquid B2O3 acts as a protective layer and restrains the reaction between remaining TiB2 particle and O2 [36][40]. Thirdly, with the increase of temperature, the evaporation of liquid B2O3 becomes more extensive due to its higher

Preparation and characterization of polycarbonate/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites

• Claudio Larosa,
• Niranjan Patra,
• Marco Salerno,
• Lara Mikac,
• Remo Merijs Meri and
• Mile Ivanda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2026–2031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.203

• % loading, in both heating as well as cooling cycles. The DSC curve of the nanocomposite in the heating cycle exhibits a glass transition temperature at ≈143.5 °C. No amorphous polymer can exhibit a melting transition, as melting is a first-order transition occurring only for crystalline polymers. However

Stick–slip boundary friction mode as a second-order phase transition with an inhomogeneous distribution of elastic stress in the contact area

• Iakov A. Lyashenko,
• Vadym N. Borysiuk and
• Valentin L. Popov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1889–1896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.189

• of the friction block through an elastic spring, the frequency of the melting/solidification phase transitions increases with time. Keywords: boundary friction; dimensionality reduction; numerical simulation; shear stress and strain; stick–slip motion; tribology; Introduction The boundary friction

• . The boundary friction mode can be described within the framework of several theoretical models [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] where lubricant melting is described either as a first-order [8][9], or a second-order [10][11] phase transition. It is worth mentioning that in three-dimensional systems, melting

• always appears as a first-order phase transition [13], while in the systems with confined lubricant, second-order phase transitions were observed in both numerical [14][15][16] and theoretical [10] studies. Moreover, recent experimental investigations [5] have shown that melting as a first-order phase

Self-assembly of chiral fluorescent nanoparticles based on water-soluble L-tryptophan derivatives of p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene

• Pavel L. Padnya,
• Irina A. Khripunova,
• Olga A. Mostovaya,
• Timur A. Mukhametzyanov,
• Vladimir G. Evtugyn,
• Vyacheslav V. Vorobev,
• Yuri N. Osin and
• Ivan I. Stoikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1825–1835, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.184

• ). The melting points were determined using a Boetius Block apparatus. The purity of the compounds was monitored by melting points, boiling points, 1H NMR and thin layer chromatography (TLC) on 200 μm UV 254 silica gel plate using UV light. All experiments (NMR, UV–vis, CD spectroscopy and DLS) were

Laser processing of thin-film multilayer structures: comparison between a 3D thermal model and experimental results

• Babak B. Naghshine and
• Amirkianoosh Kiani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1749–1759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.176

• sample. Laser processing of Si substrate (bulk material) The melting and boiling points of silicon are 1414 °C and 3538 °C respectively and the heats of fusion and vaporization are 1788 and 13637 kJ/kg [22]. After introducing all the physical properties and the plasma absorption of the silicon, the

• contour at the end of the pulse on the surface and cross-section of the silicon sheet for a repetition rate of 50 kHz and a power of 5 W. The melting point is highlighted and shows a molten zone formed around the ablated area. The pressure difference caused by the shock wave can push away the molten

• . Laser processing of Al-Si thin-film substrate The melting and boiling points of aluminum are 660 °C and 2470 °C respectively and aluminum has a latent heat of fusion of 397 kJ/kg and a latent heat of vaporization of 10,800 kJ/kg [22]. The measured and calculated ablation depths are presented in Table 2

Surface functionalization of 3D-printed plastics via initiated chemical vapor deposition

• Christine Cheng and
• Malancha Gupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1629–1636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.162

• methods of 3DP are most common. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) involves heating a feed filament past the melting point of the material and extruding it onto a platform, which moves progressively downwards as layers are printed [8][9]. Inkjet printing deposits droplets of ink onto a platform, with ink

• flow regulated by a piezoelectric actuator [10][11]. Selective laser sintering uses a laser beam to heat a layer of powder above its melting point, fusing it to the previous layers, and then new powder is subsequently rolled over the printed object [12][13]. In stereolithography (SLA), a laser or UV

Oxidative stabilization of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and carbon nanofibers containing graphene oxide (GO): a spectroscopic and electrochemical study

• İlknur Gergin,
• Ezgi Ismar and
• A. Sezai Sarac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1616–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.161

• rigors of high-temperature processing [9][10][11]. Oxidative stabilization is crucial to prevent melting or fusion of the fibers. Also, it minimizes volatilization of elemental carbon in the following carbonization step and maximizes the final carbon yield. Chemistry and mechanisms of complex oxidative

• -linking of the chain molecules is followed by dehydrogenation [38]. This reaction promotes the creation of a ladder structure from the linear molecule [36][38][44]. Ladder-structure polymers are thermally more stable than linear polymers, because the structure prevents them from melting at higher

A nanocomplex of C₆₀ fullerene with cisplatin: design, characterization and toxicity

• Svitlana Prylutska,
• Svitlana Politenkova,
• Kateryna Afanasieva,
• Volodymyr Korolovych,
• Kateryna Bogutska,
• Andriy Sivolob,
• Larysa Skivka,
• Maxim Evstigneev,
• Viktor Kostjukov,
• Yuriy Prylutskyy and
• Uwe Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1494–1501, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.149

• experiments were performed. As shown before [25], the molar ratio of 1:2.4 yields the highest anticancer activity of the С60+Cis complex and was therefore used in the experiments. Comet assay To obtain lysed cells (nucleoids) 20 µL of the cell suspension was mixed with 40 µL of 1% low-melting agarose (Sigma

• , USA) at ca. 37 °C. 20 µL of the mixture were used to prepare a microscope slide previously covered with 1% high-melting agarose. After agarose polymerization, the slides were placed in the lysis solution consisting of 2.5 М NaCl, 100 mM ЕDTA, 10 mM Tris-HCl (рН 7.5), and 1% Triton X-100 (Ferak

Deposition of exchange-coupled dinickel complexes on gold substrates utilizing ambidentate mercapto-carboxylato ligands

• Martin Börner,
• Laura Blömer,
• Marcus Kischel,
• Peter Richter,
• Georgeta Salvan,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn,
• Pablo F. Siles,
• Maria E. N. Fuentes,
• Carlos C. B. Bufon,
• Daniel Grimm,
• Oliver G. Schmidt,
• Daniel Breite,
• Bernd Abel and
• Berthold Kersting

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1375–1387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.139

• according to a protocol developed for the preparation of self-assembled thiol monolayers [59] as the complexes cannot be deposited via the gas phase. They decompose without melting. Thus, clean gold-coated Si wafers were immersed in a 1 × 10−3 M solution of the respective complex in MeCN or CH2Cl2 for 24 h

Atomic structure of Mg-based metallic glass investigated with neutron diffraction, reverse Monte Carlo modeling and electron microscopy

• Rafał Babilas,
• Dariusz Łukowiec and
• Laszlo Temleitner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1174–1182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.119

• in the form of ribbons with a thickness of 0.08 mm and a width of 10 mm by the melt spinning (MS) technique [16][17][18]. The master alloys as starting materials for MS casting were achieved by the induction melting of pure Mg, Cu, Y and Ni under an argon atmosphere. During the MS, the metallic

AgCl-doped CdSe quantum dots with near-IR photoluminescence

• Pavel A. Kotin,
• Sergey S. Bubenov,
• Natalia E. Mordvinova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1156–1166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.117

• different mechanisms that could explain this process including dissolution of TPs, melting of TPs, Ostwald ripening and, which seems the most probable, their combinations. Some of these processes would lead to highly defective structures. XRF analysis and EDX/TEM imaging During storage of the samples a

CVD transfer-free graphene for sensing applications

• Chiara Schiattarella,
• Sten Vollebregt,
• Tiziana Polichetti,
• Brigida Alfano,
• Ettore Massera,
• Maria Lucia Miglietta,
• Girolamo Di Francia and
• Pasqualina Maria Sarro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1015–1022, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.102

• made as thin as 50 nm without any segregation at the graphene CVD temperature (≈1000 °C), because of the higher melting point of Mo (2623 °C) compared to that of other conventional catalysts such as Cu (1085 °C) or Ni (1455 °C). Moreover, this allows a pre-patterning the film for the selective growth

Vapor-phase-synthesized fluoroacrylate polymer thin films: thermal stability and structural properties

• Paul Christian and
• Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 933–942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.95

• thus larger lattice distances) upon temperature increase, corresponding to thermal expansion of the unit cell. At 76 ± 2 °C, a sudden decrease in the diffracted intensity is then observed, denoting the melting point of the lamella. As the temperature is further increased to 100 °C, no change is

• the data. These points correspond to melting, and respectively, crystallization of the lamella. These thermal transition points are in reasonable agreement with those determined from the X-ray diffraction experiment (76 ± 2 and 69 ± 2 °C). The difference is attributed to general sensitivity and

• depend linearly on temperature. Figure 8 displays the change in thermal expansion coefficients as a function of EGDMA content in the regions below and above the thermal transitions points ((10–45 °C) and 110–150 °C), respectively). Below the melting point, the PFDA homopolymer exhibits the highest

Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes

• Marianna V. Kharlamova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 826–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.85

• the nanometer scale leads to an increase in the ratio of surface atoms to internal atoms [50]. The surface atoms are electronically and coordinatively unsaturated. This leads to changed physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles in comparison to the bulk metal, for example, lower melting

• temperature and higher carbon solubility [50]. The melting temperature of metallic catalytic particles is lowered by two effects. Firstly, the melting temperature of the particle (Tp) with the radius r is decreased by the Gibbs–Thomson effect by the equation: where T0 is the bulk melting temperature of a

• metal, ΔHfusion is the latent heat of fusion, ρs and ρl are the densities of solid and liquid metal, respectively, σsl is the solid–liquid interfacial energy and σl is the surface energy of the liquid [50][51]. Figure 2 demonstrates the melting temperature of iron, nickel, gold and silver particles as a

Modeling adsorption of brominated, chlorinated and mixed bromo/chloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins on C₆₀ fullerene using Nano-QSPR

• Piotr Urbaszek,
• Agnieszka Gajewicz,
• Celina Sikorska,
• Maciej Haranczyk and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 752–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.78

• definition, is an experimentally measured or calculated numerical parameter describing a particular molecule (e.g., dipole moment, number of halogen atoms, melting temperature, molecular mass, total energy). The list of 26 descriptors used in the project and more detailed information about their calculation

First examples of organosilica-based ionogels: synthesis and electrochemical behavior

• Andreas Taubert,
• Ruben Löbbicke,
• Barbara Kirchner and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 736–751, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.77

• by simple variation of the respective ions. This facilitates the tailoring of their properties, e.g., viscosity, ionic conductivity, solubility, or melting and glass points and therefore makes ILs perfect media for task-specific applications [1][4]. Additionally, compared to many systems based on

• crystallization or melting peaks are visible in the range of −170 to 150 °C. The fact that the glass transition is less visible in the cooling curves is due to supercooling and indicates rather slow dynamics of the IL due to high viscosity, similar to our previous example [25]. Table 2 shows that the glass

Dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes with supramolecular Congo red – properties of the complexes and mechanism of the interaction

• Anna Jagusiak,
• Barbara Piekarska,
• Tomasz Pańczyk,
• Małgorzata Jemioła-Rzemińska,
• Elżbieta Bielańska,
• Barbara Stopa,
• Grzegorz Zemanek,
• Janina Rybarska,
• Irena Roterman and
• Leszek Konieczny

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 636–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.68

• increasing temperature. Using DSC we can observe changes in the heat capacity that accompany heating or cooling of the sample, and thus analyse the melting or the formation of supramolecular structures for both free CR and CR attached to the carbon nanotube surface. We analysed heat capacity changes in two

• formation of the ordered structures - which lowers the heat capacity (downward peaks), and melting of supramolecular structures (endothermic processes – upward peaks). Thermograms for free and SWNT-bound CR at two concentrations (2 and 5 mg/mL) are presented in Figure 6. The “first heating” thermogram was

• . Melting of an ordered supramolecular CR takes place at about 50 °C – this is clearly visible for the 5 mg/mL sample (Figure 6B, curve 1 and 3). In previously published results (for 10 mg/mL CR solutions) melting took place at 40 to 60 °C, depending upon the ionic strength of the solution [32]. When

Anodization-based process for the fabrication of all niobium nitride Josephson junction structures

• Massimiliano Lucci,
• Ivano Ottaviani,
• Matteo Cirillo,
• Fabio De Matteis,
• Roberto Francini,
• Vittorio Merlo and
• Ivan Davoli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 539–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.58

• vacuum conditions. Temperature control is particularly relevant when lithographic patterns impressed by photoresist (an organic polymeric compound melting above 120 °C) are present on the substrate because the degassing of the polymer pollutes the deposition chamber. For this reason the temperature of

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• extraction system (ASES), sorted among the supercritical processes for a better understanding. Melting and milling processes for producing sub-micrometer energetic materials require one or more additional liquids, therefore these techniques are classified as wet methods. Wet production methods

• triggered by supercritical CO2 drying. Even if the sensitivity and the density were not improved, the increase of the heat of explosion measured and the originality of the approach make the formation of a nanocomposite based entirely on energetic materials through chemical binding promising. Melting Many

• high energetic materials degrade very close to their melting point. Therefore, only a few such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) or TNB can be used in the molten state since the melting temperature is at least 100 °C away from the exothermic decomposition. The melt–cast process of TNT-based compositions

Association of aescin with β- and γ-cyclodextrins studied by DFT calculations and spectroscopic methods

• Ana I. Ramos,
• Pedro D. Vaz,
• Susana S. Braga and
• Artur M. S. Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 348–357, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.37

• the seeds of the horse chestnut tree, Aesculus hippocastanum (Hippocastanaceae). It is a natural mixture of acylated triterpene glycosides. In early studies, the saponins present in aescin were divided into two forms, α-aescin and β-aescin, with distinct melting point, hemolytic index, specific