Open-loop amplitude-modulation Kelvin probe force microscopy operated in single-pass PeakForce tapping mode

• Gheorghe Stan and
• Pradeep Namboodiri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.83

• FM-KPFM are insensitive to the selected tip–sample orientation. Thus, when the cantilever is over the Au region (Figure 1b), the CPD measured over Au is the same in both AM-KPFM (left part of Figure 1d) and FM-KPFM (left part of Figure 1e) but significantly lower over the Al region in the AM-KPFM map

• . The value determined for CPDnon-local becomes less accurate when the region underneath the cantilever has large variations in surface potential. By adjusting the relative orientation of the cantilever with respect to the scanned area (i.e., sample rotation or scanning at a different angle), an average

Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation?

• Annalena Wolff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 965–983, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.73

• study of microstructure, grain size, and orientation as well as strain of a crystallographic sample. In addition, the technique can be used for phase analysis. A mirror-flat sample surface is required for this analysis technique and different polishing approaches have been used over the years. A

• spectroscopy (WDS). The sample surface is conventionally tilted to 70° for the measurement and the backscatter diffraction of the SEM beam electrons leads to the formation of Kikuchi patterns on the EBSD phosphor screen which are characteristic of the crystal structure and orientation of the sample at the scan

• to create TEM grids has induced this strain and the result is not unexpected. An EBSD orientation map of the non-irradiated copper sample was recorded over a 39 µm field of view using a 39 nm step size on a sufficiently flat sample area for 14.5 h. 20% zero solutions we returned for that specific

Self-assembly of Eucalyptus gunnii wax tubules and pure ß-diketone on HOPG and glass

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 939–949, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.70

• mass deposition, also known as “coffee ring effect” [36], was visible in low magnification. In areas of very high mass accumulation, both substances assembled into plates with a random orientation and into tubules on both substrates. On areas with lower mass accumulation, different structures were

• where platelets were denser, they were connected with each other and formed a structured network (comparable to Figure 2b). ß-Diketone also formed platelets that were similar in form and orientation to those formed from plant wax. However, entire platelets rather than irregular ones were formed. The

• platelets were longer (0.5–6 µm) and either stood vertically in a parallel orientation or formed acute angles with each other (Figure 3b). Their upper edges were grooved and thicker on their endings (Figure 3b,d,f). Recrystallization on glass Similar to SEM micrographs, AFM images also showed that a high

In situ transport characterization of magnetic states in Nb/Co superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures

• Olena M. Kapran,
• Roman Morari,
• Taras Golod,
• Evgenii A. Borodianskyi,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Andrei Prepelita,
• Nikolay Klenov,
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 913–923, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.68

• unconventional odd-frequency spin-triplet order parameter should appear. The non-hysteretic nature of this state allows for reversible tuning of the magnetic orientation. Thus, we identify the range of parameters and the procedure for in situ control of devices based on S/F heterostructures. Keywords: cryogenic

• relative orientation of magnetizations in several F-layers [18][19][22][23][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. However, the practical realization of such devices is complicated because neither ways of controlling many degrees of freedom in S/F multilayers, nor methods for monitoring magnetic

• magnetic state implies a possibility of variation of a relative magnetization orientation in neighbor F-layers, which requires different coercive fields. To facilitate this, we use dissimilar Co layers with thicknesses of 1.5 and 2.5 nm. Nb/Co MLs with similar Co thicknesses have been studied earlier and

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• , and image classification is one of the most basic tasks. “Classifying” means assigning the image to a specific category [7], such as dog/cat for kind of animal, healthy/diseased for cells, particular orientation/configuration for an adsorbed molecule. There could be many different classes in a data

• analogy of neural networks to the physiological ones was furthered in the 1962 work of Hubel and Wiesel, which showed that a set of neurons arranged in a column extending inwards from the brain surface all respond to stimuli of a specific orientation and location [27]. For instance, a particular column

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• freestyle swimming mode. The speed and orientation of the robot can be adjusted remotely by adjusting the magnetic field. The maximum speed is 59.6 μm/s, which is equivalent to a relative speed of about twelve body lengths per second. For the first time, oscillating magnetic fields were used to generate a

Physical constraints lead to parallel evolution of micro- and nanostructures of animal adhesive pads: a review

• Thies H. Büscher and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 725–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.57

• under compression but strong under tension, (4) anisotropy in fibre orientation, and (5) presence of fluid in the contact area. Adaptation to fractal substrate surfaces due to hierarchical organization Hairs with high aspect ratios in the hairy systems and internal fibres/filaments of smooth systems

• represents their main structure/functional similarity to hairy pads. Anisotropy in fibre orientation Since fibres are normally not oriented perpendicularly to the pad surface (Figure 7), but rather at some angle (45–60°) and sloped into the distal direction, they do not buckle but rather bend under load

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• properties of helium ion-irradiated silicon nanopillars have since been investigated as well, observing a softening behavior upon amorphization and swelling [89]. Helium ion irradiation of single-crystal diamond nanopillars has revealed an orientation dependence of the irradiation damage and associated

Impact of GaAs(100) surface preparation on EQE of AZO/Al₂O₃/p-GaAs photovoltaic structures

• Piotr Caban,
• Rafał Pietruszka,
• Jarosław Kaszewski,
• Monika Ożga,
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski,
• Krzysztof Kopalko,
• Piotr Kuźmiuk,
• Katarzyna Gwóźdź,
• Ewa Płaczek-Popko,
• Krystyna Lawniczak-Jablonska and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 578–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.48

• ][18][19]. Many protocols for etching solutions are known. Depending on the requirements (e.g., etched compound – oxide or semiconductor, etching profiles, etching rate, ability to remove contaminants – heavy metals, and crystallographic orientation of the substrate) one can use a suitable solution [20

Influence of electrospray deposition on C₆₀ molecular assemblies

• Antoine Hinaut,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Sara Freund,
• Zhao Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 552–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.45

• reactivity of the surface, the presence of defects, already reported [37] and visible as small holes, should be noted. C60 on the surface can easily be identified as large bright areas corresponding to monolayer islands. These islands show irregular contour paths without preferential orientation as well as

• = 1.079 MHz, A2 = 800 pm, Δf2 = −30 Hz; (c, e) f1 = 152 kHz, A1 = 8 nm, Δf1 = −8 Hz. The crystal lattice orientation is shown in (b). Scale bar: (a–c) 100 nm, (d) 2 nm, (e) 10 nm. C60 on a NiO(001) surface. (a) Large scale topography nc-AFM image after TE; inset: zoom on an island with molecular

Determining amplitude and tilt of a lateral force microscopy sensor

• Oliver Gretz,
• Alfred J. Weymouth,
• Thomas Holzmann,
• Korbinian Pürckhauer and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 517–524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.42

• Supporting Information File 1. (a) Sketch of the qPlus sensor in LFM orientation with amplitude A and the sensor tilt θ. (b) Photograph of a qPlus sensor glued perpendicularly on a sensor holder shown by the white substrate. Simulated Morse potential interaction for a LFM setup and comparison to normal AFM

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• selective enhancement of Raman signals from the samples. Previous studies showed that the RRE in liquid water directly corresponds to its supramolecular structure. It was also reported that the electric-field-induced orientation of water molecules on the electrode surface results in the surface-enhanced

• only a result of the specific orientation of water molecules on a silver surface, one should expect that this effect is visible for all AgNPs and is stronger for samples with a higher total metal surface. Taking into account the smaller average size of the AgNPs in the AgNPs yellow sample (higher total

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• determined not only by the large part of the surface atoms, but also by the crystallographic orientation on their surface. The number of atoms on the surface is influenced by the size of the nanoparticle, while the crystallographic orientation depends on the shape of the particles. The surfaces with {111

Reconstruction of a 2D layer of KBr on Ir(111) and electromechanical alteration by graphene

• Zhao Liu,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Stefan Peeters,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Maria Clelia Righi and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 432–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.35

• long diagonal of the iridium unit cell ( = 470 pm) [41]. This observation already corresponds well with the three directions observed for the line structures and the main crystallographic directions of the Ir(111) surface. However, in the orthogonal direction (i.e., [011] orientation), the lattice

• answer, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to conclude on the observed structure. As a fundamental consideration, the lattice match for the orientation of KBr to fit the direction of Ir(111) due to was used and several possible periodicities have been considered as

Spontaneous shape transition of Mn_xGe_1−x islands to long nanowires

• S. Javad Rezvani,
• Luc Favre,
• Gabriele Giuli,
• Yiming Wubulikasimu,
• Isabelle Berbezier,
• Augusto Marcelli,
• Luca Boarino and
• Nicola Pinto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 366–374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.30

• characteristic peaks of Mn5Ge3 and Mn11Ge8 can be due to the perfect iso-orientation of all the NPs present on the film surface (Figure 1c). Similar results have been observed on thinner samples, even if the detected signal has been less intense due to the reduced thickness of the Mn layer. The results of SEM

Structural and optical characteristics determined by the sputtering deposition conditions of oxide thin films

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Florin Garoi and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 354–365, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.29

• dioxide (SiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on quartz substrates was investigated. The deposition conditions were optimized to achieve stoichiometric thin films. The orientation of crystallites, structure, and composition were investigated by X-ray

• was done to determine the type of structure (e.g., polycrystalline or amorphous) and orientation of the thin films. Figure 1 shows typical XRD patterns of ZnO thin films with increasing thickness and prepared via rfMS. Following the effect of the deposition parameters of the oxide films we found that

• diffractograms [38]. These diffractograms indicate good crystalline quality and the analyzed films show two diffraction peaks, characteristic of the ZnO hexagonal structure (wurtzite). The studied thin films have a crystalline structure with a strong orientation of the planes (002) parallel to the surface of the

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

• Christian Voelkner,
• Mirco Wendt,
• Regina Lange,
• Max Ulbrich,
• Martina Gruening,
• Susanne Staehlke,
• Barbara Nebe,
• Ingo Barke and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

• orange for better visibility. The areas marked in red were measured with the SICM. (a) Sheet-like protrusions (ruffles) that mostly orient to the cell edge (right side in the image) are visible. The streaky appearance corresponds to the fast scan direction and the orientation of the ruffles is stable

• the cell nucleus. These tail-like features are characterized by heights of less than 100 nm and seem to show no flapping, which results in almost orthogonal orientation with respect to the cell membrane. (b) Depressions or holes in the cell membrane of ca. 500 nm depth. Similar features in literature

Extended iron phthalocyanine islands self-assembled on a Ge(001):H surface

• Rafal Zuzak,
• Marek Szymonski and
• Szymon Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 232–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.19

• single-layer islands extending surprisingly far over distances reaching hundreds of nanometers. Within these islands FePc molecules adopt an upright orientation, which is characteristic for substrates weekly interacting with metal phthalocyanines. Our combined scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and

• between the island and the surface and also a low barrier for island displacement. Further, from the analysis of the apparent height of the molecular island, an upright orientation of the molecules can be inferred. Such a behavior has been frequently reported for substrates on which the interaction

• between the molecules and the surface is weak. This leads to a dominant role of molecule–molecule interactions and the formation of molecular crystals. In case of phthalocyanines, the upright orientation has been reported, for example, for CuPc on a layer of C60 [66] and for CuPc on top of the CuPc

TiO_x/Pt₃Ti(111) surface-directed formation of electronically responsive supramolecular assemblies of tungsten oxide clusters

• Marco Moors,
• Yun An,
• Agnieszka Kuc and
• Kirill Yu. Monakhov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 203–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.16

• obtained from the atomic charge analysis, corresponding to +IV and +VI in W3O8. Electron density and electron localization function show a slight increase for the WIV atom compared to the W3O9 cluster. In addition, the orientation of one of the W3O9 clusters in the layer below has obviously changed

• partial reduction of one of the tungsten atoms resulting in W3O8. Panels (c) and (d) illustrate the proposed structures before and after the procedure. The graph in (e) shows the corresponding height profile of the W3O9 stack in (a) marked by the red line. Panel (f) illustrates the proposed orientation on

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• layers. The adjustable parameters of the crease patterns, such as shape, size, and orientation, are key to the aesthetics and functionality of the SPIN energy-harvesting units. There are four types of folding structures for an efficient energy harvesting: the stripe fold, the Miura fold, the Yoshimura

Mapping the local dielectric constant of a biological nanostructured system

• Wescley Walison Valeriano,
• Rodrigo Ribeiro Andrade,
• Juan Pablo Vasco,
• Angelo Malachias,
• Bernardo Ruegger Almeida Neves,
• Paulo Sergio Soares Guimarães and
• Wagner Nunes Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 139–150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.11

• , resulting in an orientation of the wing fragment perpendicular to the cutting plane. Sections 40 nm thick of the apex wedge were cut using a diamond knife and placed on 10 mm × 10 mm Au/Cr (60 nm/20 nm)-coated silicon wafer pieces. A conductive substrate surface is necessary for the proposed εr

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• (NTA) terminal groups for the interaction with the His-tagged PMs forming a quasi-monolayer of His-tagged PM on top of the CNM-NTA. The formation of the Ni-NTA/His-tag complex leads to the unidirectional orientation of PM on the CNM substrate. Electrophoretic sedimentation was employed to optimize the

• , the unidirectional orientation of the patches is an important requirement for a functional device [8]. Although various methods have already been tested with varying degrees of success in terms of orientation [23][24][25][26][27][28], the fusion of oriented membrane patches into a single, free

• using OriginPro 8 SR0 v8.0724 (OriginLab Corporation, Wellesley Hills, MA, USA). Results and Discussion Improving substrate coverage and PM orientation An oriented deposition of the PM patches is required to take advantage of the unidirectional proton transferability of PM. Preliminary experiments were

Kondo effects in small-bandgap carbon nanotube quantum dots

• Patryk Florków,
• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1873–1890, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.169

• different types. Full spin–orbital degeneracy might be recovered at zero field and, correspondingly, the SU(4) Kondo effect sets in. We point out the possibility of the occurrence of electron–hole Kondo effects in slanting magnetic fields, which we predict to occur in magnetic fields with an orientation

• close to perpendicular. When the field approaches a transverse orientation a crossover from SU(2) or SU(3) symmetry into SU(4) is observed. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; Kondo effect; mesoscopic transport; quantum dots; valleytronics; Introduction Due to their remarkable electronic, transport

• –hole degeneracy occurring in transverse fields (|h1+⟩, |h−1+⟩, |e1−⟩, |e−1−⟩). Before discussing the correlation effects, let us show how the ground-state diagrams of an isolated dot change with the strength of SO interaction or with the orientation of the magnetic field. We restrict ourselves to the

Scanning transmission imaging in the helium ion microscope using a microchannel plate with a delay line detector

• Eduardo Serralta,
• Nico Klingner,
• Olivier De Castro,
• Michael Mousley,
• Santhana Eswara,
• Serge Duarte Pinto,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Gregor Hlawacek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1854–1864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.167

• the contrast of certain compositional features of the sample. Crystalline materials can also give rise to additional contrast mechanisms. In crystalline materials, the stopping force depends on the orientation of the crystal [16]. Along some orientations, the target atoms are aligned in rows or planes

• probability of undergoing large-angle scattering. Hence, it will have a smaller energy loss per distance compared to random directions. This phenomenon is called the channeling effect and has been described for megaelectronvolt ions in detail in [17]. When compared to a random orientation, the channeling

• . Diffraction patterns yield additional information on the crystal lattice and orientation. However, this application demands a detector with high spatial resolution taking into consideration the energy range and typical space restrictions in the HIM. In the past, several attempts to utilize the transmission

The influence of an interfacial hBN layer on the fluorescence of an organic molecule

• Christine Brülke,
• Oliver Bauer and
• Moritz M. Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1663–1684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.149