Enhancement of mechanical and electrical properties of continuous-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites with stacked graphene

• Naum Naveh,
• Olga Shepelev and
• Samuel Kenig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1909–1918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.191

• negligible or minor but negative, and SG agglomeration seen in Figure 2 is supporting these findings. All laminated composites manifested increased DMA storage moduli. Composites with modified epoxy/SG matrices demonstrated a significant increase of storage moduli at elevated temperatures, and higher Young’s

• . The reason for the latter deterioration could be attributed to the increased rigidity of the laminates expressed as lower strain at yield, or the incompatibility between the FG sizing and the various SAAs leading to agglomeration in the matrix phase, as shown in Figure 3. Experiments aimed at

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• and agglomeration of the outer nanometer-sized PMMA shell domain during the preoxidation treatment. FTIR was used to study the structure change of PAN-PMMA1 nanoparticles after the preoxidation treatment. By comparing the spectrum of the PAN-PMMA1 nanoparticles (Figure 3) with those of the preoxidized

• than that of CP6 (35–65 nm). This may be caused by the residual of PMMA shell due to the fairly low carbonization temperature (600 °C). The low viscosity of PMMA fluid formed during the preoxidation treatment enables the agglomeration between the PAN nanoparticles, and thus fails to completely prevent

Optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection

• Tatiana Novikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1844–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.186

• . The high affinity of antibodies to EGFR and the overexpression of EGFR in tumor cells lead to the agglomeration of gold nanoparticles in tumor zone. The scattering cross-section per particle increases when particles agglomerate. It leads to a non-linear enhancement in scattering resulting in a large

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and environmental remediation applications

• Suneel Kumar,
• Ashish Kumar,
• Ashish Bahuguna,
• Vipul Sharma and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1571–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.159

Calcium fluoride based multifunctional nanoparticles for multimodal imaging

• Marion Straßer,
• Joachim H. X. Schrauth,
• Sofia Dembski,
• Daniel Haddad,
• Bernd Ahrens,
• Stefan Schweizer,
• Bastian Christ,
• Alevtina Cubukova,
• Marco Metzger,
• Heike Walles,
• Peter M. Jakob and
• Gerhard Sextl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1484–1493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.148

• relaxivities cannot be explained with the deviation of the MR measurements. More likely, this trend is triggered by an agglomeration of the NPs. This results in a lower concentration of Gd3+ on the surface of the NPs, which leads to a lower interaction with the surrounding protons, implying a higher relaxation

Low uptake of silica nanoparticles in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial barriers

• Dong Ye,
• Mattia Bramini,
• Delyan R. Hristov,
• Sha Wan,
• Anna Salvati,
• Christoffer Åberg and
• Kenneth A. Dawson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1396–1406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.141

• state of agglomeration in the different media of interest were determined by differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS). The characterisation of one batch is summarised in Table 1 (Supporting Information File 1, Figures S2 and S3 show corresponding distributions). DCS of both nanoparticles suspended

• , with no signs of agglomeration, though naturally serum protein adsorption increases the sizes. Table 1 also shows auxiliary dispersion characterisation by dynamic light scattering (DLS), leading to the same conclusions. Nanoparticle dispersions were prepared with and without FBS protein in order to

Bright fluorescent silica-nanoparticle probes for high-resolution STED and confocal microscopy

• Isabella Tavernaro,
• Christian Cavelius,
• Henrike Peuschel and
• Annette Kraegeloh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.130

• agglomeration and stability) and the fluorescence properties of the obtained particles were compared to particles from commonly known synthesis methods. As a result, the spectroscopic characteristics of the presented monodisperse dye-doped silica nanoparticles were similar to those of the free uncoupled dyes

• suitable for biological nanoparticle uptake experiments and have been used to determine the intracellular migration and nuclear penetration after uptake into Caco-2 cells [44]. They have also been used to analyse their intracellular agglomeration and their association with intracellular vesicles in living

• the bottom of the flask. This may be attributed to the positive charge of the Atto647N dye molecule after embedding, leading to a reduction of the negative ζ-potential of the silica surface and thus to agglomeration of the particles. However, introduction of cysteic acid to the side chain of the dye

Hierarchically structured nanoporous carbon tubes for high pressure carbon dioxide adsorption

• Julia Patzsch,
• Deepu J. Babu and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1135–1144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.115

• . The formed carbon layer serves as the template and carbon source from which the silicon carbide is formed. It furthermore prevents particle agglomeration and reduces the loss of unstable SiO species which are formed during the conversion reaction. The conversion process thus represents a micro

The integration of graphene into microelectronic devices

• Guenther Ruhl,
• Sebastian Wittmann,
• Matthias Koenig and
• Daniel Neumaier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1056–1064, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.107

• the type of metal removal. The first approach is based on the removal of the metal layer during the CVD process by evaporation [26] or agglomeration [27]. However, the evaporation process lowers the graphene quality. The other approach is the implementation of a dissolution–precipitation mechanism of

Assembly of metallic nanoparticle arrays on glass via nanoimprinting and thin-film dewetting

• Sun-Kyu Lee,
• Sori Hwang,
• Yoon-Kee Kim and
• Yong-Jun Oh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1049–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.106

• junctions and the agglomeration of the film across the pits. Figure 7a–c shows the size distribution of NPs dewetted at different temperatures for a 14 nm thick Ag film. With increasing dewetting temperature, the plots became narrower, eliminating fine and coarse particles. At 500 °C, the plot showed the

Structural properties and thermal stability of cobalt- and chromium-doped α-MnO₂ nanorods

• Romana Cerc Korošec,
• Polona Umek,
• Alexandre Gloter,
• Jana Padežnik Gomilšek and
• Peter Bukovec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1032–1042, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.104

• birnessite-type MnO2 nanoparticles, synthesized under ambient conditions from KMnO4 and ethylene glycol, doping with Co prevented agglomeration and increased the specific surface area. The prepared materials possess a very high specific capacity and are potential candidates for supercapacitors [23]. Co-doped

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

• consideration of various issues that include, but are not limited to the: behavior of ENMs in various media (e.g., dissolution, agglomeration/aggregation, adsorption); persistence (techniques to predict aspects of degradation of certain ENMs; transportation/distribution; predicted environmental concentrations

• have been performed to date have frequently had to rely on expert judgment, which can result in ongoing debates about the validity of the results obtained from this approach [16][18]. Furthermore, the complexities of ENMs transformations (e.g., agglomeration, complex formation) make it difficult to

• complexity associated with having to address the impact of particle size distribution and agglomeration on the fate and transport and bio-uptake of ENMs by ecological receptors. Given the complexity of quantifying environmental exposures to ENMs and the scarcity of toxicity data at the organism level

BTEX detection with composites of ethylenevinyl acetate and nanostructured carbon

• Santa Stepina,
• Astrida Berzina,
• Gita Sakale and
• Maris Knite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 982–988, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.100

• microscope image and dividing it into 12 squares, which are further mathematically processed so that the indices for particle distribution (dIndex), for particle agglomeration (sIndex), and for an overall sample characterization (compIndex) can be calculated. We have adapted the formulas to the images

• little agglomeration. A channel is visible if the electrical current that flows through the sample is greater than 170 pA. The channels vary in current strength from 170 pA to 20.6 nA. Figure 4b shows the channel size distribution histogram. The channels vary in size from 1 to 48 pixels and one pixel is

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• have advantages compared to bare NPs, including reduced NP agglomeration, as well as increased electrical, electrochemical and optical properties. Encapsulating NPs with graphene increases the surface-to-volume ratio that is available for sensing [75]. Furthermore, the presence of graphene results in

Dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes with supramolecular Congo red – properties of the complexes and mechanism of the interaction

• Anna Jagusiak,
• Barbara Piekarska,
• Tomasz Pańczyk,
• Małgorzata Jemioła-Rzemińska,
• Elżbieta Bielańska,
• Barbara Stopa,
• Grzegorz Zemanek,
• Janina Rybarska,
• Irena Roterman and
• Leszek Konieczny

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 636–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.68

• based on the prolonged (2 hours) manual grinding of CR and purified SWNTs in agate mortar with the addition of water to avoid agglomeration of dried CR powder. A greenish black mixture was produced, which was readily dissolved in water [28]. In this paper we present a simpler and more reproducible

Investigation of the photocatalytic efficiency of tantalum alkoxy carboxylate-derived Ta₂O₅ nanoparticles in rhodamine B removal

• Subia Ambreen,
• Mohammad Danish,
• Narendra D. Pandey and
• Ashutosh Pandey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 604–613, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.65

• (Figure 2). SEM micrographs of calcined Ta2O5 nanoparticles are shown in Figure 3. Ta2O5 particles derived from different tantalum alkoxides show different morphologies, particle sizes and distributions. Apparently, the particles are roughly spherical and agglomerated to some level. The agglomeration is

• Ta2O5 particles derived from different precursors exhibit different particle sizes and distributions. Figure 4 shows the particle size and distribution of TOPO-coated Ta2O5 obtained from different precursors. Ta(On-Bu)4(OOCCCl3)-derived nanoparticles were found to display agglomeration in the suspension

Formation and shape-control of hierarchical cobalt nanostructures using quaternary ammonium salts in aqueous media

• Ruchi Deshmukh,
• Anurag Mehra and
• Rochish Thaokar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 494–505, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.53

• shapes are an outcome of agglomeration of initial spherical seed nanoparticles the aggregation of which is facilitated by particle–particle collisions, magnetic moment and directed by the presence of a stabilizing agent (such as TMAH, NH4OH, TEAH, or TBAH), yielding different nanostructures. The magnetic

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• stirring. Achieving a high level of supersaturation results in a higher nucleation rate, but aggregation increases rapidly. For this solvent/compound system, they produced smaller particles and reduced the agglomeration by sonication and the particles were finally obtained by drying. This method may be

• colloid. This technique was also applied on HMX [17] with a particle size around 30 nm and the same conclusions were drawn. Bayat et al. [18], through an optimization of the microemulsion process, crystallized 80 nm plate-like β-CL-20 particles. The severe agglomeration and plate-like morphology could be

• size of 340 nm claimed. The particles also exhibit a certain degree of agglomeration which can be explained again by the pool of surfactant and the air-drying method used. Luo et al. [20] reached an impressive mean diameter of 30 nm of RDX. They used an unusual technique where RDX is dispersed in

Role of oxygen in wetting of copper nanoparticles on silicon surfaces at elevated temperature

• Tapas Ghosh and
• Biswarup Satpati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 425–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.45

• rapid thermal annealing has been performed under various atmospheric conditions. In spite of the general tendency of the agglomeration of nanoparticles to lower the surface energy at elevated temperatures, our plan-view and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray

• spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the thermal oxidation of the copper nanoparticles and formation of cupric oxide (CuO) on silicon surfaces leads to wetting rather than agglomeration. In contrast, agglomeration has been observed when copper nanoparticles were annealed in a

• annealing of thin films on a substrate leads to the formation of islands, which is the consequence of the Gibbs–Thomson effect for the energy minimization [31]. There are different theoretical explanations regarding the mechanism of particle agglomeration. In general, a copper thin film is agglomerated via

Uptake of the proteins HTRA1 and HTRA2 by cells mediated by calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Olga Rotan,
• Katharina N. Severin,
• Simon Pöpsel,
• Alexander Peetsch,
• Melisa Merdanovic,
• Michael Ehrmann and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 381–393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.40

• dispersion. Both cationic (with PEI) and anionic (with CMC) nanoparticles were prepared. Note that the difference between the particle size by SEM and by dynamic light scattering (DLS) indicates a moderate degree of agglomeration of the nanoparticles in pure water. It can be safely assumed that the

Nanoscale isoindigo-carriers: self-assembly and tunable properties

• Tatiana N. Pashirova,
• Andrei V. Bogdanov,
• Lenar I. Musin,
• Julia K. Voronina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Vladimir F. Mironov,
• Lucia Ya. Zakharova,
• Shamil K. Latypov and
• Oleg G. Sinyashin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 313–324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.34

• . The samples based on compounds 2a–f were not used in this experiment due to their low stability in the presence of Sudan I. In these cases, gradual agglomeration and precipitation were observed in the systems. As seen in Figure 4a an increase in absorbance occurs at concentrations above 0.2 mМ (for 2g

Functionalized TiO₂ nanoparticles by single-step hydrothermal synthesis: the role of the silane coupling agents

• Antoine R. M. Dalod,
• Lars Henriksen,
• Tor Grande and
• Mari-Ann Einarsrud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 304–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.33

• the crystallite sizes determined by XRD, which suggest only weakly agglomeration in the powders after drying. The nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms of TiO2 and in situ surface-functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles demonstrate the hysteresis profile similar to mesoporous materials (Figure 4a

Photocatalysis applications of some hybrid polymeric composites incorporating TiO₂ nanoparticles and their combinations with SiO₂/Fe₂O₃

• Andreea Laura Chibac,
• Tinca Buruiana,
• Violeta Melinte and
• Emil C. Buruiana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 272–286, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.30

• in the polymeric matrix, as can be observed for the hybrid composites S1 and S4 in the inset of Figure 4a and Figure 4d, respectively. Therefore, it is clear that the introduction of the TiO2 nanoparticles in a polymer template avoids their agglomeration. The hybrid polymeric films, S1–S4 (thickness

Performance of colloidal CdS sensitized solar cells with ZnO nanorods/nanoparticles

• Anurag Roy,
• Partha Pratim Das,
• Mukta Tathavadekar,
• Sumita Das and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 210–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.23

• agglomeration forms more interparticle gaps. This leads to the higher possibility of electron recombination and entrapment resulting in poor photovoltaic performance for particles. On the contrary, the multioriented 1D ZnO nanorods promote better light harvesting and faster electron injection, resulting in

• surface area of the nanoparticles, more CdS was loaded on them than on the nanorods but uncontrolled agglomeration may result in random electron conduction and further may enhance the recombination rate. Whereas, the nanorods (due to their superior one-dimensional structure and reduced grain boundaries

Streptavidin-coated gold nanoparticles: critical role of oligonucleotides on stability and fractal aggregation

• Roberta D'Agata,
• Pasquale Palladino and
• Giuseppe Spoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1–11, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.1

• expected, an almost negligible shift of the plasmon band (521 nm), which is a consequence of the disfavoured adsorption of BiotinDNA onto the more negatively charged citrate-stabilized AuNPs at higher pH, was observed in this case. Different methods for detecting aggregation or agglomeration of gold