Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• steady-state fluorescence measurements. In the second part of the study, CDs were dripped onto silicon substrates, and a CDs thin film was formed by evaporation. A diode structure was obtained by evaporating gold with the shadow mask technique on the CDs film, and the current–voltage characteristics of

• behavior. The results obtained from this study showed that CDs can be applied in the field of electronics, apart from sensor studies, which are common application areas. Keywords: carbon dot (CD) structures; green synthesis; Rheum Ribes plant; Schottky diode; Introduction One of the most current types of

• electrical current. There are many types of diodes, such as Zener diodes, crystal diodes, and Schottky diodes, and each type has different features and is used for different purposes. Schottky diodes contain a metal–semiconductor junction. This structure differs from other diodes because of its high

Out-of-plane polarization induces a picosecond photoresponse in rhombohedral stacked bilayer WSe₂

• Guixian Liu,
• Yufan Wang,
• Zhoujuan Xu,
• Zhouxiaosong Zeng,
• Lanyu Huang,
• Cuihuan Ge and
• Xiao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.109

• and the scanning photocurrent map under zero bias, we reveal a non-zero short-circuit current in the graphene/3R WSe2/graphene heterojunction region, demonstrating the bulk photovoltaic effect. Furthermore, the out-of-plane polarization enables the 3R WSe2 heterojunction region to achieve an ultrafast

• inversion symmetry by second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements. The broken symmetry in 3R WSe2 leads to the BPVE. To confirm the BPVE, a vertical heterojunction of graphene-wrapped bilayer 3R WSe2 was fabricated. The non-zero short-circuit current was observed in the output characteristics and the

• under zero bias, known as BPVE [33][39]. Under 520 nm laser excitation, a short-circuit current of approximately 21.5 nA was observed in the output characteristic curve of the vertical heterojunction device (Figure 1d), proving the existence of spontaneous OOP polarization. To compare to the graphene

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• based on a transition-edge sensor (TES) in experiments to determine the magnetic moment of neutrinos. Based on the measurements of the critical current, the critical temperature, and the width of the superconducting transition, we estimate the energy resolution δE of the TES prototypes, showing that it

• of the bulk resistivity at room temperature of 3.3 × 10−7 Ω·m [11]. The variation of calculated resistivity between bridges of different sizes is likely not due to physically different film properties, but rather due to rough estimations not taking into account the edge effects for the current flow

• critical temperature of sample A3 compared to the others is due to the lower measurement current. The resistance peak on the R(T) dependence for samples A1 and A2 (Figure 3a and Figure 3b) may appear due to non-equilibrium effects and the presence of NS borders in the setup [16][17]. But presently, we have

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• surfaces. We highlight recent advancements and outline potential strategic pathways, evaluating their current functions and applications while suggesting promising avenues for further investigations. By studying these fascinating and biologically diverse insects, researchers could develop innovative

• boundaries of current engineering. Honeybees must visit approximately 3000 flowers to produce a single gram of honey [74]. To accomplish this, they use their hairy tongues to dip into viscous nectar at high frequencies. Their mouthparts consist of a pair of galeae, labial palps, and a hairy glossa with a

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• CTAB-capped gold and silver nanoparticles without linker/buffer for catalysis and detection heavy metals is a current need. In this work, we have developed a linker-free nanosensor with CTAB as capping agent on both isotropic and anisotropic gold and silver nanoparticles. The CTAB-capped metal

• strong reducing agent (such as NaBH4) in the presence of a catalytic agent (i.e., the nanoparticles) [27]. In the current study, we also examined the catalytic properties of CTAB-capped nanoparticles in the degradation of 4-nitrophenol (Figure 1d). The catalytic properties of CTAB-capped nanoparticles

• different metals. Thus, it was confirmed that the size of the nanoparticles is a critical parameter influencing the physical and chemical properties of gold nanoparticles. The current study also evaluated size-dependent metal sensing using longer gold nanorods with the help of NaOH. Upon the addition of a

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• previous studies, the authors demonstrated that Mn-doped ZnO films exhibit superior optical and piezoelectric properties compared to undoped ZnO, with a more compact microstructure and reduced surface roughness [41]. Building on this foundation, the current article aims to focus on the methods of

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• cause leakage, that is, parasitic current flow through the insulating layer. Eliminating the halo effect is virtually impossible; however, the size of the halo can be measured, and its negative effects can be eliminated by proper spacing between conducting FEBID deposits [22]. Another approach is to

• the gallium FIB to mill a 200 nm wide slit (Figure 2c). As a side-effect, gallium was implanted along the edge of the RoI slit, so to prevent the leakage current; additional openings were formed using the DRIE process to create a non-conductive edge of the slit (Figure 3b). Mechanical characterization

• of opMEMS bridges As mentioned in [36], MEMS are well suited for electrothermal actuation. The actuation process is driven by the Joule heat from a current flowing through the actuation lines of an opMEMS bridge, which causes a change in temperature and, in turn, a displacement resulting from a

Enhanced catalytic reduction through in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles embedded in glucosamine/alginate nanocomposites

• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Le-Kim-Thuy Nguyen,
• Minh-Trong Tran,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Nguyen Minh Ty,
• T. Ngoc Han Pham,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Tran Thi Huong Giang,
• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1227–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.99

• applications. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Schematic workflow illustration of the current study. UV–vis spectra of AuNPs@GluN/Alg measured under varying reaction conditions (left) and plots of absorbance as function of various synthesis parameters (right

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• modalities of actively targeted usNPs and their current applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment. 2 Inorganic ultrasmall NPs in cancer nanomedicine Important classes of inorganic usNPs under investigation for cancer nanomedicine include metallic usNPs (gold, silver), oxide and sulfide usNPs (silica

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• not a large number of recent papers published looking at the underlying physics in the field of focused ion beams. A broader look at current literature on heat transfer induced by particle beams highlights that heat damage is not only problematic for FIB processing, but also presents challenges for

• lower ion beam currents [16][17] and by reducing the beam overlap as well as blurring the beam [17]. The drawback of this approach, however, is increased processing times due to the small current (picoampere range). Other approaches that were successfully used to avoid or reduce heat damage include

• and a cross section through the middle of the ion beam spot for a simulated sample volume of 600 nm × 600 nm × 400 nm after an irradiation time of 990.0 ns is shown in Figure 3. The simulations for 5 keV in the nanoampere beam current range (Figure 3A) and picoampere beam current range (Figure 3B

AI-assisted models to predict chemotherapy drugs modified with C₆₀ fullerene derivatives

• Jonathan-Siu-Loong Robles-Hernández,
• Dora Iliana Medina,
• Katerin Aguirre-Hurtado,
• Marlene Bosquez,
• Roberto Salcedo and
• Alan Miralrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1170–1188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.95

• bond acceptors sites. It is possible to add two other conditions, namely polar surface area (PSA) ≤ 140 Å2 and less than ten rotatable bonds [31]. Taking advantage of the readiness of these quantities in public datasets, the current study proposes some of these quantities as potentially suitable

• study the interactions with doxorubicin and gemcitabine [36]. The water-soluble fullerene is introduced to avoid known mutagenic reactions related to breast cancer [36]. It was also studied as a potential carrier for bedaquiline, an agent against tuberculosis [37]. The current study only considered

• obtain the predictive model as training set and the remaining 20% as testing set. Supporting Information File 1 gives the results of the cross-validation for all the models reported in the current manuscript. Once the models were built, an additional external validation set was used to obtain evaluation

Quantum-to-classical modeling of monolayer Ge₂Se₂ and its application in photovoltaic devices

• Anup Shrivastava,
• Shivani Saini,
• Dolly Kumari,
• Sanjai Singh and
• Jost Adam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1153–1169, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.94

• promising and expedient because it has the potential to address the current energy demand without making a hazardous impact on the environment [1][2]. Henceforth, researchers have made continuous efforts to design efficient and robust PV devices and solar cells. The systematic study of various solar cells

• -term instability, poor device scalability, and the use of toxic compounds, have yet to be resolved [6]. Recent advancements have seen the integration of two-dimensional (2D) materials with PSCs, opening new avenues for enhancing their performance and addressing current challenges with the PSCs [7][8

• of open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (η). The performance of solar cells largely depends on various parameters, including the thickness of transport layers, absorber layers, and absolute temperature. Therefore, to get

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• hazards that MONPs may present in aquatic ecosystems and living organisms. Comparison with previously published models Compared to our previous nano-QSTR model ( = 0.68, = 0.74, and = 0.70) [34], the current nano-qRASTR model demonstrates improvements in these three critical metrics with enhancements of

• 0.01, 0.02, and 0.05, respectively. Although these improvements might seem minimal, it is crucial to note that in the preceding study, we were able to model 23 MONPs, excluding CoO, which significantly impacted the quality of the model because of its outlier behavior. In contrast, the current study

Photocatalytic methane oxidation over a TiO₂/SiNWs p–n junction catalyst at room temperature

• Qui Thanh Hoai Ta,
• Luan Minh Nguyen,
• Ngoc Hoi Nguyen,
• Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen and
• Dai Hai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1132–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.92

• TiO2/SiNWs catalyst may be attributed to the vertical wires, which enable strong light scattering leading to enhancement in light harvesting. The optical bandgap values of SiNWs and TiO2/SiNWs are estimated at around 3.8 and 3.3 eV, respectively. Figure 3b displays the current–voltage (I–V) curves of

• the photocatalyst under dark and light conditions. The current of the sample under light conditions is higher than that under dark conditions. The slope of the I–V characteristic starts to increase, showing that generated electrons strongly influence the electrical properties of the samples. The

• and light conditions. Each measurement was scanned with 0.05 V intervals. The bias supply and current signals were provided and recorded by a Keithley system adapted with an amplifier. XRD patterns of p-Si, p-type SiNWs, and the TiO2/SiNWs sample. Cross-sectional view (a, b) and top view (c, d) SEM

Local work function on graphene nanoribbons

• Daniel Rothhardt,
• Amina Kimouche,
• Tillmann Klamroth and
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1125–1131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.91

• Daniel Rothhardt Amina Kimouche Tillmann Klamroth Regina Hoffmann-Vogel Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany current address: Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf

• , Switzerland current address: Department of Physics, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.15.91 Abstract Graphene nanoribbons show exciting electronic properties related to the

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• primary electron energy and about 0.5 nA beam current. Rectangular patterns of 10 × 10 µm2 were scanned in an inward spiraling beam path with a 3 nm point-to-point pitch, a dwell time of 1 μs per point, and different numbers of passes using the Xenos Patterning software. A typical workflow involved the

• used beam current of 0.5 nA corresponds to an electron flux of 6 × 104 electrons per second and square nanometer, and an overall dose of 1.7 μC or 1 × 1017 electrons per square nanometer in the center part. There is a visible halo deposition region extending several micrometers beyond the area

• dwell time and a beam current of 246 pA. With 8 × 107 electrons·s−1·nm−2 (assuming 5 nm FWHM of the beam), the local electron flux in this case was about three orders of magnitude larger than that of the thermal emitter. The resulting pillar height was more than 2 µm. Given the deposition time of 620 s

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• . Current biomedical and pharmaceutical science has one focus on developing nanoparticle-based sensors, especially biopolymeric nanoparticles. Alginate is a widely used biopolymer in a variety of applications. The hydrogel-forming characteristic, the chemical structure with hydroxy and carboxylate moieties

• and pharmaceutical fields. Many review papers describe applications of alginate in the drug delivery field. The current study covers the structural and physicochemical properties of alginate-based nanoparticles. The prospective applications of alginate-based nanomaterials in various domains are

• discuss the current challenges in the drug delivery field and sensing techniques and the significant role of alginate-based nanoparticles in overcoming these problems. Background Drug delivery and sensing in healthcare: significance and impact Drug delivery refers to the process of administering

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• , and they are classified according to the power sources used for the process (i.e., plasma-, direct current-, radiofrequency-, and ion beam-assisted coatings) [85]. All PVD processes are based on a vacuum chamber containing the material to be deposited, known as target, and the chosen substrate onto

Bolometric IR photoresponse based on a 3D micro-nano integrated CNT architecture

• Yasameen Al-Mafrachi,
• Sandeep Yadav,
• Sascha Preu,
• Jörg J. Schneider and
• Oktay Yilmazoglu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1030–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.84

• resistance (TCR). These properties are advantageous for new bolometric sensors with high voltage responsivity and broadband absorption from the infrared (IR) to the terahertz spectrum. Preliminary performance evaluations have shown current and voltage responsivities of 2 mA/W and 30 V/W, respectively, in

• is the bias current, R is the resistance of the bolometer, α = (dR/dT)/R is the TCR, η is the absorption efficiency, G is the thermal conductance to the substrate, ω is the angular modulation frequency, τ = 1/(2πfcut−off) is the time constant of the detector, and fcut−off is the frequency at 70

• measurements. The true performance of the original M-shaped CNT block with higher TCR, higher voltage, and higher current responsivity could be demonstrated. In this work, new noise measurements were performed and compared for both configurations. The new configuration 2 is superior regarding the optimization

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• scale bar is 100 nm. Figure 2 was reprinted from [29], Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol. 23, by K. Sandvig; S. Pust; T. Skotland; B. van Deurs, “Clathrin-independent endocytosis: mechanisms and function“, pages 413-420, Copyright (2011), with permission from Elsevier. This content is not subject to

Atomistic insights into the morphological dynamics of gold and platinum nanoparticles: MD simulations in vacuum and aqueous media

• Evangelos Voyiatzis,
• Eugenia Valsami-Jones and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.81

• can be traced back to the seminal works of Lindemann [29] and Pawlow [30]. Recent developments and the current state of the art have been summarized in the reviews of Mei and Lu [31] and Alcoutlabi and McKenna [32]. Emphasis has been placed on relating the melting temperature of a NP to its size by

• surfaces of the large NPs. This is in agreement with previous findings for Ag NPs with a similar diameter range [49]. It should be noted that the considered variations in the NP size are rather subtle and below detection for current analytical capabilities [85]. There are slight disparities between Au and

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• bending between the carriers. However, when the gate bias that is supplied is greater than the threshold voltage of the device, the type of the channel is inverted which permits the current to flow and turns on the transistor [52]. The FET-based biosensors consist of two dissimilar transduction mechanisms

• concurrently shifts the threshold voltage and modifies the drain current via channel conductivity modulation. The difference between the current (threshold voltage) in the presence of biomolecules and the current without biomolecules is used to define the current sensitivity. The second transduction mechanism

• dielectric constant inside the cavity resulting in a gating effect modulation and subsequent alteration in channel conductivity. This leads to a change in both threshold voltage and drain current, manifesting the presence of target biomolecules in the cavity, and the corresponding sensitivity is defined

Beyond biomimicry – next generation applications of bioinspired adhesives from microfluidics to composites

• Dan Sameoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 965–976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.79

• ] and magnets are much better in terms of reliability and adhesion force than current biomimetic materials but need mating surfaces that are compatible. Traditional fasteners like screws, bolts, and nuts are available for assemblies that do not need to be disconnected frequently but are extremely strong

Identification of structural features of surface modifiers in engineered nanostructured metal oxides regarding cell uptake through ML-based classification

• Indrasis Dasgupta,
• Totan Das,
• Biplab Das and
• Shovanlal Gayen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 909–924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.75

• , shape, and surface charge of NPs, as well as their surface functionalization. In the current study, classification-based ML models (i.e., Bayesian classification, random forest, support vector classifier, and linear discriminant analysis) have been developed to identify the features/fingerprints that

• uptake in the PaCa2 cell line [22][23][24][25][26][27]. In the current study, we have performed a distinctive approach by developing nano-QSAR machine learning-based classification models that encompass not only the cellular uptake data of the PaCa2 cell line but also the two additional cell lines HUVEC

• . This is particularly important for in vivo applications where non-specific uptake by the reticuloendothelial system (e.g., liver and spleen) can reduce the efficacy of the nanoparticles. The workflow of the current study is shown in Figure 1. The insights gained from this study hold significant

Water-assisted purification during electron beam-induced deposition of platinum and gold

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Fabian A. Polman and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 884–896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.73

• the deposition are the precursor supply, the primary beam energy and current, and the patterning strategy. The deposits are built through consecutive electron beam spot exposures of the precursor molecules adsorbed on the substrate. The shape of the deposit is defined as an area containing an array of

• patterning parameters are the patterned area size, dwell time, primary beam energy and current, pitch, number of passes, and SEM chamber pressure during deposition or chamber pressure increase during deposition. The complete parameters for the deposits presented in this work are presented in Supporting

• varying the pressure increase in the SEM chamber upon the injection of the water precursor in the range of 0–4.7·10−5 mbar. Current variation series: A series of rectangular platinum deposits was deposited while varying the current of the primary beam (deposits indicated by 1b–1e) in the range of 0.13