Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• made and offered hope for the treatment of degenerative diseases [3]. Articular cartilage defects were one of the first potential candidates for tissue engineering (TE) applications due to their anural and avascular integrity. Many efforts have been devoted to developing scaffolds with similar

• osteochondral defects can be overcome by the versatile and efficient methods developed by TE technologies and will be discussed in detail. 3.1 Development of biomaterials using micro and nanostructures for cartilage TE Since Vacanti et al. reported the application of bioabsorbable artificial polymers as

• growth factors and enables in situ spatial differentiation of MSCs to repair osteochondral defects [23]. It has been reported that microsphere-based structures could be efficiently used for gradient formation [24] and dual growth factor delivery [25]. Microspheres can be incorporated throughout the

Interfacial nanoarchitectonics for ZIF-8 membranes with enhanced gas separation

• Season S. Chen,
• Zhen-Jie Yang,
• Chia-Hao Chang,
• Hoong-Uei Koh,
• Sameerah I. Al-Saeedi,
• Kuo-Lun Tung and
• Kevin C.-W. Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 313–324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.26

• intercrystalline defect formation in MOFs can have either positive or negative effects on the separation performance. Point defects and extended defects may increase the number of adsorption sites in MOFs [35], while missing linkers may provide low-resistance diffusion pathways by increasing the porosity of the

• MOF [36]. However, the presence of defects can hamper the structural stability of MOFs [35]. Therefore, characterization of defects in MOF-based membranes and the correlation to the preparation methods with membrane properties are critical in MOF film development. Among the various synthesis schemes

• usually separates the metal ion and ligand solutions by a porous substrate, and crystallization occurs within the substrate. Since the diffusion rates of metal ions and ligands are usually different due to different interactions with the substrate, the resultant membranes are likely to contain defects. In

Investigation of a memory effect in a Au/(Ti–Cu)Ox-gradient thin film/TiAlV structure

• Damian Wojcieszak,
• Jarosław Domaradzki,
• Michał Mazur,
• Tomasz Kotwica and
• Danuta Kaczmarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 265–273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.21

• reported in the literature as a mechanism responsible for the resistive switching behavior occurring in conventional multilayer stack constructions. Conducting paths are usually formed over extended defects in the thin film structure as a result of a thermal mechanism. An important property of this effect

Relationship between corrosion and nanoscale friction on a metallic glass

• Haoran Ma and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 236–244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.18

• immersion time due to the development of defects in the surface film [40][41]. The increase in the friction coefficient of the outer layer indicates the growth of the outer layer with increasing immersion time. More material of possibly higher shear strength is in contact with the sliding tip, which

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• generated free electrons (e−) react with molecular oxygen to generate superoxide radicals by reduction. Several factors contribute to the photocatalytic performance of TiO2, such as the structural phase (anatase, brookite, or rutile), defects in the lattice, the degree of crystallinity, morphology

• conversion agent. Following ultrasound (US) irradiation, the oxygen-deficient TiO2−x layer with numerous defects facilitates and accelerates the separation of electrons and holes, resulting in a high quantum yield of ROS for tumor eradication. Both in vitro cell-level and systematic in vivo studies of tumor

A photonic crystal material for the online detection of nonpolar hydrocarbon vapors

• Evgenii S. Bolshakov,
• Aleksander V. Ivanov,
• Andrei A. Kozlov,
• Anton S. Aksenov,
• Elena V. Isanbaeva,
• Sergei E. Kushnir,
• Aleksei D. Yapryntsev,
• Aleksander E. Baranchikov and
• Yury A. Zolotov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 127–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.9

• particles are consistent with the SEM results, and the effective refractive indices are slightly overestimated in comparison with the theoretically calculated values (without PDMS: 1.477, with PDMS: 1.568) [39][40]. This may be due to the presence of surfactants in the interparticle space, defects of the

Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review

• Viet Van Pham,
• Hong-Huy Tran,
• Thao Kim Truong and
• Thi Minh Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 96–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.7

• vacancy defects (OVs) [15][16]. Therefore, SnO2 is considered a potential material in various technological fields such as catalysis, optoelectronic devices, rechargeable lithium batteries, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, solar energy conversion, and gas sensing [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. In the

• catalytic area, SnO2 is an emerging material for removing contaminants such as organic dyes, phenolic compounds, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) due to strongly oxidizing properties thanks to flexible energy band structure, rich defects, good chemical, and high thermal stability, and easily controlled

• a SnO2 thin film with a thickness of about 130 nm is 3.597 eV [42]. The reported bandgap of bulk SnO2 is 3.6 eV. Changing the morphology, particle size, or the formation of OVs or defects narrow the bandgap. In the study of Babu et al., a redshift of the absorption edge was observed when SnO2

Topographic signatures and manipulations of Fe atoms, CO molecules and NaCl islands on superconducting Pb(111)

• Carl Drechsel,
• Philipp D’Astolfo,
• Jung-Ching Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Rémy Pawlak and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1–9, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.1

• scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) is a zero-bias conductance peak occurring at boundaries and defects. Unfortunately, other structural peculiarities can also mimic such zero-bias anomalies, which eventually leads to severe misinterpretations. Therefore, the latest advances in scanning tunneling

• Cu(111) [62]. Occasionally, even a trilayer phase appears within the NaCl bilayer (Figure 3a and Figure 3b). Note also that dark protrusions originating from trapped Ar atoms are still visible through the NaCl island by STM as well as point defects. We do not exclude that these might be Cl vacancies

Measurement of polarization effects in dual-phase ceria-based oxygen permeation membranes using Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Kerstin Neuhaus,
• Christina Schmidt,
• Liudmila Fischer,
• Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
• Ke Ran,
• Joachim Mayer and
• Stefan Baumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.102

• indicated by the arrow in the upper left side in Figure 1b. The HAADF image in Figure 2a shows a CSO-FC2O interface with the left CSO grain tilted along its [001] direction. A clean surface without any significant structural defects is observed. Corresponding to the square-defined region in Figure 1a

Chemical vapor deposition of germanium-rich CrGe_x nanowires

• Vladislav Dřínek,
• Stanislav Tiagulskyi,
• Roman Yatskiv,
• Jan Grym,
• Radek Fajgar,
• Věra Jandová,
• Martin Koštejn and
• Jaroslav Kupčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1365–1371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.100

• their magnetic defects and their interactions with charge carriers. Antiferromagnetic clusters in CrGe NWs were investigated using electron spin resonance. Spin–orbit interaction between charge carriers and magnetic defects were studied [9]. Cr/Ge nanotowers as a dilute magnetic semiconductor were

Two dynamic modes to streamline challenging atomic force microscopy measurements

• Alexei G. Temiryazev,
• Andrey V. Krayev and
• Marina P. Temiryazeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1226–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.90

• tip. To select a site, it is optimal to use the vertical mode, since it allows one to maintain sharp probes when scanning rough surfaces. In some cases, when it is necessary to detect the presence of a fine structure against the background of larger defects, it is advisable to use a combination of VM

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

• with the results of [31]. The van der Waals forces between the atoms of the substrate and the adsorbed molecules are described by means of the Lennard-Jones potential: where and . Note that partial hydroxylation, surface defects, and broken O–H bonds may lead to a stronger interaction between Pt and

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• polymers to enhance, repair, or replace diseased, damaged, or defective tissue [2]. A few examples are tooth repair, peripheral nerve regeneration, nerve tissue engineering, bone and joint replacement and repair, and regeneration of bone defects, biological scaffolds, and wound healing [3][4][5][6][7][8

• product, easy assembly, self-calibration, and no defects [55]. The prepared components may further be used as modular “building blocks” for building higher-order upper structures with increased complexity and functionality [56]. Metal coordination can become a strong interaction due to its near-covalent

Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation?

• Annalena Wolff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 965–983, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.73

• interaction volume, a steady-state condition of ion impurity concentration and number of induced defects is reached. The EBSD measurements and Monte Carlo simulations indicate that when this steady-state condition is reached more quickly, which can be achieved using high-energy Ne ions at a glancing incidence

• , defects such as interstitials or vacancies can be created [23]. This can induce a significant amount of crystal structure alterations in a sample and thus artefacts. While these artefacts are well recognized for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) lamella preparation, in which the lamella preparation

• of induced defects and number of implanted ions is limited in FIBs that are optimized for patterning applications (such as Ga FIB/SEM or HIM when operated with Ne). The highest concentration of ion implantation and defects is reached once the sample has been milled down to a depth which corresponds

Uniform arrays of gold nanoelectrodes with tuneable recess depth

• Elena O. Gordeeva,
• Ilya V. Roslyakov,
• Alexey P. Leontiev,
• Alexey A. Klimenko and
• Kirill S. Napolskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 957–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.72

• same time, only a minor part of nanowires is known to grow through the whole thickness of a template when potentiostatic electrodeposition is used [22][23][24][25]. Not only electrodeposition conditions but also thickness and structural defects in the AAO template influence the completeness of the

Molecular assemblies on surfaces: towards physical and electronic decoupling of organic molecules

• Sabine Maier and
• Meike Stöhr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 950–956, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.71

• . To a lesser extent, metal oxides have also been used, for which defects and charging often pose additional challenges [44][45][46]. On electronically insulating surfaces, non-contact atomic force microscopy (AFM) is the method of choice to study molecular assemblies and individual molecules in real

• molecules were pinned to defects on Si and also on the thin CaF2 layer, PTCDA was physically decoupled via the thicker CaF2 films and self-assembled into small islands. For FePc on H-passivated Ge(001), efficient physical decoupling facilitated the growth of large islands with upright oriented molecules

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• nanoparticles than for spherical shapes. This is due to greater exposed surface area and more defects during crystal growth of anisotropic nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles show tremendous potential in biomedical research due to unique optical and physicochemical properties and the inert nanoparticle core. The

In situ transport characterization of magnetic states in Nb/Co superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures

• Olena M. Kapran,
• Roman Morari,
• Taras Golod,
• Evgenii A. Borodianskyi,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Andrei Prepelita,
• Nikolay Klenov,
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 913–923, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.68

• irreversible behavior of the heterostructure, associated with both the magnetic hysteresis and with a generation of Abrikosov vortices, which are pinned at film defects. As shown previously [23], those two factors may dramatically distort the characteristics of S/F devices. FORC is the key technique that we

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• (STEM) images after nearest neighbor down-sampling. This enabled an increase in image resolution of up to 100-fold, decreasing scanning time and electron dose [120]. Another application of CNNs for STEM was for atomic defect classification [121]. The goal was to characterize defects related to Si

• was trained on simulated STEM images. Then, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of the same sample were used to characterize the defects. STM images, which give the local density of states, measure not only the Si lattice, but also defect areas where this well-ordered lattice disappears. Such

• images were compared with those computed by density functional theory (DFT) based on well-known single and dimer Si defects. The examples given here demonstrate the utility of deep learning in general and CNN in particular in the field of microscopy. In the following section, the emphasis is narrowed

Effects of temperature and repeat layer spacing on mechanical properties of graphene/polycrystalline copper nanolaminated composites under shear loading

• Chia-Wei Huang,
• Man-Ping Chang and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 863–877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.65

• graphene is maintained but reduced slightly due to the Stone–Wales defects. As shown in Figure 3, the shear stress rises again after failure. Moreover, Figure 9 shows the out-of-plane displacement of graphene at different temperatures. For zigzag and armchair directions, the wrinkle fluctuations of

• stacking faults occur in all copper layers. Stacking faults are produced from two adjacent HCP layers. These defects are caused by the release of energy stored in the specimens. The deformation of the polycrystalline structure is mostly affected by the grain boundaries [46][47]. When the dislocations

• affect the wrinkles of graphene. Although changing the grain size does not cause many effects on the shear stress and strain of the composites, it is still an important factor in changing the shear strength and the movement of defects of the composite specimens. Conclusion In this study, shear loading of

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• intensifies the biophysical effects of the US waves [41]. This leads to transient permeabilization of cell membranes through the formation of transient pores and/or defects in the lipid bilayer, and finally, the diffusion of surrounding molecules into the cytosol [74]. Cavitation events triggered by MBs

• encapsulated FITC from PC-PEG-L liposomes, whereas after sonication for 60 s, the release of FITC was increased to 70%. They suggested that the cavitation events during sonication resulted in rupture and pore-like defects occurring in the cell membrane, leading to the release of DOX and FITC from micelles and

Silver nanoparticles nucleated in NaOH-treated halloysite: a potential antimicrobial material

• Yuri B. Matos,
• Rodrigo S. Romanus,
• Mattheus Torquato,
• Edgar H. de Souza,
• Rodrigo L. Villanova,
• Marlene Soares and
• Emilson R. Viana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 798–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.63

• the external surface of HNT tends to occur in crystalline defects, where aluminol is exposed [23]. Synthesizing Ag-NPs supported by HNT has the advantage of improving stability, thus enhancing the antimicrobial properties of the material [22][23][24][27][28]. In this work we treated the HNT surface

• preferential nucleating spots for silver. These mechanisms are: (1) hydroxylation of the HNT surface, that is, by exposing the clay particles to NaOH, hydroxy groups are grafted on the surface [33][34][35], which will later work as nucleating sites for Ag-NPs; (2) corrosion-induced crystalline defects, that is

• , by exposing the HNT clay particles to NaOH, a corrosion process is triggered that slowly etches the external crystalline phase [31], inducing defects in the crystalline structure, which expose the internal hydroxy layer of HNT to silver nucleation [23]; (3) unfolding of HNT into nanosheets, that is

9.1% efficient zinc oxide/silicon solar cells on a 50 μm thick Si absorber

• Rafal Pietruszka,
• Bartlomiej S. Witkowski,
• Monika Ozga,
• Katarzyna Gwozdz,
• Ewa Placzek-Popko and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 766–774, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.60

• difference is related to the presence of ZnONR in the structure. Zinc oxide nanorods are monocrystalline and form a better junction with the silicon substrate (with less defects, i.e., less recombination centers). The impact of ZnONR on recombination can be observed considering the Rsh value. If Rsh

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• adsorption. Using the formation of H2S from H2, we computed a vacancy formation energy of −6.16 eV, which confirms that defects are easily formed. Furthermore, our results showed that the presence of an S vacancy (giving a concentration of 2% vacancies per supercell) improved Cu adhesion and promoted the

Electromigration-induced formation of percolating adsorbate islands during condensation from the gaseous phase: a computational study

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.55

• the formation of nanoscale clusters of point defects in solids exposed to irradiating sources [69][70][71][72][73]. Electromigration effects The main purpose of this work is to study the effect of electromigration on the dynamics of surface growth during deposition, its morphology, and statistical