Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• techniques (fluorescence imaging, PET and others) is an attractive approach to administering one formulation for different tomography and therapeutic purposes. These issues, achieved by (non-)covalent modifications of pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and oxidized nanotubes are described in this

• relaxation mechanisms, especially for low molecular metal complexes [51][52][53]. Its formulation is divided into two levels: (i) the inner sphere mechanism, which is most important for the relaxation time T1 and its r1 describes the close interaction of water molecules with the paramagnet by direct

Comparison of the interactions of daunorubicin in a free form and attached to single-walled carbon nanotubes with model lipid membranes

• Dorota Matyszewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 524–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.46

• includes liposomes, which are commercially available daunorubicin formulation (Daunoxome®) used in the treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma [6]. Despite that, there are still numerous studies on the improvement of this drug delivery system aiming at enhancing drug loading into cells by using specific interactions

Free vibration of functionally graded carbon-nanotube-reinforced composite plates with cutout

• Mostafa Mirzaei and
• Yaser Kiani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 511–523, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.45

• vibration and static response of laminated plates with FG-CNTRC layers using a mixed Navier-layerwise differential quadrature method. In this research, plates with all edges simply supported are considered. Natarajan et al. [12] applied a higher order shear and normal deformable plate formulation to study

• analysis, the interaction of the plate with a two parameter elastic foundation is also taken into account. Wang and Shen [15] investigated the dynamic response of FG-CNTRC plates according to the von Kármán formulation. In this research, the interaction of a two parameter elastic foundation and a thermal

• environment are also included. The solution method of this research is based on a two-step perturbation technique and is suitable for plates with all edges simply supported. Using a mesh-free formulation proper for arbitrary edge supports, Lei et al. [16] investigated the elasto-dynamic response of FG-CNTRC

Surface coating affects behavior of metallic nanoparticles in a biological environment

• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Ivona Capjak,
• Tea Crnković,
• Marija Lovrić,
• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Ivana Vinković Vrček and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 246–262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.23

• properties and behavior in a biological environment. Despite a considerable number of studies on the colloidal stability of AgNPs and SPIONs in cell culture media, in natural water, or in the formulation of consumer products [2][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], general conclusions and a clear understanding of

Kelvin probe force microscopy for local characterisation of active nanoelectronic devices

• Tino Wagner,
• Hannes Beyer,
• Patrick Reissner,
• Philipp Mensch,
• Heike Riel,
• Bernd Gotsmann and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2193–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.225

• model [40]. In this formulation the state estimate and covariances are refined recursively as new measurements are incorporated: At the time t, an a priori state and covariance estimate is found using the state and covariances at the time t − Δt, based on the system model. Then, the Kalman gain L is

The role of low-energy electrons in focused electron beam induced deposition: four case studies of representative precursors

• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Ragesh Kumar T. P.,
• D. Howard Fairbrother and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1904–1926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.194

• precursors adsorbed on surfaces and may eventually aid the formulation of distinct criteria defining suitable ligand structure and composition for future FEBID precursors. 4 Case studies 4.1 Trimethyl(methylcyclopentadienyl)platinum(IV); MeCpPtMe3 The organometallic compound trimethyl(methylcyclopentadienyl

Predicting cytotoxicity of PAMAM dendrimers using molecular descriptors

• David E. Jones,
• Hamidreza Ghandehari and
• Julio C. Facelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1886–1896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.192

• dendrimers on Caco-2 cells. According to Figure 2, the results also indicate that the properties such as charge, size, and the desired concentration of the PAMAM dendrimers in the formulation are the important properties in the prediction of cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells. We believe that the methods used in

In situ SU-8 silver nanocomposites

• Søren V. Fischer,
• Basil Uthuppu and
• Mogens H. Jakobsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1661–1665, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.168

• precursor in acetonitrile in a two-fold dilution series: 500 mg·mL−1, 250 mg·mL−1, 125 mg·mL−1, 62.5 mg·mL−1, 31.3 mg·mL−1, and 15.6 mg·mL−1. 0.5 mL of the freshly prepared precursor solutions or 0.5 mL acetonitrile as reference is added to 4 mL of SU-8 2002, which is a formulation of SU-8 with

• filters in the aligner. The chosen co-solvent for the AgNO3 precursor, acetonitrile, is a mild reducing agent. This precursor solution must therefore be prepared fresh, and added to the SU-8 just before spin coating, to minimise unwanted formation of nanoparticles [13]. The used formulation of SU-8 can be

The eNanoMapper database for nanomaterial safety information

• Nina Jeliazkova,
• Charalampos Chomenidis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Bengt Fadeel,
• Roland Grafström,
• Barry Hardy,
• Janna Hastings,
• Markus Hegi,
• Vedrin Jeliazkov,
• Nikolay Kochev,
• Pekka Kohonen,
• Cristian R. Munteanu,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Bart Smeets,
• Pantelis Sopasakis,
• Georgia Tsiliki,
• David Vorgrimmler and
• Egon Willighagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1609–1634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.165

• ) defines a nanomaterial (NPO_199) as equivalent to a chemical substance (NPO_1973) that has as constituent a nano-object, nanoparticle, engineered nanomaterial, nanostructured material, or nanoparticle formulation. Chemical substances are classified as types of chemical entity (NPO_1972). The default

• nanoparticle formulation. The value of individual proteins within the serum protein fingerprint for predicting cell association was explored by the authors by developing a series of log-linear models that model the influence of the relative abundance of each adsorbed serum protein on net cell association

How decision analysis can further nanoinformatics

• Matthew E. Bates,
• Sabrina Larkin,
• Jeffrey M. Keisler and
• Igor Linkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1594–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.162

• ) executing the model via software; and (4) evaluating the results of the model [16]. MCDA can be applied to nanoinformatics decisions, for example, to help users evaluate and choose a nanomaterial type, formulation, fabrication technique, supplier, coating, or risk management strategy for a new product. From

• formulation, the Bayes factor is defined as the ratio of prior odds to posterior odds, and the WOE is the natural logarithm of the Bayes factor. More varied qualitative and quantitative applications of the WOE methodology have evolved since then [23]. On the basis of experience with WOE approaches, the

Experiences in supporting the structured collection of cancer nanotechnology data using caNanoLab

• Stephanie A. Morris,
• Sharon Gaheen,
• Michal Lijowski,
• Mervi Heiskanen and
• Juli Klemm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1580–1593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.161

• samples. In addition to protocols, caNanoLab supports the submission of sample composition and characterizations. For the purposes of caNanoLab, a sample is defined as a formulation of a base nanomaterial platform and any additional components that contribute to the function(s) of the nanomaterial

PLGA nanoparticles as a platform for vitamin D-based cancer therapy

• Maria J. Ramalho,
• Joana A. Loureiro,
• Bárbara Gomes,
• Manuela F. Frasco,
• Manuel A. N. Coelho and
• M. Carmo Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1306–1318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.135

• nanocarriers for vitamin D3 delivery towards cancer treatment. Vitamin D3 vectorisation to guarantee specific action on malignant cells that avoids side effects such as hypercalcemia has been proposed. Nguyen et al. developed a formulation based on poly(vinyl neodecanoate-crosslinked-ethyleneglycol

• therapy [22]. A few years later, Almouazen et al. developed a formulation using PLA nanoparticles of about 200 nm [14]. This study proved that PLA nanocapsules are a suitable choice for controlled delivery of antineoplastic agents, namely the nanoencapsulated calcidiol induced a significant growth

• (Figure 1, white arrow) [29]. Both forms of vitamin D3 were used for the formulation of the nanocarrier system and variations in the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity were noticed. The observed differences may be based on their chemical structure, since calcitriol has two extra hydroxy groups

Multiscale modeling of lithium ion batteries: thermal aspects

• Arnulf Latz and
• Jochen Zausch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 987–1007, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.102

• consistent formulation of interface condition and transport equations. The usual “effect driven” procedure, in which bulk equations and interface conditions are formulated completely independent of each other, may easily miss such cancelation effects. A generic starting point for the derivation of the

• determined by Φ through Equation 10 and not by φ. It is possible to obtain the formulation in Equation 44 and Equation 45 directly from the entropy law by choosing the flux N+ and the electric current j together with the molar density c+ = ρ+/M+ =: c and the free charge density ρF = F(z+c+ + z−c−) as primary

• variables. In this formulation it can be easily seen as well that the diffusion coefficient D at vanishing current j is proportional to the determinant of the mobility matrix B. The requirement of positive entropy production mentioned above is therefore the equivalent of having a positive collective

Protein corona – from molecular adsorption to physiological complexity

• Lennart Treuel,
• Dominic Docter,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 857–873, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.88

• formulation. Here, the authors demonstrated how charge stabilization can be replaced by steric effects providing new and altered stability to the NPs. Such mechanistic insights are critically important for the molecular scale interpretation of the effects resulting from the complex interplay between thousands

Stiffness of sphere–plate contacts at MHz frequencies: dependence on normal load, oscillation amplitude, and ambient medium

• Jana Vlachová,
• Rebekka König and
• Diethelm Johannsmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 845–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.87

• first category of problems originates from the numerous assumptions in the formulation of the model. For example, the normal pressure is assumed to stay constant during tangential loading. A second set of limitations is related to the idealized conditions. The CM model ignores roughness, capillary

• further rather fundamental criticism of the CM model, which starts out from the extent to which a macroscopic view of friction guides its formulation. Macroscopic concepts enter the CM model at two separate instances. Firstly, a sliding stress proportional to the normal pressure is commonly associated

Production, detection, storage and release of spin currents

• Michele Cini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 736–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.75

• that is pumped to the external wires. Finally, I note that in this formulation there are no mean-free-path effects. This is appropriate to systems that are small compared to the mean free path. In such cases the transport is ballistic. Numerical evolution and calculation of the currents For t < 0, B

Pulmonary surfactant augments cytotoxicity of silica nanoparticles: Studies on an in vitro air–blood barrier model

• Jennifer Y. Kasper,
• Lisa Feiden,
• Maria I. Hermanns,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Michael Maskos,
• Ronald E. Unger and
• C. James Kirkpatrick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 517–528, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.54

• the toxicity of lung surfactant-coated carbon nanotubes on a complex in vitro culture model of the airway barrier [12][13]. Therefore, we explored in this study the impact of the pulmonary surfactant formulation Alveofact® on the cytotoxic effect of amorphous silica nanoparticles (aSNPs) using in

Nanoparticle shapes by using Wulff constructions and first-principles calculations

• Georgios D. Barmparis,
• Zbigniew Lodziana,
• Nuria Lopez and
• Ioannis N. Remediakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 361–368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.35

• shape of these nanoparticles. Wulff construction offers a simple method of predicting the equilibrium shape of nanoparticles given the surface energies of the material. Results: We review the mathematical formulation and the main applications of Wulff construction during the last two decades. We then

• calculations of surface energies are routinely employed to explain experimental findings and lead to the design of better materials with tailored properties. In the following, we review the concept of Wulff construction, present its mathematical formulation and limitations, and review modern uses in the

Comparative evaluation of the impact on endothelial cells induced by different nanoparticle structures and functionalization

• Lisa Landgraf,
• Ines Müller,
• Peter Ernst,
• Miriam Schäfer,
• Christina Rosman,
• Isabel Schick,
• Oskar Köhler,
• Hartmut Oehring,
• Vladimir V. Breus,
• Thomas Basché,
• Carsten Sönnichsen,
• Wolfgang Tremel and
• Ingrid Hilger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 300–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.28

• nanoparticle. Nanoparticles will finally enter the blood system and exhibit specific interactions with the corresponding cellular and serum components. Interactions of nanoparticles with cells will be distinctly influenced by the properties of the respective nanoparticle formulation, caused by its size, shape

Release behaviour and toxicity evaluation of levodopa from carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes

• Julia M. Tan,
• Jhi Biau Foo,
• Sharida Fakurazi and
• Mohd Zobir Hussein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 243–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.23

• novelty for further development as a slow, sustained-release formulation. The MTT bioassay results showed a dose-dependent cytotoxicity response from pure LD, whereas SWCNT–COOH and SWCNT–LD did not compromise the viability of PC12 cells, which remained almost constant throughout the experiments. This

The distribution and degradation of radiolabeled superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots in mice

• Denise Bargheer,
• Artur Giemsa,
• Barbara Freund,
• Markus Heine,
• Christian Waurisch,
• Gordon M. Stachowski,
• Stephen G. Hickey,
• Alexander Eychmüller,
• Jörg Heeren and
• Peter Nielsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 111–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.11

• the specific isotope through feces and urine. After oral administration, the whole body retention after 7–14 d is a well-accepted measure of the intestinal absorption of the isotopes in the respective galenic formulation, because non-absorbed material is completely excreted at that time via the feces

• µm thicknesses were cut from frozen specimens embedded in an optimum cutting temperature formulation solution (Sakura Finetek Europe). Cryosections were mounted on a slide (Superfrost/Plus, Glaswarenfabrik Karl Hecht KG, Sondheim, Germany) and dried overnight before immunostaining. Cell culture J774

Nanoencapsulation of ultra-small superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide into human serum albumin nanoparticles

• Matthias G. Wacker,
• Mahmut Altinok,
• Stephan Urfels and
• Johann Bauer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2259–2266, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.235

• systemic exposition of patients with the carrier [6]. Human serum albumin (HSA) represents a promising candidate that binds a wide range of compounds with different physicochemical characteristics. In 2007, with Abraxane®, a first polymeric nanoparticle formulation consisting of this material has been

• (TMAH). The positive surface charge of the particles enabled a strong interaction with the negatively charged protein matrix [13] provided by the HSA molecules. Formulation design and characterization of USPIO HSA hybrid particles by dynamic light scattering Nanoparticles were prepared by ethanolic

• drug-loaded nanoparticles earlier [14], these results suggest that the hydrophilic matrix still provides properties identical to those that have been used for drug targeting applications. USPIO load of USPIO HSA hybrid particles After optimization of formulation design, the drug load of USPIO HSA

Spin annihilations of and spin sifters for transverse electric and transverse magnetic waves in co- and counter-rotations

• Hyoung-In Lee and
• Jinsik Mok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1887–1898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.199

• in [23]. In particular, the photon spins turn out be quite intriguing [15][20][23]. This paper is organized as follows. Section "Formulation and Fundamentals" describes a problem statement and solutions to such formulations. Section "Poynting Vectors and Trajectories" considers Poynting vectors and

• associated trajectories. Section "Angular Momentum and Spins" considers the AM and photon spins, thus coming up with several extraordinary concepts. Section "Discussion" provides additional arguments, followed by "Conclusion" summarizing the principle behind spin sifters and other issues. Results Formulation

Biocompatibility of cerium dioxide and silicon dioxide nanoparticles with endothelial cells

• Claudia Strobel,
• Martin Förster and
• Ingrid Hilger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1795–1807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.190

• inclusion of microvascular and primary macrovascular endothelial cells. In particular, we observed distinct effects depending on the cell type (immortalized microvascular vs primary macrovascular endothelial cells), nanoparticle formulation (CeO2, SiO2 nanoparticles), concentration, exposure time and

• indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between the relative ATP content of cells after treatment with the corresponding nanoparticle concentration and the relative ATP content of 100% (untreated control cells); a, b, c indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) of one nanoparticle formulation among

• different concentrations; *asterisks, which are together with a parenthesis, indicate significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between time points for a specific concentration of one nanoparticle formulation. Pro-inflammatory impact and ROS generation of CeO2 nanoparticle exposure on endothelial cells. a) MCP-1

Equilibrium states and stability of pre-tensioned adhesive tapes

• Carmine Putignano,
• Luciano Afferrante,
• Luigi Mangialardi and
• Giuseppe Carbone

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1725–1731, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.182

• hairy adhesive systems is pointed out. In this paper, we focus our attention on some yet unclear aspects of the peeling process and, in particular, on the stability of this mechanism in presence of a pre-tension. The peeling process of a thin elastic tape In this section, we extend the formulation given

• in [36], focusing our attention on the stability analysis of the peeling process and on the effect of pre-tension on the mechanism of detachment. The formulation of the problem is developed considering two different initial configurations of an elastic tape with cross section A = bt, as shown in