The surface properties of nanoparticles determine the agglomeration state and the size of the particles under physiological conditions

• Christoph Bantz,
• Olga Koshkina,
• Thomas Lang,
• Hans-Joachim Galla,
• C. James Kirkpatrick,
• Roland H. Stauber and
• Michael Maskos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1774–1786, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.188

• are of special interest. However, little success was achieved when operating AF-FFF setups at 150 mM salinity. Practically, an upper concentration limit of 50 mM NaCl was found [44]. This can be attributed to the fact that hydrophobic interactions are present at higher salt concentrations, leading to

In vitro and in vivo interactions of selected nanoparticles with rodent serum proteins and their consequences in biokinetics

• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Stefanie Fertsch-Gapp,
• Martin Schäffler,
• Blair D. Johnston,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Christian Pfeiffer,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Manuela Semmler-Behnke,
• Matthias Epple and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1699–1711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.180

• epithelial lung lining fluid containing 0.9% NaCl the instillate was spread out and diluted such that Ag+ ions formed AgCl, which precipitated and possibly formed nano-sized AgCl particles [27]. These AgCl nanoparticles also underwent endocytosis in the lung epithelium. Subsequently they were dissolved

Ionic liquid-assisted formation of cellulose/calcium phosphate hybrid materials

• Ahmed Salama,
• Mike Neumann,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1553–1568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.167

• and NaH2PO4 yields the desired calcium phosphate precipitate along with NaCl and HCl as side products. While NaOH is able to neutralize some of the HCl formed during the reaction (and thus effectively removes acidic protons from the reaction mixture), GAA will contribute additional protons. The higher

• . EDXS (Table 2) further supports these findings as it detects a Ca/P ratio of just below 1. Moreover EDXS also suggests that some sodium and chlorine are present in the samples grown with GAA. Although XRD does not show any indication of NaCl, we have previously observed the formation of minor NaCl

• fraction in a different system [70]. The formation of NaCl could thus also be possible here, especially because alkali salts are generally poorly soluble in ILs [65]. The low fraction of sodium and chlorine observed in the EDXS data could be due to the fact that the precipitates were washed with water

Current state of laser synthesis of metal and alloy nanoparticles as ligand-free reference materials for nano-toxicological assays

• Christoph Rehbock,
• Jurij Jakobi,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Selina van der Meer,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wilfried Kues,
• Detlef Rath and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1523–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.165

• pyrolysis of the citrate induced aggregation is followed by the controlled formation of SMS. Unfortunately, this method may result in the formation of pyrolysis products from the degraded citrate [74], which may interfere with toxicity assays. Hence, inorganic salts (NaCl) may be used in order to induce

• nanoparticles were exposed to NaCl at an ionic strength of 100 mM and consecutively irradiated with a nanosecond laser at 532 nm and 10 Hz repetition rate for 20 min at a fluence of 45 mJ/cm2. SMS were reproducibly obtained at diameters of 300–400 nm and an exemplary SEM images as well as a derived size

• particle concentrations. An electrostatically-controlled approach for ligand-free size control of gold nanoparticle is the in situ addition of simple inorganic electrolytes like NaCl or sodium phosphate buffer. These additives are frequently found in most biological fluids and hence are not prone to

In vitro interaction of colloidal nanoparticles with mammalian cells: What have we learned thus far?

• Moritz Nazarenus,
• Qian Zhang,
• Mahmoud G. Soliman,
• Pablo del Pino,
• Beatriz Pelaz,
• Susana Carregal-Romero,
• Joanna Rejman,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Martin J. D. Clift,
• Reinhard Zellner,
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus,
• James B. Delehanty,
• Igor L. Medintz and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1477–1490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.161

• media [91]. The reason is that many NPs are stabilized by charge (in contrast to stabilization through steric repulsion). Salt (in particular NaCl, which always is present at high concentration) in the media screens the NP charge and thus can cause agglomeration [92]. Consequently, data which

The protein corona protects against size- and dose-dependent toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles

• Dominic Docter,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Dana Westmeier,
• Hajo J. Galla,
• Qiangbin Wang,
• James C. Kirkpatrick,
• Peter Nielsen,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.151

• (103.5 mM NaCl, 5.3 mM KCl, 5.6 mM Na2HPO4, 1.4 mM KH2PO4, 23.8 mM NaHCO3, pH 7.4), DMEM with or without 10% FCS, and the measurements were conducted at 25 °C by using 0.6 mg/mL ASP. Cell culture The colonic carcinoma cell line Caco-2 and the colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29 were obtained from

The study of surface wetting, nanobubbles and boundary slip with an applied voltage: A review

• Yunlu Pan,
• Bharat Bhushan and
• Xuezeng Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1042–1065, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.117

• were used in study. First one is normal saline solution (sodium chloride (NaCl) 8000 mg/L, potassium chloride (KCl) 200 mg/L, sodium phosphate dibasic (Na2HPO4·7H2O)2, 160 mg/L, potassium phosphate monobasic (KH2PO4) 100 mg/L) (Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY). Another two oxygenated saline solutions

Antimicrobial properties of CuO nanorods and multi-armed nanoparticles against B. anthracis vegetative cells and endospores

• Pratibha Pandey,
• Merwyn S. Packiyaraj,
• Himangini Nigam,
• Gauri S. Agarwal,
• Beer Singh and
• Manoj K. Patra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 789–800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.91

• control to assess the viability of bacteria in saline during test period. In germinate and kill tests LB broth was prepared by adding 1 g tryptone plus 0.5 g yeast plus 265 mg NaCl to distilled water to prepare 10 mL LB broth in saline. All incubation experiments were performed in an incubator shaker at

Manipulation of isolated brain nerve terminals by an external magnetic field using D-mannose-coated γ-Fe₂O₃ nano-sized particles and assessment of their effects on glutamate transport

• Tatiana Borisova,
• Natalia Krisanova,
• Arsenii Borуsov,
• Roman Sivko,
• Ludmila Ostapchenko,
• Michal Babic and
• Daniel Horak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.90

• 4 °C. The synaptosomal suspensions were used in experiments during 2–4 h after isolation. The standard salt solution was oxygenated and contained (in mM): NaCl 126; KCl 5; MgCl2 2.0; NaH2PO4 1.0; HEPES 20, pH 7.4; and D-glucose 10. Ca2+-supplemented medium contained 2 mM CaCl2. The Ca2+-free medium

Surface assembly and nanofabrication of 1,1,1-tris(mercaptomethyl)heptadecane on Au(111) studied with time-lapse atomic force microscopy

• Tian Tian,
• Burapol Singhana,
• Lauren E. Englade-Franklin,
• Xianglin Zhai,
• T. Randall Lee and
• Jayne C. Garno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 26–35, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.3

• (120 mL) was stirred at rt for 8 h. The resulting precipitate was removed by filtration, and the filtrate washed with 5% NaCl (300 mL) and dried with MgSO4. The organic phase was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with hexanes/ethyl acetate

STM tip-assisted engineering of molecular nanostructures: PTCDA islands on Ge(001):H surfaces

• Amir A. Ahmad Zebari,
• Marek Kolmer and
• Jakub S. Prauzner-Bechcicki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 927–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.104

• insulator (e.g., NaCl on metal surfaces [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] or KBr on InSb [14][15]) or even a single layer of an atomic or molecular species (e.g., passivation of Si or Ge surfaces [16][17][18][19]). Such an extremely thin interlayer not only electronically decouples on-top adsorbed molecular

Probing the plasmonic near-field by one- and two-photon excited surface enhanced Raman scattering

• Katrin Kneipp and
• Harald Kneipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 834–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.94

• nanoaggreates described above (Figure 1). The concentration of the nanoaggregates was on the order of 10−10 M. A NaCl solution of 10−3 M concentration was added to the solution of the aggregates in order to achieve an optimum chemical SERS-enhancement. Each of the silver aggregates provides a total enhancement

Nanoglasses: a new kind of noncrystalline materials

• Herbert Gleiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 517–533, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.61

• in the melt and in the crystalline state are the high solubilities of NaCl or sugar in water and the low solubility of NaCl or sugar in ice. As a consequence of these different solubilities, it is expected that in multiphase nanoglasses, one will be able to obtain glassy solid solutions of components

Apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy of sparsely labeled tobacco mosaic viruses and the intermediate filament desmin

• Alexander Harder,
• Mareike Dieding,
• Volker Walhorn,
• Sven Degenhard,
• Andreas Brodehl,
• Christina Wege,
• Hendrik Milting and
• Dario Anselmetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 510–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.60

• assembly buffer (200 mM NaCl, 45 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7) to a desmin solution with a concentration of 0.55g/L and incubated for one hour at 37 °C. TMV particles are isolated from systemically infected Nicotiana tabacum 'Samsun' nn plants according to Gooding and Hebert [35]. A TMV mutant, which presents a

Photocatalytic antibacterial performance of TiO₂ and Ag-doped TiO₂ against S. aureus. P. aeruginosa and E. coli

• Kiran Gupta,
• R. P. Singh,
• Ashutosh Pandey and
• Anjana Pandey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 345–351, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.40

• % suspension of TiO2 and Ag-doped TiO2 of nanoparticles were prepared in 0.8 M NaCl. Characterization of TiO2 and Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles The XRD scan of the nanoparticles was performed on a Tecnai 20 G2 X-ray diffractometer by using Cu Kα radiation (FEI). The samples were scanned over a range of 5–70

Nanoscopic surfactant behavior of the porin MspA in aqueous media

• Ayomi S. Perera,
• Hongwang Wang,
• Tej B. Shrestha,
• Deryl L. Troyer and
• Stefan H. Bossmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 278–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.30

• Supporting Information File 1. PBS consists of 8.0 g NaCl, 0.20 g KCl, 1.44 g Na2HPO4 and 0.24 g KH2PO4 in 1 L H2O, pH 7.40. Geometric calculations based on the crystal structure of MspA [2]. TEM of vesicles formed from MspA on a carbon-coated 200-mesh copper grid. A: MspA vesicles formed in (5 × 10−5)× PBS

Electrospinning preparation and electrical and biological properties of ferrocene/poly(vinylpyrrolidone) composite nanofibers

• Ji-Hong Chai and
• Qing-Sheng Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 189–197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.19

• about 10 mm. Culture medium was prepared by mixing 3 g beef extract, 10 g peptone, 5 g NaCl, 16 g agar, and distilled water. After the activation, bacteria were inoculated and cultured in nutrient agar plate at 37 °C. For each bacterial suspension 100 µL was measured and evenly spread onto the

Characterization and properties of micro- and nanowires of controlled size, composition, and geometry fabricated by electrodeposition and ion-track technology

• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 860–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.97

• . fabricated pure Bi nanowires using an electrolyte consisting of 0.2 M BiCl3, 0.3 M tartaric acid, 0.2 M NaCl, 1.3 M HCl, and 100 g/L glycerol, in most cases potentiostatically, but also using reverse-pulse deposition in a two-electrode arrangement [56]. The thin Au layer acted as cathode and a Bi rod as

Growth behaviour and mechanical properties of PLL/HA multilayer films studied by AFM

• Cagri Üzüm,
• Johannes Hellwig,
• Narayanan Madaboosi,
• Dmitry Volodkin and
• Regine von Klitzing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.87

• each solution followed by multiple rinsing with pure water. The film build-up was pursued at 25 °C by alternating dipping of the glass slides into PLL and HA solutions (0.5 mg/mL in 10 mM Tris-buffer containing 15 mM NaCl, pH 7.4) over 10 min with an intermediate washing step with the buffer (10 min

• ). As with the precursor layer, PEI was adsorbed under the same conditions as other polymers. Before use, polyelectrolyte solutions were filtered through a 0.22 μm filter. The films were stored in Tris-buffer containing 0.15 M NaCl at 4 °C and never allowed to dry during the measurements. Microsphere

Paper modified with ZnO nanorods – antimicrobial studies

• Mayuree Jaisai,
• Sunandan Baruah and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 684–691, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.78

• mixed with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution (8 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.44 g Na2HPO4, 0.24 g KH2PO4 in 1 L of distilled water) by a vortex mixer until the cells were homogeneously dispersed. The suspension was centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 10 min and the supernatant discarded. These steps were repeated

Probing three-dimensional surface force fields with atomic resolution: Measurement strategies, limitations, and artifact reduction

• Mehmet Z. Baykara,
• Omur E. Dagdeviren,
• Todd C. Schwendemann,
• Harry Mönig,
• Eric I. Altman and
• Udo D. Schwarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 637–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.73

• sample surface. Force fields have now been recorded on NiO(001) [10][12][13], MgO/Ag(001) [14], NaCl(001) [15][16], Si(111)-(7×7) [17][18][19], HOPG [20][21], KBr(001) [9][22][23], Cu(111) [24], and CaCO3() [25] surfaces, as well as single molecules of PTCDA [26][27], pentacene [28], CO [29], C60 [30

• well-characterized tips on the ionic surface of NaCl(001) have been shown to unambiguously coincide with surface anions, facilitating atomic-scale chemical identification. Tip elasticity In addition to drift and piezo effects, the accuracy with which a numerical value, obtained through two- or three

• surface and stays constant until the plane of closest approach is reached, which is a direct consequence of (c). Additionally, Kawai et al. [16] and Fremy et al. [23] performed drift/creep-corrected three-dimensional force-field-spectroscopy experiments using atom-tracking, on NaCl(001) and KBr(001

Macromolecular shape and interactions in layer-by-layer assemblies within cylindrical nanopores

• Thomas D. Lazzara,
• K. H. Aaron Lau,
• Wolfgang Knoll,
• Andreas Janshoff and
• Claudia Steinem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 475–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.54

• Calbiochem (purity 12.9 units/mg). Biotinylated-bovine serum albumin (b-BSA) with 13 mol biotin/mol albumin, poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) (Mw = 70 kDa), poly(allylamine hydrochloride) PAH (Mw = 50–65 kDa), CuCl2, NaCl, and 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (90%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St

• -filling buffer. Recursively applying Equation 3 and Equation 4 for the organic-filled AAO pores, using a new effective ε′pore for the pore interior, provides εAAO after molecular adsorption. Protein and linear-PE LbL experiments Avidin was dissolved in phosphate buffer (20 mM NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4, 100 mM NaCl

• , pH = 7) to obtain 0.1 mg/mL solutions. The b-BSA solutions were similarly prepared with 0.1 mg/mL concentrations. PSS and PAH solutions were prepared with 0.1 mg/mL concentrations using 500 mM NaCl in deionized water. For both macromolecules, higher ionic strengths than required were used to

Models of the interaction of metal tips with insulating surfaces

• Thomas Trevethan,
• Matthew Watkins and
• Alexander L. Shluger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 329–335, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.37

• atomic resolution. Chromium and tungsten tips are used to image the NaCl(001) and MgO(001) surfaces. The interaction of the tips with the surface is simulated by using density-functional-theory calculations employing a mixed Gaussian and plane-wave basis and cluster-tip models. In each case, the apex of

• with the NaCl surface, with calculations employing exclusively plane-wave basis sets and a fully periodic tip model, and demonstrate that the electronic structure of the tip model employed can have a significant quantitative effect on calculated forces when the tip and surface are clearly separated

• localization and reconfiguration and a tip apex that is not truly metallic. It has been demonstrated that a chromium-coated tip is capable of imaging the bulk NaCl(001) surface with atomic resolution, at relatively large tip–surface separations (i.e., >5 Å), reducing the potential for the tip to become

Graphite, graphene on SiC, and graphene nanoribbons: Calculated images with a numerical FM-AFM

• Fabien Castanié,
• Laurent Nony,
• Sébastien Gauthier and
• Xavier Bouju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 301–311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.34

• [16][17], MgO [18][19][20], NaCl [21][22][23][24][25], CaCO3 [26], TiO2 [27][28][29], NiO [30], KBr [21][31][32][33][34][35], CaF2 [36], and graphite [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] to mention just a few. Moreover, from monolayer to single molecules, submolecular resolution has been obtained on

• various molecular systems [3][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]. Recently, impressive results were shown with single pentacene C22H14 and C16H10N2O2 molecules adsorbed on a thin NaCl film deposited on a Cu(111) surface [52][53]. These breakthroughs were possible with a

Dipole-driven self-organization of zwitterionic molecules on alkali halide surfaces

• Laurent Nony,
• Franck Bocquet,
• Franck Para,
• Frédéric Chérioux,
• Eric Duverger,
• Frank Palmino,
• Vincent Luzet and
• Christian Loppacher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 285–293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.32

• zwitterionic molecules on ionic-crystal (100) template surfaces. The crystals chosen (NaCl, KCl, RbCl, and KBr) all show the same structure (face-centered cubic, or rock salt) and thus provide an identical quadratic pattern of alternating electric charges on the surface, but with a different lattice constant

• the NaCl, RbCl, and KBr substrates, which present significantly different lattice constants compared to KCl (Table 1). As can be seen from the values of the measured MSPS lattice constant cmsps,exp in Table 1, for the substrates KCl, RbCl, and KBr, all measured cmsps,exp are within ±1% error of 5.15 Å

• . The fact that no large-scale ordering is found for NaCl will be discussed below. In order to answer the second question of whether the orientation of the organic overlayer is determined by a pure topographic effect of the quadratic substrate lattice or if it is the lines of equal charges on the ionic