Electrical, electrochemical and structural studies of a chlorine-derived ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte

• Ashish Gupta,
• Amrita Jain,
• Manju Kumari and
• Santosh K. Tripathi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1252–1261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.92

• (εr) and the dielectric loss (εi) as a function of frequency at different temperatures for a polymer gel electrolytes system. It can be seen from Figure 6a that there is a large dielectric dispersion with increasing frequency values at a given temperature. Dielectric dispersion which appears at higher

• temperatures is a measure of the dielectric relaxation which occurs due to the lagging time of rotation with respect to an external alternating field of side groups associated with the main chain. On the other hand, low-temperature dielectric dispersion is a measure of β-relaxation and is related to the micro

• dielectric constant with increasing frequency is the most expected phenomenon of dielectric materials which mostly arises due to the dielectric relaxation that causes an anomalous dispersion. The orientational polarization, which depends on the molecular arrangement of dielectric materials, is the major

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• -assembled amino acid molecules to exhibit stimulation responsiveness to the environment, which has exciting prospects for use in drug delivery. The advantages of low production costs, easy dispersion in aqueous media, mild and rapid synthetic setup and simple functionality facilitate their use as future

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• potential of UIONPs was found to be dependent on the pH of the dispersion media, varying from positive to negative, as the pH was changed from acidic to alkaline (Figure 2d). The standard deviation for zeta potentials at pH of 8 and 9 was negligible and therefore not discernable in Figure 2d. This is due to

• stable in aqueous dispersion, due to electrostatic repulsion from the existing charge on their surfaces. We find that, compared to pH 10, an acidic pH of 5 enhances the drug coating on IONPs, in the range of 4.7 to 5.7 times, achieving a NOR loading efficiency almost equivalent to polymeric nanoparticles

• and reaction was continued for 20 min more, at 80 °C. The dispersion was then allowed to cool, and the nanoparticles were magnetically separated out and washed with milliQ water. IONPs synthesized from 100 mL reaction was dispersed in 100 mL milliQ water and coating of NOR was carried out with a

First-principles study of the structural, optoelectronic and thermophysical properties of the π-SnSe for thermoelectric applications

• Muhammad Atif Sattar,
• Najwa Al Bouzieh,
• Maamar Benkraouda and
• Noureddine Amrane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1101–1114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.82

• [79]. No dispersion or scattering is observed in L(ω) as the curve is linear between 0 and 1.4 eV. The real optical conductivity σ(ω) is a valuable tool to evaluate the concentration of electrons that participate in optical transitions. The optical conductivity plot for the π-SnSe alloy is presented

Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin

• Andrea M. Araya-Sibaja,
• Norma J. Salazar-López,
• Krissia Wilhelm Romero,
• José R. Vega-Baudrit,
• J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila,
• Carlos A. Velázquez Contreras,
• Ramón E. Robles-Zepeda,
• Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos and
• Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.78

• produced as a powder or as an aqueous suspension containing only the drug [46]. Some authors refer to nanocrystals as indistinguishable from nanosuspensions [47], which may be due to subtle differences between them (Figure 2). Strictly speaking, a nanosuspension is a colloidal dispersion of pure particles

• advantages of these systems have been evidenced by the significant increase in the in vivo performance of drugs administered in this way [47]. For instance, CUR nanocrystals obtained by solution-enhanced dispersion via supercritical CO2 showed increased internalization and apoptotic effects in colorectal

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• product contained nanoparticles with a diameter of 33 ± 5 nm (a summary of the evolution of the particle size throughout the synthesis can be found in Table 1). The nanoparticles were irregularly formed but, in general, spherically shaped. With increasing reaction time, the dispersion turned darker and

• Information File 1). As the reaction continued, a dark red dispersion was obtained. While the average particle size (210 ± 30 nm) remained unchanged 30 min after the reaction had been started (Figure 1c), the aggregated type I nanoparticles now appeared to have merged as the type II nanoparticles preserved

• after 30 min. There were still type III structures found consisting of type II particles. After 8 h, the dispersion started to turn brownish in color. The amorphous, spherically shaped type II nanoparticles (see X-ray diffraction spectrometry, XRD in Figure 2 below) began to form the first crystalline

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• retention during cycling and higher active material utilization when compared with traditional sulfur–carbon composites. Additionally, using sodium polysulfides facilitates the dispersion and homogeneous distribution of sulfur into the nanostructured MWCNT matrix, which acts as a high-surface current

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• reducing agent in the dispersion phase [33]. Furthermore, a stabilizing/capping agent is used for enhanced stability and functionalization for the intended application. The wet chemical route allows for a high degree of controllability and reproducibility in synthesizing anisotropic nanomaterials

• the dispersion phase is a commonly encountered challenge. The stability of the nanoparticles is preserved by introducing various capping/stabilizing agents. The capping agent determines the surface chemistry of the nanoparticles deviating from the innate characteristics of the material. However, DESs

• when used as a solvent yield colloidally stable nanoparticles in the absence of capping/stabilizing agents. Also, the function of DESs is not limited to nanoparticle stabilization in their dispersion phase. They also act as a template, determining shape, size, and surface chemistry for the intended

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Silver nanoparticles nucleated in NaOH-treated halloysite: a potential antimicrobial material

• Yuri B. Matos,
• Rodrigo S. Romanus,
• Mattheus Torquato,
• Edgar H. de Souza,
• Rodrigo L. Villanova,
• Marlene Soares and
• Emilson R. Viana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 798–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.63

• the potential of the Ag-NPs for industrial application by dispersing them into low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and evaluating the chemical compatibility between matrix and additive by testing a dodecanethiol (DIO) coating to improve the dispersion of the Ag-NPs into LDPE. The resulting composites were

• again at 37 °C for 24 h. The minimal inhibitory concentration was determined examining bacterial growth at each nanoparticle concentration. Dispersion of Ag/HNT-8 in a LDPE polymer matrix Ag/HNT-8 was also tested as an antimicrobial additive to LDPE and the biocide properties of the resulting composite

• , displaying fewer particle clusters and far more nanoscaled dots, suggesting a better dispersion of particles in the LDPE matrix. The antimicrobial properties of Ag-NPs are associated with the release of Ag+ ions [39] and this release is correlated with the surface energy of nanoparticles. Thus, the higher

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• low-level radiation shielding sheet with diamagnetic nanoparticles and wanted to develop a medical radiation fiber shielding, which is harmless to the human body. The uniform dispersion of magnetic nanoparticles into a polymer resin can not only reduce the weight of the material, but also avoid harm

Physical constraints lead to parallel evolution of micro- and nanostructures of animal adhesive pads: a review

• Thies H. Büscher and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 725–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.57

• exploration of many evolutionary aspects, especially convergence. Limited spatial dispersion and extensive adaptive radiation led to a high degree of convergent traits in Phasmatodea, (e.g., in terms of visual camouflage [184][185][186][187], oviposition techniques [109][188][189][190][191][192][193][194

Electromigration-induced formation of percolating adsorbate islands during condensation from the gaseous phase: a computational study

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.55

• panel) and the dispersion ⟨(δx)2⟩ (bottom panel). The dispersion ⟨(δx)2⟩ = ⟨x2⟩ − ⟨x⟩2 is an order parameter for pattern formation. If ⟨(δx)2⟩ ≃ 0 then the field x(r) is homogeneously distributed and no patterns are possible. The growing dynamics ⟨(δx)2⟩(t) indicates ordering of the field x(r) with

• follows that during the initial stages of the condensation process the mean adsorbate concentration ⟨x⟩ increases, and after the transient regime it attains a constant value, which depends on the system parameters (see top panel in Figure 3a). The dispersion ⟨(δx)2⟩ takes values close to zero at the

• initial stage meaning a quasihomogeneous distribution of adsorbate on the substrate (see the bottom panel in Figure 3a and the first snapshots in Figure 3b). After the incubation period dispersion starts to grow fast, leading to the formation of small adsorbate islands on a substrate (see the second

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• Supporting Information File 1, Table S2. Although differences in the agglomeration behaviour among different AgNPs were observed depending on the dispersion media, an increase in agglomeration was generally observed in media with a higher ionic strength (CCM, mCYS, mGSH, ALF, and AGF, see Table 1). Such

• interaction between the nanoscale surface with complexing agents, such as biothiols, the dispersion of AgNPs into acidic or chloride-rich media, oxidative actions on the nanoscale surface mediated by ROS or catalysed by biomolecules may lead to Ag+ release [25]. Moreover, AgNP degradation and dissolution may

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• during deformation. Other materials of interest for nuclear reactor design that have been the subject of HIM irradiation studies include silicon carbide grains in a pyrolytic carbon matrix [79], α-LiAlO2 pellets [80], tristructural-isotropic fuel particles [81], oxide dispersion-strengthened steels [82

High-yield synthesis of silver nanowires for transparent conducting PET films

• Gul Naz,
• Hafsa Asghar,
• Muhammad Ramzan,
• Muhammad Arshad,
• Rashid Ahmed,
• Muhammad Bilal Tahir,
• Bakhtiar Ul Haq,
• Nadeem Baig and
• Junaid Jalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 624–632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.51

• using the Beer–Lambert equation: To investigate the effect of the number of coatings on the transparency of the PET film, a range of film samples was prepared with different AgNW ink dispersion volumes (0.25, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7 mL) and characterized as dispersion volume per unit area (V/A), where A

• Lorentzian peaks. (d) Transmittance-vs-wavelength plot of AgNW-coated PET films with different densities (corresponding to the quantity of AgNW-based dispersion ink, i.e., 0.25, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7 mL per unit area A of the film of 5 × 5 cm2) and the inset shows the transmittance-vs-sheet resistance plot of

Stability and activity of platinum nanoparticles in the oxygen electroreduction reaction: is size or uniformity of primary importance?

• Kirill O. Paperzh,
• Anastasia A. Alekseenko,
• Vadim A. Volochaev,
• Ilya V. Pankov,
• Olga A. Safronenko and
• Vladimir E. Guterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.49

• multistage oxygen electroreduction reaction. When comparing platinum catalysts based on the same carbon support, differences in their electrochemical behavior are determined by the difference in the composition (Pt loading in Pt/C), structure (shape and size of the platinum NPs, dispersion of their size, and

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• characterizations. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) were conducted of NM-212 dispersed in DI water, sonicated for 10 min in a bath, and captured on 300 mesh lacey carbon copper grids dipped into the dispersion for

• the exposure to partially dissolved nanoceria may be due to the increased surface content of Ce3+ providing antioxidant potential. After dialysis in water, the partially dissolved nanoceria rapidly precipitates from the dispersion, presumably due to the loss of surface citrate and reduced surface

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• Raman scattering (SERS) effect. In this work, we show the SERS effect for water molecules in the dispersion of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) without any external electrical field. An enhancement factor was estimated to be (4.8 ± 0.8) × 106 for an excitation wavelength of 514.5 nm and for AgNPs with an

• , spontaneous and stimulated Raman surface enhancement of the signal of liquid water in an aqueous dispersion of silver nanoparticles [35]. High enhancement factors (in the magnitude of 106) were obtained for the results from both techniques. In this work, further investigations on the SERS effect for water

• species in the dispersion (e.g., citrate, sodium, potassium, bromide – only in the AgNPs yellow sample) because ionic additives result in the decrease of the low frequency component around 3200 cm−1 due to their destructive impact on the hydrogen bond network in liquid water [17]. Moreover, the observed

Rapid controlled synthesis of gold–platinum nanorods with excellent photothermal properties under 808 nm excitation

• Jialin Wang,
• Qianqian Duan,
• Min Yang,
• Boye Zhang,
• Li Guo,
• Pengcui Li,
• Wendong Zhang and
• Shengbo Sang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 462–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.37

• there was no excess CTAB and Ag+ in the AuNRs solution. AuNRs with uniform particle size and good dispersion were obtained. Platinum coating of AuNRs Using a slightly modified experimental method of Grzelczak et al. [27], Pt was deposited on the tips of the AuNRs in the presence of Ag+. The cleaned

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• dispersion) as the incident light and does not depend on the angle (Rayleigh scattering). However, when the particle size is greater than 63 nm, then the Rayleigh dispersion is no longer valid and it is replaced by the Mie anisotropic dispersion theory, in which the scattered light energy is different from

• the incident light energy (inelastic dispersion) and is dependent on the angle [153]. Data referring to the dispersing medium (e.g., refractive index and viscosity) and the dispersed nanoparticle (e.g., refractive index and absorption), when it comes to nanoparticles ≤63 nm, are not required by the

• complementary way, the size, distribution, shape heterogeneity, morphology, dispersion, and aggregation can be directly evaluated via TEM in which the high spatial resolution facilitates the investigation of the electronic structure and chemical composition [156]. However, the disadvantages other than the

Reconstruction of a 2D layer of KBr on Ir(111) and electromechanical alteration by graphene

• Zhao Liu,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Stefan Peeters,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Maria Clelia Righi and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 432–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.35

• occupation of the electronic states of the metal around the Fermi energy. A 12 × 12 × 12 K-point grid was used to sample the Brillouin zone of the iridium bulk and the K-point grid was proportionally resized for all the following calculations. We chose not to add any dispersion correction, consistently with

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

Structural and optical characteristics determined by the sputtering deposition conditions of oxide thin films

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Florin Garoi and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 354–365, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.29

• ). The system is equipped with an X-ray source and an EDX unit with elementary energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS). These analyses employ different magnifications depending on the quality of the thin films and the structure of their surface. Using cross-section imaging and a magnification of 20000×, it

• transmission in the visible range decreases and the porosity at the film surface increases, which is justified by the lack of applied heat treatment. The dispersion of the refractive index for the investigated samples shows a normal dispersion in the considered spectral range (Figure 11). The plots indicate

• energy of the incident photons for (a) SiO2 and (b) ZnO samples with different thickness values. Refractive index dependence on the wavelength (dispersion) for (a) SiO2 and (b) ZnO thin films. Photon energy dependence of the (a) real and (b) imaginary parts of permittivity for SiO2 (i) and ZnO (ii) thin

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• [42]. With the addition of Ag nanoparticles to a dispersion of SnO2/rGO, the working temperature was dropped from 55 °C to room temperature in the gas sensing of NO2 [43]. (For further examples and comparison with other gas sensors see Table S1 in Supporting Information File 1.) The ternary Ni@rGO/WO3

• mg, 0.178 mmol) and rGO (10 mg) were suspended for 2 h in the dried and deoxygenated IL (2 g [BMIm][NTf2]) before microwave decomposition (230 °C, 10 min, 50 W) to obtain a dispersion of 0.5 wt % of Ni nanoparticles on rGO in ionic liquid. Preparation of WO3 nanopowder Tungsten oxide nanopowder was

• precipitated with acetonitrile from the nanoparticle/ionic liquid dispersion and washed several times with acetonitrile. P-XRD patterns were recorded for 1 h (2θ = 5–100°). Atomic absorption spectroscopy, AAS for metal analysis was performed on a PerkinElmer PinAAcle 900T, equipped with a flame furnace. Flame