The cell-type specific uptake of polymer-coated or micelle-embedded QDs and SPIOs does not provoke an acute pro-inflammatory response in the liver

• Markus Heine,
• Alexander Bartelt,
• Oliver T. Bruns,
• Denise Bargheer,
• Artur Giemsa,
• Barbara Freund,
• Ludger Scheja,
• Christian Waurisch,
• Alexander Eychmüller,
• Rudolph Reimer,
• Horst Weller,
• Peter Nielsen and
• Joerg Heeren

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1432–1440, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.155

• that the metals within the inorganic core are potentially toxic. Apparently, QDs with a special nano-sized formulation and surface passivation prevent acute toxic effects. Given that only some of the reports found pathological effects in a clinical sense, parameters that are more sensitive such as

PEGylated versus non-PEGylated magnetic nanoparticles as camptothecin delivery system

• Paula M. Castillo,
• Mario de la Mata,
• Maria F. Casula,
• José A. Sánchez-Alcázar and
• Ana P. Zaderenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1312–1319, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.144

• by means of nano-formulations cover a wide range of organic nanomaterials [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Noticeably, a cyclodextrin-containing polymer–CPT nano-formulation is currently undergoing phase II clinical trials [20]. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) are particularly

• polyethylene glycol (PEG) as coating polymer in nano-formulations. PEG has been widely used in the formulation of nanoparticles for biomedical applications, both because of its biocompatibility and its effectiveness in camouflaging nanoparticles from opsonins [35]. Recently, it has been described that PEG

• are clearly present in both USM[CPT] and USM-PEG[CPT]. Although taken at a lower resolution, probably due to the lower concentration of CPT loaded in USM[CPT] when compared to USM-PEG[CPT], the USM[CPT] formulation possesses also the characteristic peaks of its CPT load. Differences in intensity and a

Fringe structures and tunable bandgap width of 2D boron nitride nanosheets

• Peter Feng,
• Muhammad Sajjad,
• Eric Yiming Li,
• Hongxin Zhang,
• Jin Chu,
• Ali Aldalbahi and
• Gerardo Morell

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1186–1192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.130

• 2θ ≈ 27.02° to 2θ ≈ 26.92° after the treatment. This indicates that the lattice constant of the BNNS hexagonal structure increases up to 1% according to Bragg formulation of X-ray diffraction. Since the bandgap width or energy normally is inversely proportional to the lattice constant for III–V

Optimizing the synthesis of CdS/ZnS core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals for bioimaging applications

• Li-wei Liu,
• Si-yi Hu,
• Ying Pan,
• Jia-qi Zhang,
• Yue-shu Feng and
• Xi-he Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 919–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.105

• this equation, we determined that the dispersion in water and the pH value can affect their stability. We used DLS as an accurate approach to monitor the colloidal stability of F127-CdS/ZnS micelles. The DLS samples were diluted in HPLC water (1:30). Then, we investigated the formulation of the micelle

Antimicrobial properties of CuO nanorods and multi-armed nanoparticles against B. anthracis vegetative cells and endospores

• Pratibha Pandey,
• Merwyn S. Packiyaraj,
• Himangini Nigam,
• Gauri S. Agarwal,
• Beer Singh and
• Manoj K. Patra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 789–800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.91

• single germinant plus CuO nanoparticle combined formulation that can be used for decontamination of B. anthracis spores holds a good potential. Our findings regarding the difference between the bactericidal and the sporicidal potential of CuO nanoparticles are in accordance with the existing knowledge

Biocalcite, a multifunctional inorganic polymer: Building block for calcareous sponge spicules and bioseed for the synthesis of calcium phosphate-based bone

• Xiaohong Wang,
• Heinz C. Schröder and
• Werner E. G. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 610–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.72

• . We are convinced that this strategy will contribute to a further improvement of the formulation of a suitable artificial scaffold for rapid prototyping 3D bioprinting of organ-like tissue units. Function of biosilica during (A) the formation of siliceous sponge spicules and (B) mammalian bone mineral

In vitro toxicity and bioimaging studies of gold nanorods formulations coated with biofunctional thiol-PEG molecules and Pluronic block copolymers

• Tianxun Gong,
• Douglas Goh,
• Malini Olivo and
• Ken-Tye Yong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 546–553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.64

• aspect ratios of rod nanoparticles. This method typically involves the use of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactants as directing agents to grow gold nanorods in the solution phase. The as-synthesized gold nanorods surfaces are terminated with CTAB molecules and this formulation gives rise to

• surface is unfeasible as this will render the gold nanorods structurally unstable, causing the aggregation of particles. Here, we investigate the individual use of thiolated PEG and PEO–PPO–PEO as capping agents to reduce the cytotoxicity of gold nanorods formulation, while maintaining the optical

• gold nanoparticles formulation will be affected and this may impact their applications in sensing, imaging and targeted delivery. Thus, it is essential for the nanoparticle community to understand the effects of functionalizing PEG-SH or PEO–PPO–PEO molecules on the AuNRs surface and their

Near-infrared dye loaded polymeric nanoparticles for cancer imaging and therapy and cellular response after laser-induced heating

• Tingjun Lei,
• Alicia Fernandez-Fernandez,
• Romila Manchanda,
• Yen-Chih Huang and
• Anthony J. McGoron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 313–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.35

• endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and poor lymphatic clearance from tumor sites [4]. Because of these advantages, we synthesized a new formulation of polymeric NPs for image-guided therapy based on the polymer poly(glycerol malate co-dodecanedioate) (PGMD) developed in our lab. The work described in this

• intracellular proteins such as ligandin [25]. In the case of the NP formulation, IR820 released from the NPs should exhibit identical behavior as free IR820, whereas IR820 still within the NPs is expected to be located in endosomes/lysosomes. Lysotracker Blue was used to identify that PGMD NPs were taken up by

• the cells through an endocytosis pathway (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S5). Calculated image ratio values, R, from the fluorescence microscope images show that the NP formulation produces a higher intracellular fluorescence intensity (R = 3.75 ± 0.54) (mean ± SD) than the free dye (R = 2.89

Static analysis of rectangular nanoplates using trigonometric shear deformation theory based on nonlocal elasticity theory

• Mohammad Rahim Nami and
• Maziar Janghorban

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 968–973, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.109

• nanostructures yet. So it may be useful to develop a new model based on one of these new theories for rectangular nanoplates. In this work, the bending analysis of nanoplates based on nonlocal elasticity theory using the trigonometric shear deformation theory is investigated. After validating the formulation and

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li₂Co_1−xM_xPO₄F (M = Fe, Mn) cathode materials

• Nellie R. Khasanova,
• Oleg A. Drozhzhin,
• Stanislav S. Fedotov,
• Darya A. Storozhilova,
• Rodion V. Panin and
• Evgeny V. Antipov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 860–867, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.97

• -substitution on the electrochemical activity of the Li2CoPO4F system. A further optimization in synthesis and formulation of the cathode material (particle investigation and carbon coating) of Mn- and Fe-substituted fluorophosphates will improve their electrochemical performance and, thereby, answer the

Size-dependent characteristics of electrostatically actuated fluid-conveying carbon nanotubes based on modified couple stress theory

• Mir Masoud Seyyed Fakhrabadi,
• Abbas Rastgoo and
• Mohammad Taghi Ahmadian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 771–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.88

• attracted a lot of scientists and researchers all over the world to study their characteristics as well as their actual and potential applications. A mathematical formulation of the applicability of CNTs in NEMS was conducted by Dequesnes et al. [14]. They applied a model with one degree of freedom in order

• those obtained from molecular dynamics. The main difference between [14] and [15] is the more detailed formulation of vdW force between the CNT and graphene sheets. In the former, the researchers only studied the attractive term whereas in the latter they investigated the repulsive term as well. Ke et

Large-scale atomistic and quantum-mechanical simulations of a Nafion membrane: Morphology, proton solvation and charge transport

• Pavel V. Komarov,
• Pavel G. Khalatur and
• Alexei R. Khokhlov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 567–587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.65

• to increase the size of simulated systems and use rather complex variants of DFT. We used a recently modified version of the code CP2K/Quickstep [85], which is a numerical implementation of the Gaussian and plane waves (GPW) method [90] based on the Kohn–Sham formulation of DFT. The electronic charge

3D nano-structures for laser nano-manipulation

• Gediminas Seniutinas,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Gediminas Gervinskas,
• Etienne Brasselet and
• Saulius Juodkazis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 534–541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.62

• , and applying the Lorentz force formulation explained in the following section. The source was linearly x-polarized with a bandwidth range from 400 to 1400 nm. The simulations were performed on the swinSTAR supercomputer at Swinburne University with 16-core nodes of 64 GB memory each. Each simulation

Magnetic-Fe/Fe₃O₄-nanoparticle-bound SN38 as carboxylesterase-cleavable prodrug for the delivery to tumors within monocytes/macrophages

• Hongwang Wang,
• Tej B. Shrestha,
• Matthew T. Basel,
• Raj K. Dani,
• Gwi-Moon Seo,
• Sivasai Balivada,
• Marla M. Pyle,
• Heidy Prock,
• Olga B. Koper,
• Prem S. Thapa,
• David Moore,
• Ping Li,
• Viktor Chikan,
• Deryl L. Troyer and
• Stefan H. Bossmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 444–455, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.51

• ][22][23][24][25][26]. SN38-loaded polymeric micelles (NK012) have been used in preclinical and clinical studies against various types of cancer. Specific accumulation of this formulation to the tumor site by the EPR effect (enhanced permeation and retention), and sustained release of SN38 in tumor

Towards a scalable and accurate quantum approach for describing vibrations of molecule–metal interfaces

• David M. Benoit,
• Bruno Madebene,
• Inga Ulusoy,
• Luis Mancera,
• Yohann Scribano and
• Sergey Chulkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 427–447, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.48

• adsorbed molecules. Results and Discussion Theoretical framework The theoretical description of molecular vibrations is remarkably simple. In its most basic formulation, the harmonic approximation can successfully describe a very large number of observations. This has been shown in the excellent monograph

Charge transfer through single molecule contacts: How reliable are rate descriptions?

• Denis Kast,
• L. Kecke and
• J. Ankerhold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 416–426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.47

• in comparison with numerically exact solutions is still elusive. Results: We show that a formulation in terms of transfer rates provides a quantitatively accurate description even in domains of parameter space where strictly it is expected to fail, e.g., at lower temperatures. Typically

• ingredients for a perturbative treatment. A formulation which closely follows the P(E) theory for dynamical Coulomb blockade is discussed in subsection 2. Nonequilibrium effects in the stationary phonon distribution are analyzed in subsection 3 based on a dynamical formulation of charge and phonon degrees of

• molecule, i.e., with Single charge tunneling through the device can be formally and exactly captured under weak conditions (e.g., instantaneous equilibration in the leads during charge transfer) within the Meir–Wingreen formulation based on nonequilibrium Green’s functions [14][15]. For the current

Simple theoretical analysis of the photoemission from quantum confined effective mass superlattices of optoelectronic materials

• Debashis De,
• Sitangshu Bhattacharya,
• S. M. Adhikari,
• A. Kumar,
• P. K. Bose and
• K. P. Ghatak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 339–362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.40

• [39]. It appears then that the formulation of RG is determined by the appropriate derivation of I, which in turn requires the magneto-dispersion relations. By using the appropriate formulas RG can, in general, be investigated. Thus we can summarize the whole theoretical background in the following way

• the said effects for the generalized systems emerge. It is vital that the results of our simple theory get transformed to the well-known formulation of photoemission for wide-gap materials having parabolic energy bands. This indirect test will not only illustrate the mathematical compatibility of our

• formulation but will also show the fact that our simple analysis is a more generalized one, since one can obtain the corresponding results for materials having parabolic energy bands under certain limiting conditions from our present derivation. The experimental results for the verification of the theoretical

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure of bimetallic nanoparticles

• Carolin Antoniak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 237–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.28

• -rays is caused by an anisotropy of the charge (or spin) distribution, either by bonding that yields natural dichroism or by magnetic ordering that yields magnetic dichroism. A general formulation of linear and circular dichroism was given by Carra and Altarelli [30] and an overview of the different

Structural and magnetic properties of ternary Fe_1–xMn_xPt nanoalloys from first principles

• Markus E. Gruner and
• Peter Entel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 162–172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.20

• accurate description of structural properties of ferrous alloys, the use of the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) for the representation of the exchange–correlation functional is mandatory. In the present work, the formulation of Perdew and Wang [47][48] in connection with the spin interpolation

• carried out for comparison. The energy differences between the isomers turned out to change by less than 0.1 meV/atom, which is far better than the overall accuracy in the order of several meV/atom that can usually be expected for calculations of this type. A scalar relativistic formulation of the