Development of a new hybrid approach combining AFM and SEM for the nanoparticle dimensional metrology

• Loïc Crouzier,
• Alexandra Delvallée,
• Sébastien Ducourtieux,
• Laurent Devoille,
• Guillaume Noircler,
• Christian Ulysse,
• Olivier Taché,
• Elodie Barruet,
• Christophe Tromas and
• Nicolas Feltin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1523–1536, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.150

• too strong interactions with the sample and subsequent NP displacements. For vibration considerations, each instrument sits on a massive concrete block decoupled from the building. Furthermore, the AFM instrument is placed in an enclosure to protect it against acoustic noise and installed on an anti

• humidity and temperature are well controlled and stabilized (50 ± 5% relative humidity and 20 ± 0.15 °C for temperature). These precautions combined with the instrument performances make it possible to obtain low drifts and to carry out measurements with low noise. Basic measuring principle and data

• to take the full width at half maximum (FWHM) [19]. The profile FWHM depends on the accelerating voltage (or EHT) corresponding to the primary electron energy as shown in Figure 1. Above 4 kV, the signal-to-noise ratio, corresponding to the difference in grey level between the NP and the substrate

Energy distribution in an ensemble of nanoparticles and its consequences

• Dieter Vollath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1452–1457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.143

• fit analysis. As the first example for determination of a particle size distribution based on the temperature profile of a physical process, the magnetic noise power of cobalt particles at a frequency of 100 Hz (according to Woods et al. [5]) was selected. In this example, 5 nm cobalt particles were

• scattered on a sheet of silicon oxide. Additionally, these particles were separated by an oleic acid coating of 2 nm. Woods et al. [5] determined the magnetic noise power as a function of temperature during the superparamagnetic transition. For this example, the experimental data obtained from 5 nm

• Figure 3, this assumption does not describe the course of the magnetic noise power properly. There is significant deviation at higher temperatures, representing larger particles. As fitting using a Weibull or a log-normal distribution did not lead to a satisfying result, an approximation using the sum of

Growth of lithium hydride thin films from solutions: Towards solution atomic layer deposition of lithiated films

• Ivan Kundrata,
• Karol Fröhlich,
• Lubomír Vančo,
• Matej Mičušík and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1443–1451, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.142

• original film was indeed LiH. Growth behaviour QCM used during the deposition showed a linearly decreasing trend in frequency, clearly distinguishable from background noise (Figure 8). Moreover, the periodical changes also correspond to the changing cycles. The sharp increase in frequency during water

Nanoscale spatial mapping of mechanical properties through dynamic atomic force microscopy

• Zahra Abooalizadeh,
• Leszek Josef Sudak and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1332–1347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.132

• (Figure 4c). While some contrast was observed in Figure 4d of the phase response, a closer examination of the line profile data in Figure 5b shows that no discernible peak or contrast can be detected from the uncovered or covered step edges in phase, as the noise or measured variation in the phase is the

Fabrication of phase masks from amorphous carbon thin films for electron-beam shaping

• Lukas Grünewald,
• Dagmar Gerthsen and
• Simon Hettler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1290–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.128

• the central lobe [26]. In practice, this may result in a reduced signal-to-noise ratio and a compromise has to be found between a large kρ and sufficient intensity in the central lobe [25]. While the radial beam profile in form of a Bessel function is preserved upon propagation up to zmax, the

On the relaxation time of interacting superparamagnetic nanoparticles and implications for magnetic fluid hyperthermia

• Andrei Kuncser,
• Nicusor Iacob and
• Victor E. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1280–1289, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.127

• ) from Figure 4a like dependencies. In this respect, a C++ program has been developed for automatically computing the number of magnetic switching events over a certain period (e.g., during 100 ns) from such time-dependent magnetization curves. Given a noise of 0.2 in Figure 4a like curves, any jump of

Molecular attachment to a microscope tip: inelastic tunneling, Kondo screening, and thermopower

• Rouzhaji Tuerhong,
• Mauro Boero and
• Jean-Pierre Bucher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1243–1250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.124

• function of the gap resistance in Figure 4a, is a very sharp effect and corresponds to a sudden configurational change of the molecule in the STM gap. Simultaneously, a telegraphic noise appears at bias voltages larger than the side-peak threshold, which is often regarded as the signature of an unstable

Pure and mixed ordered monolayers of tetracyano-2,6-naphthoquinodimethane and hexathiapentacene on the Ag(100) surface

• Robert Harbers,
• Timo Heepenstrick,
• Dmitrii F. Perepichka and
• Moritz Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1188–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.118

• example. The four symmetry-equivalent domains are marked by A to D. The molecular rows are well visible. The domains exhibit local defects, mostly vacancies, where single molecules are missing. For this structure, STM images of good quality with a low level of noise were obtained easily. We interpret this

A highly efficient porous rod-like Ce-doped ZnO photocatalyst for the degradation of dye contaminants in water

• Binjing Hu,
• Qiang Sun,
• Chengyi Zuo,
• Yunxin Pei,
• Siwei Yang,
• Hui Zheng and
• Fangming Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1157–1165, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.115

• lattice and substituted into the Zn ion sites [9][11]. XPS spectra of Ce 3d were collected in order to determine the Ce state in CZO-4. All the elements were corrected with C 1s at 284.8 eV. Due to the low percentage of Ce in this catalyst, its signal to noise was low, too. The results are shown in Figure

Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles as a saturable absorber for giant chirped pulse generation

• Ji-Shu Liu,
• Xiao-Hui Li,
• Abdul Qyyum,
• Yi-Xuan Guo,
• Tong Chai,
• Hua Xu and
• Jie Jiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1065–1072, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.107

• analyzer (Rohde & Schwarz FSC6) is used to measure the signal-to-noise ratio of the pulse. There are many methods that can be employed for the synthesis of NPs, such as sol–gel, sol–hydrothermal, co-precipitate, or dry methods. Due to the homogeneity and the versatility of the product, a sol–hydrothermal

• smooth shape with a center wavelength of 1560.6 nm and 3 dB bandwidth of 0.8 nm at a pump power of 245.2 mW [41]. As shown in Figure 5b and 5c, the RPR of 4.63 MHz corresponds to a laser cavity length of about 43 m, which is verified by the time interval of the output pulse train. The signal-to-noise

• nonlinear effect in the fiber laser cavities. It was thus demonstrated that the giant-chirp passive mode locking is mainly caused by the FONP SA material [47][48][49][50][51]. The nonlinear polarization evolution effects observed may influence the operation wavelength and add some noise in the experiments

Influence of dielectric layer thickness and roughness on topographic effects in magnetic force microscopy

• Alexander Krivcov,
• Jasmin Ehrler,
• Marc Fuhrmann,
• Tanja Junkers and
• Hildegard Möbius

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1056–1064, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.106

• increase the signal-to-noise ratio. The resolution of the images is 254 measuring points per line, and the scan speed is 0.9 Hz. The force gradient is detected by phase shifts in interleave mode. A magnetic ASYMFM-HM tip was used for all measurements in order to assure a high magnetic sensitivity. The

Revisiting semicontinuous silver films as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates

• Malwina Liszewska,
• Bogusław Budner,
• Małgorzata Norek,
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz and
• Piotr Nyga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1048–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.105

• compared the metal coverage normalized SERS signal of the D sample with the signal of the almost continuous I sample. As no SERS signal was observed on the sample I, we assumed that the upper limit of the signal is the peak-to-peak noise measurement [20]. By dividing the silver coverage corrected signal of

• the Raman band at 1080 cm−1 by the peak-to-peak noise of the measurement on the sample I we obtained a lower limit of the enhancement factor of about 630. Conclusion We have fabricated semicontinuous silver films with various morphologies, ranging from isolated particles, through percolated to almost

Correlation of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) with the surface density of gold nanoparticles: evaluation of the critical number of SERS tags for a detectable signal

• Vincenzo Amendola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1016–1023, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.102

• region using Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In this way, the Raman spectra and the surface density of the SERS tags are correlated directly, showing that 1 tag/µm2 is enough to generate an intense signal above the noise level at 633 nm with an excitation power of only 0.65 mW

• linear response, it was found that 10 SERS AuNTs inside the probed area are required. These findings indicate that a better signal-to-noise ratio requires high-magnification optics, while linearity versus tag number can be improved by using low-magnification optics or a high tag density. In general the

• Scientec Vector calorimeter). The Raman signal was collected on an internal silicon chip which could account for small (less than 5%) intensity fluctuations of the Raman spectrometer and allowed for quantification of the noise intensity in the two measurement conditions. The acquisition time was fixed at

Fabrication of silver nanoisland films by pulsed laser deposition for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Bogusław Budner,
• Mariusz Kuźma,
• Barbara Nasiłowska,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Malwina Liszewska and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 882–893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.89

• single point were 1 s, 5 s and 0.5 s for 532 nm, 633 nm, and 785 nm excitation wavelengths, respectively. The measurement parameters were adjusted to different nominal output power values of the lasers to obtain a good signal-to-noise ratio for a single measuring point. SERS measurements were made for

• the EF of the Raman signal, the Raman measurements of the pMA adsorbed on the surface of the platinum film were also done. Compared to SERS substrates, obtaining a spectrum with the appropriate signal-to-noise ratio required increasing the laser power and extended measurement time. For the 532 nm

Outstanding chain-extension effect and high UV resistance of polybutylene succinate containing amino-acid-modified layered double hydroxides

• Adam A. Marek,
• Vincent Verney,
• Christine Taviot-Gueho,
• Grazia Totaro,
• Laura Sisti,
• Annamaria Celli and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 684–695, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.68

• centred at 350 nm can be observed for interlayered HIS and PHE (the small peak at 382 nm is instrumental noise). This band disappears after 20–40 h, which is in agreement with the decrease in the UV transmittance described above. In the case of the PBS nanocomposite with LDH/PHE, the emission band shifts

Commercial polycarbonate track-etched membranes as substrates for low-cost optical sensors

• Paula Martínez-Pérez and
• Jaime García-Rupérez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 677–683, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.67

• the spectrum was notably noisy, with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) value of 3.52 (see Figure 2b). All these issues are disadvantageous for the future employment of these membranes as optical sensing structures for two reasons. First, the noise can hide tiny displacements of the spectra that could

A carrier velocity model for electrical detection of gas molecules

• Ali Hosseingholi Pourasl,
• Sharifah Hafizah Syed Ariffin,
• Mohammad Taghi Ahmadi,
• Razali Ismail and
• Niayesh Gharaei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 644–653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.64

• nanowires and carbon nanotubes, GNRs possess high sensitivity, high electron and hole mobility, chemical stability, low noise, and a large surface-to-volume ratio, properties which are highly desired for gas sensor applications. Electrically, GNRs have shown high sensitivity to their surroundings and

Review of time-resolved non-contact electrostatic force microscopy techniques with applications to ionic transport measurements

• Aaron Mascaro,
• Yoichi Miyahara,
• Tyler Enright,
• Omur E. Dagdeviren and
• Peter Grütter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 617–633, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.62

• jitter and noise. The overall response time of the system (τPLL, inversely proportional to the overall bandwidth) serves as a more practical metric as it takes all contributions into account. This can either be measured by stepping the frequency of a known signal and measuring the response time or in the

• . To replicate measurement conditions, 100 waveforms were applied as a pulse train (50% duty cycle) and the response signals were averaged together using our realtime averaging system to reduce noise (described in [12]). In both cases (with and without the initial jump) we are able to accurately

• (not shown). Clearly the practical limitation for high-fidelity measurements is determined by τPLL as the percent error increases drastically for τ* < τPLL. Simply increasing the PLL bandwidth will decrease τPLL although this will result in higher noise due to the less aggressive filtering. By taking a

Coexisting spin and Rabi oscillations at intermediate time regimes in electron transport through a photon cavity

• Vidar Gudmundsson,
• Hallmann Gestsson,
• Nzar Rauf Abdullah,
• Chi-Shung Tang,
• Andrei Manolescu and
• Valeriu Moldoveanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 606–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.61

• the transport current have been predicted in the transient regime [16], and current–current noise spectra in the steady state reveal their signs [15]. Figure 4 displays the mean electron and photon numbers over the whole time scale (lower panel) relevant to the present model parameters for the case of

• it like is seen in Figure 8. Interestingly, “pink” or white noise is seen in Sx when current flows through the system. The same type of noise is seen in the Fourier power spectra of the current–current correlation functions, not shown here. The occurrence of pink or white noise is well known in

• central system can be detected in the transport current through them in all of the time regimes characteristic for the corresponding system. Additionally, we observe that the noise spectrum in the steady state depends on whether the system is really open for transport or is in a Coulomb blocking regime

Quantification and coupling of the electromagnetic and chemical contributions in surface-enhanced Raman scattering

• Yarong Su,
• Yuanzhen Shi,
• Ping Wang,
• Jinglei Du,
• Markus B. Raschke and
• Lin Pang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 549–556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.56

• ). Correspondingly, we observe similar CE values, independent of excitation fluence, within the range of powers investigated, limited by the signal-to-noise-ratio for low powers, and thermal effects at high powers. The dashed lines are linear fits to the data with CE = 1.9 × 10−9 × (Power)4 + 13 for 785 nm and CE

Biocompatible organic–inorganic hybrid materials based on nucleobases and titanium developed by molecular layer deposition

• Leva Momtazi,
• Henrik H. Sønsteby and
• Ola Nilsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 399–411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.39

• triangle, adenine – red circles), and (d) organic precursor purge. Evaluation of mass increase during growth by QCM using TTIP and thymine (at 225 °C), uracil (at 225 °C) (top graph), or adenine (250 °C) (bottom graph). The shaded area represents the standard deviation during 16 cycles, where the noise in

Development of an anti-pollution coating process technology for the application of an on-site PV module

• Sejin Jung,
• Wonseok Choi,
• Jung Hyun Kim and
• Jang Myoun Ko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 332–336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.32

• renewable energy sources that can replace fossil energy is required. Solar energy represents the highest proportion among the renewable energy sources, and it can produce clean electricity without noise or by-products [1][2]. Photovoltaic (PV) modules are installed outdoors and are thus exposed to various

Interaction of Te and Se interlayers with Ag or Au nanofilms in sandwich structures

• Arkadiusz Ciesielski,
• Lukasz Skowronski,
• Marek Trzcinski,
• Ewa Górecka,
• Wojciech Pacuski and
• Tomasz Szoplik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 238–246, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.22

• Auger SeLMM spectra collected from the very top of the surface of the metal nanolayers deposited on Se interlayer. Although the presence of this band centered at 178 eV is clearly noticeable, particularly in the case of the silver sample, it is still very weak with respect to the noise. Therefore it is

Study of silica-based intrinsically emitting nanoparticles produced by an excimer laser

• Imène Reghioua,
• Mattia Fanetti,
• Sylvain Girard,
• Diego Di Francesca,
• Simonpietro Agnello,
• Layla Martin-Samos,
• Marco Cannas,
• Matjaz Valant,
• Melanie Raine,
• Marc Gaillardin,
• Nicolas Richard,
• Philippe Paillet,
• Aziz Boukenter,
• Youcef Ouerdane and
• Antonino Alessi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 211–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.19

• and to perform the comparison with that of the Ge-doped nanoparticles. In particular, the CL spectra did not show the presence of any clear luminescent features above the noise background. Discussion In the present investigation provide evidence for three main results: i) the comparison of samples

Nanoporous water oxidation electrodes with a low loading of laser-deposited Ru/C exhibit enhanced corrosion stability

• Sandra Haschke,
• Dmitrii Pankin,
• Vladimir Mikhailovskii,
• Maïssa K. S. Barr,
• Adriana Both-Engel,
• Alina Manshina and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 157–167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.15

• base pressure in the range of 10−7 mbar. The acceleration voltage was 10 to 1 keV with a beam current of 124–450 pA. Line averaging procedure was used for all images to reduce noise. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was obtained on a JEOL JSM 6400 PC implemented with a LaB6 cathode and