Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• surface morphology of pristine and 30 keV Ar+ ion-implanted ZnO films is studied using AFM. Figure 7 represents 2D and 3D AFM images at the scale 2 µm × 2 µm of the pristine film (Figure 7a) and films implanted at four different fluences, viz. 1 × 1015 (Figure 7b), 5 × 1015 (Figure 7c), 1 × 1016 (Figure

• of the A1 (LO) Raman peak of ZnO films implanted at various fluences of (a) 1 × 1015, (b) 5 × 1015, (c) 1 × 1016, and (d) 2 × 1016 ions·cm−2. 2D and 3D AFM images of pristine (a1, a2) and Ar+-implanted ZnO films at fluences 1 × 1015 (b1, b2), 5 × 1015 (c1, c2), 1 × 1016 (d1, d2), and 2 × 1016 ions·cm

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• morphology Figure 5 depicts 2 × 2 µm2 2D and 3D AFM images of as-deposited and implanted (at an ion fluence of 1 × 1017 N2+·cm−2) Mo thin films. Figure 5a reveals that the 150 nm thick Mo film exhibits a surface with thinner and more elongated rough peaks [42]. In this stage of deposition, the particles

• films as a function of the thickness. 2D and 3D AFM images of Mo thin films: as-deposited (a) 150 nm, (b) 200 nm, (c) 250 nm, and (d) 300 nm, and implanted (a′) 150 nm, (b′) 200 nm, (c′) 250 nm, and (d′) 300 nm. The fast Fourier transform images are insets in the 2D AFM micrographs. Measured SE data

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• -defined nanoscale ripple pattern as observed in Figure 5c. The growth of the ripple becomes more prominent with the increase in bombardment time, that is, the amplitude of the ripples grows. To visualize the growth of the ripples, 3D AFM images are presented along with 2D images. The ripple height

• formation of well-defined parallel ripples at off-normal incidence. Figure 7 illustrates the surface topography after 450 eV Ar-ion bombardment of the silicon surface at an angle of 72.5° as function of the bombardment time. 3D AFM images are presented along with 2D surface topography images. Generally, the

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• surface morphology of ZnTe/Qz films grown at different substrate temperatures. 2D and 3D AFM images (scan area 2 × 2 µm2) are presented in Figure 2. The 2D images (Figure 2a–e) show that the surface of all film samples is covered with densely packed spherical nanograins. The 3D images (Figure 2a1–e1

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• line). A) AFM profiles of the etched lines, with different dwell times (td = 1, 10, and 100 μs) and variable doses, the intensity of the color bars emphasizes the dose change. The parameters are summarized in Table 1. B) 3D AFM map of lines etched with 100 μs and doses D4, D3 indicating morphological

• measurements of the etched lines on the SiO2/Si substrate as a function of the dwell time: A) AFM profiles of lines etched with different dwell times (td = 1, 10, and100 μs); B) 3D AFM image of the SiO2 surface. Exposure time and dose values for the etched lines. Author Contributions The manuscript was

High permittivity, breakdown strength, and energy storage density of polythiophene-encapsulated BaTiO₃ nanoparticles

• Adnanullah Khan,
• Amir Habib and
• Adeel Afzal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1190–1197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.103

• studied using atomic force microscopy, after depositing the samples on quartz wafers. Figure 5 shows the 2D- and 3D-AFM images of BTO, BTO-PTh, and PTh samples along with their surface profiles. The micrographs of BTO nanoparticles show the presence of clusters on the surface. This is in agreement with

Extracting viscoelastic material parameters using an atomic force microscope and static force spectroscopy

• Cameron H. Parvini,
• M. A. S. R. Saadi and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 922–937, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.77

• specimen disk using double-sided carbon tape. The force mapping (six scan lines, six points per scan line) technique was implemented using an Asylum MFP-3D AFM to accommodate a variety of sample configurations, which yielded 36 indentation datasets at 36 different locations. Furthermore three approach

Three-dimensional solvation structure of ethanol on carbonate minerals

• Hagen Söngen,
• Ygor Morais Jaques,
• Peter Spijker,
• Christoph Marutschke,
• Stefanie Klassen,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Ralf Bechstein,
• Lidija Zivanovic,
• John Tracey,
• Adam S. Foster and
• Angelika Kühnle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 891–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.74

• resolution. However, the majority of 3D AFM studies have been focused on the arrangement of water at carbonate surfaces. Here, we present an analysis of the assembly of ethanol – an organic molecule with a single hydroxy group – at the calcite and magnesite (10.4) surfaces by using high-resolution 3D AFM and

• reveals a qualitatively similar ethanol arrangement on both carbonates, indicating the general nature of this finding. Keywords: 3D AFM; calcite; ethanol; magnesite; MD simulation; solvation structure; Introduction Sedimentary rocks including the minerals calcite and magnesite are abundant constituents

• -resolution 3D atomic force microscopy (AFM) [1], the hydration structure of many interfaces has been studied, including the aqueous interface of mica [2] calcite [3][4] dolomite [5][6] and organic crystals [7]. However, while the majority of 3D AFM works have concentrated on water, comparatively fewer

The different ways to chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: templated vs direct complexation. Influence of particle preparation on morphology, cell uptake and silencing efficiency

• Arianna Gennari,
• Julio M. Rios de la Rosa,
• Erwin Hohn,
• Maria Pelliccia,
• Enrique Lallana,
• Roberto Donno,
• Annalisa Tirella and
• Nicola Tirelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2594–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.250

• Synergy2 Biotek plate reader. Atomic force microscopy (AFM). Drops (ca. 35 µL) of the chitosan/HA nanoparticle suspensions were deposited on a clean mica surface and left to dry overnight in Petri dishes at room temperature. A molecular force probe 3D AFM (MFP-3D, Asylum Research, Oxford Instruments

Direct growth of few-layer graphene on AlN-based resonators for high-sensitivity gravimetric biosensors

• Jimena Olivares,
• Teona Mirea,
• Lorena Gordillo-Dagallier,
• Bruno Marco,
• José Miguel Escolano,
• Marta Clement and
• Enrique Iborra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 975–984, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.98

• and the resonant frequency identified. This process was controlled with a LabVIEW® application that allowed assessing the frequency with less than 1 kHz accuracy each 7 s. Figure 10 shows the experimental setup. 3D AFM image of the surface of the Ni film: a) as grown, b) after graphene growth with a

Block copolymers for designing nanostructured porous coatings

• Roberto Nisticò

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2332–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.218

• membrane: detail of the Si microsieve with the nanoporous polymeric membrane on top. b) Corrected AFM image showing the coverage of the Si macropore by the polymeric membrane. c) AFM profile corresponding to the horizontal line in a). d) 3D AFM image showing the morphology of the nanoporous layer within

Magnetic characterization of cobalt nanowires and square nanorings fabricated by focused electron beam induced deposition

• Federico Venturi,
• Gian Carlo Gazzadi,
• Amir H. Tavabi,
• Alberto Rota,
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski and
• Stefano Frabboni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1040–1049, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.97

• field (0.3 T) along the side, before the insertion of the sample. The magnetization state is then observed at remanence, and reveals an onion state. (a) AFM image of a square ring. (b) Height profile corresponding to the red dashed line in (a). (c) 3D AFM topographic map of the area in (a). (d, e) MFM

A comparative study of the nanoscale and macroscale tribological attributes of alumina and stainless steel surfaces immersed in aqueous suspensions of positively or negatively charged nanodiamonds

• Colin K. Curtis,
• Antonin Marek,
• Alex I. Smirnov and
• Jacqueline Krim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2045–2059, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.205

• topology characterization of the QCM electrodes was performed with an Asylum Research MFP 3D AFM equipped with silicon nitride tips (part#NCHV-A, Bruker AFM Probes, Camarillo, CA) and operated in a tapping mode. The 1024 × 1024 images were recorded at a rate of 1 line/s yielding a height profile h = h(xi

Selective detection of Mg²⁺ ions via enhanced fluorescence emission using Au–DNA nanocomposites

• Tanushree Basu,
• Khyati Rana,
• Niranjan Das and
• Bonamali Pal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 762–771, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.79

• nanocomposites. Dynamic light scattering particle size distribution of bare and DNA modified (a,b) AuNS-1, (c,d) AuNRs and (e) their comparative average diameter data. AFM images of (a,b) AuNS 1-DNA nanocomposites and (c,d) AuNR–DNA nanocomposites showing height and amplitude mode. 3D AFM images of Au–DNA

Tattoo ink nanoparticles in skin tissue and fibroblasts

• Colin A. Grant,
• Peter C. Twigg,
• Richard Baker and
• Desmond J. Tobin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1183–1191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.120

• samples were exhaustively washed and rinsed in ultra-pure water and gently dried under a stream of nitrogen. AFM Separate microscope slides containing the cryo-sectioned skin tissue samples and fixed fibroblast cells were placed on the sample stage of the MFP-3D AFM (Asylum Research, Santa Barbara, USA

Fabrication of high-resolution nanostructures of complex geometry by the single-spot nanolithography method

• Alexander Samardak,
• Margarita Anisimova,
• Aleksei Samardak and
• Alexey Ognev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 976–986, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.101

• coated with a 200 nm Au film at 15 and 20 kV incident energies, respectively. 3D AFM images of polymer nanostructures fabricated on PMMA A2 resist with thickness of 75 nm on Si substrates at an acceleration voltage of 10 kV, exposure dose of 0.1 pC and ds = 10 nm: (a) circular ring with a line width of

Nanometer-resolved mechanical properties around GaN crystal surface steps

• Jörg Buchwald,
• Marina Sarmanova,
• Bernd Rauschenbach and
• Stefan G. Mayr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2164–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.225

• substrate by ion beam-assisted molecular beam epitaxy [24]. Measurements for the elastic properties of the GaN film were performed by a CR-AFM, that was custom-built into a commercial Asylum Research MFP-3D AFM [25]. The AFM probe used for CR-AFM imaging was a Si PPP-NCLR (NanoSensors, Switzerland) with a

Growth behaviour and mechanical properties of PLL/HA multilayer films studied by AFM

• Cagri Üzüm,
• Johannes Hellwig,
• Narayanan Madaboosi,
• Dmitry Volodkin and
• Regine von Klitzing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.87

• independent methods were performed with an MFP-3D AFM instrument (Asylum Research, CA, USA) in order to determine the thickness of the polyelectrolyte films. All measurements were performed as close to the centre of the substrate as possible to avoid any effect of film inhomogeneity. Scratch-and-scan method A

Forming nanoparticles of water-soluble ionic molecules and embedding them into polymer and glass substrates

• Stella Kiel,
• Olga Grinberg,
• Nina Perkas,
• Jerome Charmet,
• Herbert Kepner and
• Aharon Gedanken

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 267–276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.30

• measured and no particles were detected. The surface morphology of deposed nanoparticles was also characterized by the AFM method. The 3D AFM images of the standard glass slide before and after sonication with CuSO4 are presented in Figure 9. The size of the obtained nanoparticles ranges from 15 nm to 75

• 0.125 M concentration (magnification 10000×). Size distribution measurements of a 0.08 M NaCl solution after sonication. 3D AFM image of the microscope slide after sonication (30 min) in doubly distilled water; (b) 3D AFM image of the microscope slide coated with CuSO4 NPs (0.125 M CuSO4, 30 min). The

Precursor concentration and temperature controlled formation of polyvinyl alcohol-capped CdSe-quantum dots

• Chetan P. Shah,
• Madhabchandra Rath,
• Manmohan Kumar and
• Parma N. Bajaj

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.14

• . Further, typical 3D AFM image of the CdSe nanoparticles is shown in Figure 10. The Z-direction profiles of the lines L1 and L2 of the 3D AFM image are also shown (Figure 10b). It indicates the presence of nanoparticles/aggregates, with a height in the range of 6 to 13 nm. The background height variation