The nanoscaled metal-organic framework ICR-2 as a carrier of porphyrins for photodynamic therapy

• Jan Hynek,
• Sebastian Jurík,
• Martina Koncošová,
• Jaroslav Zelenka,
• Ivana Křížová,
• Tomáš Ruml,
• Kaplan Kirakci,
• Ivo Jakubec,
• František Kovanda,
• Kamil Lang and
• Jan Demel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2960–2967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.275

• retain their photophysical properties including O2(1∆g) generation. We demonstrate the photodynamic activity of these nanoICR-2/porphyrin composites on HeLa cells. Results and Discussion Preparation and characterisation Various organic solvents and temperatures were screened for the successful

• the proximity of iron atoms constituting the ICR-2 structure. It is worth noting that the porphyrin loading does not affect the fluorescence quantum yields. Photobiological properties Cellular uptake and intracellular localization HeLa cells were treated with the nanoparticles in Eagle's Minimum

• studies Dark toxicity of the porphyrin-modified nanoICR-2 was investigated on HeLa cells in EMEM without serum in the presence of 0.5–4 µM nanoparticles (with respect to porphyrin) for 4 h followed by incubation in full culture medium without phenol red for 24 h. At concentrations used for the experiments

Cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-conjugated poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-modified γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles towards human tumor cells

• Zdeněk Plichta,
• Yulia Kozak,
• Rostyslav Panchuk,
• Viktoria Sokolova,
• Matthias Epple,
• Lesya Kobylinska,
• Pavla Jendelová and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2533–2545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.236

• was carried out according to the following protocol. 72 h after the incubation of MG-63 and HeLa cells with γ-Fe2O3@PHPMA nanoparticles (2.78 µg), Dox (0.139 µg), and γ-Fe2O3@P(HPMA-MMAA)-Dox (2.78 µg γ-Fe2O3@PHPMA + 0.139 µg P(HPMA-MMAA)-Dox), the cells were washed with PBS and stained with a live

• . Significance levels indicated above bars refer to the comparison with the respective Dox-treated controls. Fluorescence micrographs of (a) primary hMSCs, (b) tumor MG-63, and (c) HeLa cells after 48 h of incubation with γ-Fe2O3@P(HPMA-MMAA)-Dox particles. Cytomorphological determination of chromatin

• cells and (b, d, f, h) human cervix carcinoma HeLa cells after 48 h of incubation with (c, d) γ-Fe2O3@PHPMA (2.78 µg), (e, f) Dox (0.139 µg), and (g, h) γ-Fe2O3@P(HPMA-MMAA)-Dox particles (2.78 µg γ-Fe2O3@PHPMA + 0.139 µg P(HPMA-MMAA)-Dox). (a, b) Control. Concentration of Dox and polymer-modified iron

Carbon nano-onions as fluorescent on/off modulated nanoprobes for diagnostics

• Stefania Lettieri,
• Marta d’Amora,
• Adalberto Camisasca,
• Alberto Diaspro and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1878–1888, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.188

• development of a nanosensor which can be “turned on” in an acidic environment. Remarkably, the fluo-CNOs maintained the switching properties upon cell internalization, as they were “switched-on” in response to acidic pH. In vitro experiments on HeLa cells showed excellent cellular uptake and low toxicity of

• dye molecules (Table 2). Cytotoxicity studies The possible adverse effects of fluo-CNOs on HeLa cells were tested by using a colorimetric assay (WST1). Cells were exposed to different concentrations of fluo-CNOs (1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 μg mL−1) for different time periods (12, 24, 48 and 72 h). Cells

• treated with only cell culture medium were used as a control. The cell viability percentage was above 80%, showing that CNOs exhibited moderate toxicity to the cells at the tested concentrations (Figure 6). The observed high viability of the HeLa cells treated with CNOs demonstrated their suitability for

Uptake and intracellular accumulation of diamond nanoparticles – a metabolic and cytotoxic study

• Antonín Brož,
• Lucie Bačáková,
• Pavla Štenclová,
• Alexander Kromka and
• Štěpán Potocký

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1649–1657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.165

• compared with the ND-free living control (i.e., cells grown in polystyrene wells in a medium without diamond nanoparticles). Similar results were also obtained in a study by Vaijayanthimala et al. [11], in which the proliferation of HeLa cells and 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes exhibited no significant difference

Evaluation of quantum dot conjugated antibodies for immunofluorescent labelling of cellular targets

• Jennifer E. Francis,
• David Mason and
• Raphaël Lévy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1238–1249, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.125

• primary antibody was also prepared, showing negligible unspecific binding of Alexa Fluor 488 and Qdot 625 to HeLa cells (Figure S4 in Supporting Information File 1). Labelling intracellular complexes: Both fibronectin and β-tubulin are highly abundant proteins. Furthermore, their antigens are relatively

• antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 labelled both the cytosolic pool of talin and the bound pool forming focal adhesions, whereas Qdot 625 appeared to only label the cytosolic regions (Figure 4). At the same time, a control sample was prepared, consisting of HeLa cells incubated simultaneously with an Alexa Fluor

• nuclear targets, a transcription factor, which localises in the nucleus as speckles (sub-nuclear foci), known as hypoxia inducible factor two alpha (HIF2α) was labelled. Fixed HeLa cells were transfected with HIF2α tagged with the fusion protein EGFP (EGFP-HIF2α), incubated with anti-GFP biotin primary

Uptake of the proteins HTRA1 and HTRA2 by cells mediated by calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Olga Rotan,
• Katharina N. Severin,
• Simon Pöpsel,
• Alexander Peetsch,
• Melisa Merdanovic,
• Michael Ehrmann and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 381–393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.40

• -488 and HTRA2-488 to HeLa cells, we prepared cationic PEI-functionalized nanoparticles and loaded them with either HTRA1-488 or HTRA2-488 (Table 2 and Figure 3). For comparison, we prepared negatively charged CaP/CMC/HTRA1 nanoparticles. They were taken up by MG-63, THP-1 and hMSC, but HeLa cells

• that the main internalization pathway for anionic calcium phosphate nanoparticles into HeLa cells was macropinocytosis. In that case, cationic nanoparticles were also taken up much better than anionic nanoparticles [47]. This is also supported by earlier studies on the uptake of nanoparticles with

• nanoparticles), right: overlay. Transport of the fluorescently labelled proteins HTRA1-488 and HTRA2-488 with the help of cationic CaP/PEI/HTRA1 or CaP/PEI/HTRA2 nanoparticles into HeLa cells. Uptake of anionic CaP/CMC/HTRA1-488 nanoparticles by different cell lines. The uptake by HeLa cells was very low (data

Chitosan-based nanoparticles for improved anticancer efficacy and bioavailability of mifepristone

• Huijuan Zhang,
• Fuqiang Wu,
• Yazhen Li,
• Xiping Yang,
• Jiamei Huang,
• Tingting Lv,
• Yingying Zhang,
• Jianzhong Chen,
• Haijun Chen,
• Yu Gao,
• Guannan Liu and
• Lee Jia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1861–1870, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.178

• cell culture A549 human lung cancer cells, human epithelial carcinoma Hela cells, human endometrial carcinoma RL95-2 cells, and human hepatocellular liver carcinoma HepG2 cells were purchased from Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). A549 and Hela was grown in

On the pathway of cellular uptake: new insight into the interaction between the cell membrane and very small nanoparticles

• Claudia Messerschmidt,
• Daniel Hofmann,
• Anja Kroeger,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1296–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.121

• : ATP depletion; calcium crystallization; cytotoxicity; endocytosis; HeLa cells; LDH; mesenchymal stem cells; morphology; necrosis; particle size; silica nanoparticles; TEM; Introduction Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiNPs) are used in a wide range of commercially available products to improve product

• adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) level of HeLa cells upon exposure to the respective SiNPs. Moreover, the cleavage of Caspase-3 was measured in Western blot experiments to investigate the activation of the major pro-apoptotic protease (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S11). The level of LDH release is

• indicative for the disintegration of the cell membrane and consequently for cytotoxicity. For quantitative estimation of the toxic potential HeLa cells were incubated with NPs for 2 h at different concentrations followed by determination of the LDH release (Figure 6). SiNP-22 induces only a moderate increase

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• relations are more complicated (Table 2). Maciejewska investigated oMWCNTs with different iron content (3.9, 5.8 and 12.4% Fe (m/m)) and found that HeLa cells were more viable upon treatment with the iron-poorest oMWCNT, while fibroblasts expressed the highest viability in the case of nanotubes with medium

• % signal intensity enhancement caused by the hybrids. For medical diagnosis, 10% signal enhancement is already sufficient to observe a visually significant contrast. PEI/PSS/oMWCNT#Yin hybrids were tested on HeLa cells and compared to hybrids functionalized additionally with FA [34]. Since HeLa cells

Nanostructured surfaces by supramolecular self-assembly of linear oligosilsesquioxanes with biocompatible side groups

• Maria Nowacka,
• Anna Kowalewska and
• Tomasz Makowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2377–2387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.244

• underlying matrix. For example, surfaces carrying COOH groups were applied for studies on the effect of surface wettability on protein adsorption and adhesion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and HeLa cells [3], human fibroblasts [14], human mesenchymal stem cells [15][22], corneal

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro effects of 7 nm alloyed silver–gold nanoparticles

• Simon Ristig,
• Svitlana Chernousova,
• Wolfgang Meyer-Zaika and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1212–1220, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.124

• ) showed spherical, monodisperse, colloidally stable silver–gold nanoparticles of ≈7 nm diameter with measured molar metal compositions very close to the theoretical values. The examination of the nanoparticle cytotoxicity towards HeLa cells and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) showed that the toxicity

• can be verified. Cell culture experiments To examine the cytotoxicity with regards to the molar fraction of silver in the nanoparticles, HeLa cells and human mesenchymal stem cells were incubated with nanoalloys of nine different compositions and also with pure gold and pure silver nanoparticles. In

• . Figure 5 and Figure 6 show the viability of HeLa cells and hMSCs after their treatment with the nanoparticles according to the MTT test. As was expected, the cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles increased with increasing silver content. Moreover, the toxicity of the nanoparticles was concentration-dependent

Protein corona – from molecular adsorption to physiological complexity

• Lennart Treuel,
• Dominic Docter,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 857–873, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.88

• the polymer shell), by live HeLa cells in the presence or absence of human transferrin (TF) and human serum albumin (HSA) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) medium. They studied the uptake of the NPs by quantitative confocal fluorescence microscopy. For comparison, they also studied the cellular

• uptake of fluorescently labeled (ca. 1:1 ratio) transferrin and HSA molecules. Whilst transferrin was endocytosed in significant amounts, HSA was barely internalized by HeLa cells under otherwise identical conditions. In contrast, the uncoated NPs were taken up in large amounts, whereas the presence of

• QDs by HeLa cells, comparing the uptake of the as-synthesized NPs to the cellular uptake of the same NPs carrying an HSA corona or a corona consisting of aminated (HSAam) or succinylated (HSAsuc) HSA, respectively, as described above. The cellular uptake was studied by confocal fluorescence microscopy

Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy

• Shanka Walia and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 546–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.57

• MCF-7. Studies suggested that the cytotoxicity effect on MCF-7 was higher as compared to HeLa cells. Moreover, to induce the magnetic behavior, arginine-coated iron oxide NPs were mixed with DOX-loaded YVO4-MSN NPs. This biphasic mixture was studied for hyperthermia treatment in which the whole

• was more prominent than that of LSMO@SiF@Si-w, which was attributed to the fact that the latter contains less fluorescein. To check the biocompatibility of these nanocomposites, in vitro studies were carried out on HeLa cells and primary skin fibroblasts. The studies suggested that the HeLa cells

• the synthesized nanocomposites exhibited a signal enhancement in the T1-weighted MRI images with increasing Mn concentration. The in vitro studies performed on HeLa cells suggested cell viability of more than 80% even at a Mn concentration of 50 mg·mL−1. The combination of results obtained from flow

Comparative evaluation of the impact on endothelial cells induced by different nanoparticle structures and functionalization

• Lisa Landgraf,
• Ines Müller,
• Peter Ernst,
• Miriam Schäfer,
• Christina Rosman,
• Isabel Schick,
• Oskar Köhler,
• Hartmut Oehring,
• Vladimir V. Breus,
• Thomas Basché,
• Carsten Sönnichsen,
• Wolfgang Tremel and
• Ingrid Hilger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 300–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.28

• internalization of Au@Fe3O4, Au@MnO and Fe3O4 particles (Figure 6). Caveolae-mediated uptake was blocked by the use of genistein, which was effectively demonstrated for anionic polystyrene nanoparticles in Hela cells [55]. Contrarily, Fernando et al. observed no changes for the internalization route of polymer

The effect of surface charge on nonspecific uptake and cytotoxicity of CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots

• Vladimir V. Breus,
• Anna Pietuch,
• Marco Tarantola,
• Thomas Basché and
• Andreas Janshoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 281–292, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.26

• directed phases, most likely corresponding to QD or QD-contained vesicles being transported by a motor protein along cytoskeletal filaments, and nondirected phases, during which the connection between QDs and filaments was lost. The presence of such trajectories for QD–kinesin constructs in HeLa cells was

• υ = 530 nm/s in the middle section (zone 2) of the MDCKII interior. This correlates with the average velocity observed in recent reports for the movement of QD–kinesin conjugates along microtubules (in vivo in HeLa cells, υ = 500 nm/s; in vitro on crowded microtubules, υ = 560 nm/s) [38][39], and

Caveolin-1 and CDC42 mediated endocytosis of silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in HeLa cells

• Nils Bohmer and
• Andreas Jordan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 167–176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.16

• underlying uptake mechanisms would be very useful for faster and precise development of nanoparticles for clinical applications. This study aims at the identification of key proteins, which are crucial for the active uptake of iron oxide nanoparticles by HeLa cells (human cervical cancer) as a model cell

• in HeLa cells of iron oxide nanoparticles, used in this study, is mainly mediated by Caveolin-1 and CDC42. It is shown here for the first time, which proteins of the endocytotic pathway mediate the endocytosis of silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in HeLa cells in vitro. In future studies more

• and surface charge, were tested in HeLa cells as a model cell line. To elucidate, which molecular pathways are involved in their endocytosis, well-known endocytotic mechanisms [26][27][28] were inhibited by specific knockdown of key proteins via siRNA (Figure 1). Experimental Superparamagnetic iron

Increasing throughput of AFM-based single cell adhesion measurements through multisubstrate surfaces

• Miao Yu,
• Nico Strohmeyer,
• Jinghe Wang,
• Daniel J. Müller and
• Jonne Helenius

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 157–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.15

• CAM has been studied by SCFS. It was shown by SCFS that collagen I binding integrins down-regulate the avidity of fibronectin binding integrins by an increased endocytosis in HeLa cells [30]. The classical SCFS setup, where the adhesion of a cantilever-bound cell to a substrate is probed, has a

• hydrophilic during plasma treatment, and thus, liquid coating drops spread over the masks. Storing the PDMS in air will restore the hydrophobicity of the surface. Cell culture PC3 cells were maintained in RPMI-1640-supplemented (Gibco-Life technologies) 1 mM sodium pyruvate; HeLa cells (Kyoto) and mouse

• power before the 50 × 50 µm2 area was imaged (E–H and E’–H’). Scale bar, 10 µm. Comparisons of glass-surface and PDMS-surface masks. Top, depiction of the SCFS assay used to quantify the adhesion of PC3 and HeLa cells. Single cells were bound to ConA-coated cantilevers and approached BSA-coated glass or

Intake of silica nanoparticles by giant lipid vesicles: influence of particle size and thermodynamic membrane state

• Florian G. Strobl,
• Florian Seitz,
• Christoph Westerhausen,
• Armin Reller,
• Adriano A. Torrano,
• Christoph Bräuchle,
• Achim Wixforth and
• Matthias F. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2468–2478, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.256

• −20 mV for HeLa cells and −30 mV for red blood cells were measured [49]. The dotted curve in Figure 4 shows the expected electrostatic force between a cationic particle with ζ = +30 mV and a cell membrane with ζ = −30 mV in a medium with an ionic strength of I = 160 mM. The physical forces in this

Nanoparticle interactions with live cells: Quantitative fluorescence microscopy of nanoparticle size effects

• Li Shang,
• Karin Nienhaus,
• Xiue Jiang,
• Linxiao Yang,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Thomas Simmet and
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2388–2397, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.248

• surface functionalizations and investigated their interactions with various human cell lines, in particular HeLa cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Of note, these studies were carried out in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, or serum-free DMEM, so that we could probe interactions between

•  2 shows representative two-color merged fluorescence images recorded at selected times during the exposure of cultured HeLa cells to DPA-QDs in PBS and DHLA-AuNCs in DMEM solution. The cell membrane and the NPs are depicted in red and green color, respectively; colocalization is shown in yellow

• apparent that the uptake efficiency of small NPs in HeLa cells is affected by both dynasore and chlorpromazine [31][34]. Chlorpromazine reduced both the membrane-associated and the intracellular fractions. Because chlorpromazine disturbs clathrin-coated pit formation, it lowers both the binding capacity of

Interaction of dermatologically relevant nanoparticles with skin cells and skin

• Annika Vogt,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Berouz Nazemi,
• Chun Sik Choe,
• Maxim E. Darvin,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Ulrike Blume-Peytavi,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Christina Graf,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Martina C. Meinke and
• Jürgen Lademann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2363–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.245

• , particle size and the size of aggregates formed in physiological environments can become limiting factors. Similar results were obtained for similarly sized silica particles (55 ± 2 nm) with and without APS-functionalization in HeLa cells [35]. Also in this case, the APS-functionalized particles were

Inorganic Janus particles for biomedical applications

• Isabel Schick,
• Steffen Lorenz,
• Dominik Gehrig,
• Stefan Tenzer,
• Wiebke Storck,
• Karl Fischer,
• Dennis Strand,
• Frédéric Laquai and
• Wolfgang Tremel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2346–2362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.244

• Chemistry. CLSM images of HeLa cells co-incubated with Au@MnO@SiO2-Atto495 Janus particles (green) for 24 h at 37 °C (c(Mn2+) = 100 µg/mL). a) λex = 488 nm, cell nuclei were stained using DAPI, b) two-photon image of the same sample, λex(2P) = 970 nm. Scale: 10 µm. Adapted with permission from [39

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Alexandra Antonopulos,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Ralf Dringen,
• Matthias Epple,
• Rebekka Flöck,
• Wolfgang Goedecke,
• Christina Graf,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Jens Helmlinger,
• Fabian Herzog,
• Frederike Heuer,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Christian Johannes,
• Stefanie Kittler,
• Manfred Köller,
• Katrin Korn,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Eva M. Luther,
• Marcelina Malissek,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Anne Pailliart,
• Jörg Raabe,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Andreas Seibel,
• Christina Sengstock,
• Lennart Treuel,
• Annika Vogt,
• Katrin Weber and
• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

Precise quantification of silica and ceria nanoparticle uptake revealed by 3D fluorescence microscopy

• Adriano A. Torrano and
• Christoph Bräuchle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1616–1624, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.173

• for HeLa cells. However, after 10 or 24 h of interaction, the amount of particles taken up by HeLa cells strikingly exceeded the amount of silica particles taken up by HUVEC cells. Characterization of silica nanoparticles In order to allow for the investigation with live-cell imaging, silica

• intensity showed a Gaussian distribution with a mean value of 48090 pixel intensities per nanoparticle for silica particles in the cell medium for HeLa cells and 49430 pixel intensities per nanoparticle for silica particles in the cell medium for HUVEC cells. Quantification of silica-nanoparticle uptake In

• stacks were then acquired and analyzed with Particle_in_Cell-3D. Figure 2 shows representative 3D perspectives of silica nanoparticles internalized by HUVEC and HeLa cells after 3 and 24 h. By using this method it was possible to precisely localize and quantify the particles interacting with the cells

Protein-coated pH-responsive gold nanoparticles: Microwave-assisted synthesis and surface charge-dependent anticancer activity

• Dickson Joseph,
• Nisha Tyagi,
• Christian Geckeler and
• Kurt E.Geckeler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1452–1462, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.158

• Media (RPMI) 1640 (SIGMA) containing 10% FBS and 1% antibiotic-antimycotic. The NIH-3T3 and HeLa cells were originally obtained from the Korean Cell line Bank (Seoul, Korea). The SCC7 and HCT-116 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection. All of the cells were cultured in a

Nanodiamond-DGEA peptide conjugates for enhanced delivery of doxorubicin to prostate cancer

• Amanee D Salaam,
• Patrick Hwang,
• Roberus McIntosh,
• Hadiyah N Green,
• Ho-Wook Jun and
• Derrick Dean

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 937–945, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.107

• ]. Liang et al. demonstrated that DOX-loaded micelles can efficiently use the tumor-targeting function of RGD sequence to deliver the drug into HeLa cells [38]. Tian et al. showed that iRGD exosomes delivered DOX specifically to tumor tissues and inhibited tumor growth without overt toxicity [39]. Zhou et