Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• short oligo(ethylene glycol) chains. The particles were first characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential (ZP) measurements in solution, and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) in vacuum. Samples were adsorbed on flat

• either case the NPs will expand. We will, however, demonstrate the role of the ligand conformation. We obtained detailed spatial characterization by SEM, to measure size and shape, and to detect aggregation upon adsorption on surfaces of different hydrophilicity (see Supporting Information File 1

• concentration of carboxylate) exhibit a lower ZP (approx. −45 mV) at the same pH [1]. To obtain a clearer view of the size distribution, we used SEM to evaluate particle sizes and morphologies in high vacuum (i.e., for completely dried samples). By adjusting a Gaussian fit to the histograms (Figure 3), the

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• microscopy (SEM) produces high-resolution images of particle shapes. It also indicates surface wear and tear patterns that reflect how old the MP is and how long it has been in the environment [38]. Ease of operation and minimal cost of optical microscopy make it widely used, despite being less sophisticated

• than SEM. It is particularly useful in morphological examination, size grading, and rapid particle identification. The combination of optical microscopes and modern digital imaging techniques allows for automatic particle classification and counting, which greatly decreases the extent of human

• intervention and possibility of error [39]. Microscopy and spectroscopy tend to be combined to increase reliability. For instance, Raman or FTIR spectroscopy is applied to identify polymers following SEM to examine the shape of particles. This ensures both chemical and physical characteristics are captured [40

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• ) planes of the AgSbS2 phase. TEM and SEM techniques were used to comprehensively characterize the NCs. The results showed that spherical NCs were predominantly formed, with an average diameter of approximately 32 ± 10 nm. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect of the NCs

• bonds [34][35]. The characterization of AgSbS2 NCs involved a comprehensive analysis using TEM and SEM techniques, as depicted in Figure 2. Within the SEM and TEM images presented in Figure 2a,b, predominantly spherical NCs are observed, measuring approximately 32 ± 10 nm in diameter. Notably, these

• . Both crystal structure images were created by using the VESTA software [33]. The TEM (a), HRTEM (b), SEM (c) images and SAED (d) patterns of AgSbS2 NCs. Zones of inhibition produced by AgSbS2 NCs against tested bacterial strains. Cytotoxic effects of AgSbS2 NCs on different cell lines (a), IC50 values

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• to more spatula–substrate sites is straightforward but would increase runtime. Models Multiscale seta–spatula model A seta branches into spatulae as seen in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of gecko setae (Figure 1). A single seta on a gecko’s foot can have dozens of sub-branches, which

• . Spatulae and substrate: particles Mesoscale spatula model The mesoscale spatula model was derived from prior research. Its shape is based on SEM images [23], and the force field was derived bottom-up from united-atom gecko keratin simulations [12]. The keratin proteins in gecko seta and spatulae form a

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• prepare chiral oSILs by co-condensation of Si(OiPr)4 with a sol–gel precursor that already contains the amino acid. An example is an Ala-modified 1,3-bis(triisopropoxysilyl)aniline [45][49] as shown in Scheme 1. The resulting material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM; Figure 2a); it

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• core–shell structure indicates the absence of core material at the surface, and that the shell structure does not possess pores that would allow permeation or direct contact of water molecules with the core, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Electrospun nanofibers organize into

• SEM imaging of the cross-section of the HA+NE2/PLA sample was performed before and after core removal to observe the core–shell structure. For core removal, a portion of the sample was washed multiple times with distilled water, followed by ethanol, and then dried at room temperature. Samples, both

• distribution of β-caryophyllene nanoemulsion measured by DLS: (A) intensity distribution and (B) volume distribution. SEM images of nanofibers obtained from the composition: (A) PLA 20%(w/w) and HA 1%(w/w); (B) PLA 20%(w/w), HA 1%(w/w), and NE 5%(w/w); (C) PLA 20%(w/w), HA 1%(w/w), and NE 2%(w/w); and (D

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• . Transverse sections through the tubes could be imaged with high resolution in SEM (JEOL JSM-7200F), showing the arrangement of cement spots binding mineral particles together. The epoxy resin embedding technique provided excellent preservation of the cement spot structure. Honeycomb worms embedded in Spurr

• resin (TEM samples) were used for the observation of cement gland secretory granules. All SEM images were acquired in low vacuum mode (50 Pa), with the backscattered electron detector. X-ray microanalysis and elemental mapping were performed using an Oxford X-MaxN energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS

• ) equipped with an 80 mm2 silicon drift detector. Acquisition conditions on the SEM were 15 kV, 10 mm working distance, and 10 s live time acquisition at approximately 30–40% dead time. The spectra were acquired with an AZtec (Oxford Instrument) EDS data processing software. Transmission electron microscopy

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• spectral analysis techniques, can sufficient temporal resolution of the oscillatory changes in the AFM cantilever within a single experiment be captured to perform such mechanical analysis and allow for the limits of the analytical models to be better validated. Figure 6 shows SEM images of two of the tips

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• create a new precursor, extensive testing using specialized gas injection systems is required along with time-consuming and costly chemical analysis typically conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This process can be quite challenging due to its complexity and expense. Here, the response of

• new metal-organic precursors, in the form of supported thick layers, to the ion beam irradiation is studied through analysis of the chemical composition and morphology of the resulting structures. This is done using SEM backscattered electron/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy along with machine

• -dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX); focused ion beam (FIB); focused ion beam-induced deposition (FIBID); machine learning; scanning electron microscopy (SEM); Introduction A variety of nanomanufacturing techniques, such as optical and electron-beam lithography, nanoimprint lithography, atomic layer

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• thin film of normal metal (the absorber is an element sensitive to incoming radiation) and two NIS junctions that act as a thermometer. An SEM view of the SINIS detector was shown in Figure 1a–f. Often SINIS detectors are considered as classical devices with the optical response equivalent to the

• magnetron sputtering with separate lithography, and (f) single SINIS detector with suspended Hf absorber. Aharonov–Bohm structure. (а) SEM image of the sample made by Manhattan-type SINIS fabrication and (b) I–V curve and dynamic resistance of the Aharonov–Bohm interferometer at 330 mK. NIS thermometer

• series array. (a) Schematic view of a thermometer with a chain of 20 NIS junctions and SEM images of thermometers made by (b) Manhattan technology and (c) magnetron sputtering with separate lithography technology. (a) Ratio of resistance at zero bias to the asymptotic resistance using Equation 7

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• on a silicon substrate. Each unit cell in the pattern contains different shapes as shown in the SEM image in Figure 6a. The tapered arms of crosses and ribbons shrink to reach a nominal minimum feature size of 20 nm. Figure 6b shows a FM-AFM image of the 1 µm × 1 µm scan area corresponding to the

• Δf. (a) SEM image of the second test sample. The zoomed inset highlights the area imaged with FM-AFM in (b). (c) Fast-Fourier transform of the error signal for a single scan line. The x-axis of the plot is converted to frequency through the pixel acquisition rate Δf = 112 Hz. (d) Single scan line

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• potential cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles within the complex and dynamic oral environment [15][20]. A significant number of selected studies (n = 23; 24.1%) also failed to perform advanced physicochemical characterizations, such as FTIR, SEM, or XRD, which are essential for confirming nanoparticle

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• scalability, adsorbent nanomaterials offer a strong foundation for sustainable solutions that safeguard both human health and aquatic ecosystems. Sources and distribution of MPs in environmental systems. An illustration of the four main groups and mechanisms of adsorbent nanomaterials. SEM and TEM image of

• synthesized Co-MOFs for removing MPs. SEM images of (a) CeO2, (b) CeO2 3D flower-spheres, (c, d) ZIF-67 before and after calcination at 500 °C, (e, f) ZIF-67-90@CeO2, and (g, h) Co–N/C-90@CeO2 composites. TEM images of (i) CeO2 3D flower-spheres, (j) Co–N/C-90@CeO2 composite. (k) Enlarged TEM image of Co–N/C

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• CXCL9/10 expression in Schwann cells [114]. Particle size and stability of the formulation in the patent were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced uptake in HepG2 cells, as confirmed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, and achieved a

• cell cycle arrest, regulate oxidative stress, enhance metabolic reprogramming, inhibit invasion and metastasis, and modulate immunity and inflammation [129]. The developed nanoparticles underwent physicochemical characterization by SEM, UV–vis spectroscopy, and encapsulation testing, in which the

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• nanoparticles at 1.0% (NPs + Tsv 1.0%). Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the Department of Materials and Engineering of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte for the SEM and AFM analyses. Funding The authors are grateful for the financial support from the National Council for Scientific and

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• retained over 90% of its efficiency even after 6 cycles demonstrates the stability of the CC/NW-450 °C photocatalyst. SEM and XRD data of the catalyst after the recycling experiment are shown in Figure S8 in Supporting Information File 1, from which no remarkable change can be seen because of its high

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• the SEM analysis (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S5d). The resulting fluence on the target was estimated to be 118.4 J·cm−2. A Bessel beam pattern was generated using a glass axicon with a base angle α = 7°, which was irradiated with a collimated Gaussian beam of a Nd:YAG laser. A Bessel zone

• , phase composition, and lattice parameters of the formed Si nanostructures were determined from HRTEM images by fast Fourier transformation (FFT). The morphology of the produced nanoparticles was also evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a SUPRA 55WDS microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany

• ) operating at an accelerating voltage of 10 kV. For SEM and Raman measurements, the colloidal solution was deposited onto Al foil by drop casting and dried at room temperature. The Raman measurements were performed under 488 nm excitation using a micro-Raman system (“NanoFlex”, Solar LS, Belarus). The UV–vis

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• spectroscopy was specifically used to confirm the Diels–Alder reaction on the surface of CNTs, and other characterization techniques (SEM, EDX, XRD, TGA, and FTIR) were applied to confirm the successive growth of the dendrimers. Highly dendrimerized CNTs were found to be more effective in removing heavy metal

• with increasing dendrimer functionalization. SEM images are helpful to identify the morphological changes after the functionalization of CNTs. The comparative observation of SEM images of CNTs, CNTs-G1, CNTs-G3, and CNTs-G5 clearly reveals tube shape structure for all the materials confirming no

• thoroughly characterized using FTIR, SEM, XRD, EDX, TGA, and Raman spectroscopy to confirm the successful functionalization and structural integrity of the materials. The applicability of these dendrimerized CNTs materials for the adsorption of Pb2+ and Cd2+ metal ions from aqueous media was thoroughly

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• caused oxidation, crystallinity loss, and reduced photoactivity due to enhanced grain boundaries. Figure 4 shows SEM images of Ba5Ta4O15 and BaTaOxNy-zp powders after successive laser fragmentation passages. Despite these challenges, prolonged fragmentation improved the photocurrent efficiency

• ) synthesized by LAL were subjected to picosecond laser irradiation in the laser melting in liquids (LML) setup, the particles grew into significantly larger SMSPs (≈230 nm) after multiple laser passages [53]. Figure 5 presents SEM images and corresponding size distributions of Ge-based nanostructures. This

• technique exhibit broader peaks compared to those deposited by laser ablation, where the peaks are narrower and sharper. SEM images of the surface and cross section of the films deposited by the doctor blade method, with varying ZnO layer thicknesses, reveal a noticeable difference in morphology. The films

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• complete as intended and these electrodes were discarded. A thin layer of copper deposition on the exposed platinum nanowire tip was further examined using SEM imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental composition analysis. Figure 2b presents an SEM image of the copper-coated

• nanowire coated with parylene-C polymer, and (d) a laser-exposed platinum electrode. Scale bars are 10 μm. (a) Optical image of electrochemically deposited copper nodule on platinum nanowire tip. Scale bar is 10 μm. (b) SEM image of the deposited thin copper layer on the platinum nanowire tip of an

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• , which can manifest as a metallic sheen when they are present on a substrate [47]. Surface alterations of the membranes are documented using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Figure 4). The CTA membrane’s surface appears smooth and uniform, devoid of visible defects (Figure 4a). Cross-sectional SEM

• the PDA layer (Figure 4e). These Ag nanoparticles, typically appearing as discrete entities, are interspersed among the PDA microspheres, contributing to the membrane’s antimicrobial properties essential for mitigating biofouling in desalination applications. The cross-sectional SEM images, along with

• high-magnification views of the PCTA membrane (Figure 4d), reveal a dense and compact internal structure. At higher magnifications, a thin PDA layer is clearly visible on the surface of the CTA membrane, indicating successful modification of the CTA membrane with PDA. The cross-sectional SEM images of

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• ]. Different techniques are used to evaluate the characteristics of liposomes [122][123][124]. In the case of average particle size, DLS and microscopy techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), TEM, cryogenic TEM, and AFM are used to determine the size of liposomes [122]. The size of liposomes is

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• , finding numerous applications in scientific research. Deep learning models have been used to identify two-dimensional materials in microscopic images [6], characterize mineral composition in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) samples [7], and determine nanotube chirality from transmission electron

• performed SEM characterization. V.P. performed the in situ optical imaging, developed the protocols of data treatment and analyzed the experimental data. This work is partially based on Vladimir Pimonov’s doctoral thesis (“Growth kinetics of individual carbon nanotubes studied by in situ optical microscopy

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• conducted to examine the surface morphology of the samples and precisely measure the depth to which the laser heat affected or penetrated the zone. Imaging was performed using an FEI NOVA NANO SEM 450 scanning electron microscope. External etching was executed using a DC power supply machine, applying a

• incident power at a wavelength of 800 nm. (a) 20 mW, (b) 150 mW, and (c) 300 mW. Showing the EDS elemental analysis for laser-treated and untreated stainless steel surface. (a) SEM image of laser-treated SS substrate, we picked three areas whose EDS spectra are shown in b, c, and d. (e) SEM image of bare