Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The results confirmed silver, copper, and zinc contents of around 1.0–1.5 atom % [4]. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis performed on the functionalized fabrics in the present work confirmed the presence of silver (1.3 wt %), as well as

• functionalized textiles. X-ray diffraction XRD patterns of bramante fabrics, composed of 50% cotton and 50% polyester fibers, are shown in Figure 3. The bramante fabrics exhibited a typical cotton cellulose pattern, with three characteristic peaks at 2θ ≈ 14.7°, 16.3°, and 22.4°, corresponding to the

• , transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were obtained using a JEOL JEM-2200FS (200 kV), and elemental analysis was performed using EDS. The crystalline structure of the modified fabrics was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in a Panalytical AERIS diffractometer using Cu Kα (λ = 1.54184 Å). The

Comparative study on 3D morphologies of delignified, single tracheids and fibers of five wood species

• Helen Gorges,
• Felicitas von Usslar,
• Cordt Zollfrank,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Martin Müller,
• Clemens F. Schaber,
• Chuchu Li and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 239–250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.16

• . Scanning electron microscopy was used to compare the morphology between untreated and delignified fibers and tracheids. X-ray tomography enabled us to reconstruct high-resolution 3D models of delignified single tracheids or fibers, providing information on the pit arrangements. Moreover, delignification

• biomechanics and water management. Keywords: 3D models; delignification; tracheid; wood; X-ray nanotomography; Introduction Wood fibers in hardwood and tracheids in softwood play a crucial role in the structure and function of vascular plants, particularly in water conduction and mechanical support [1][2

• largely absent from scientific literature. Although previous studies have examined wood anatomy using various imaging techniques, such as X-ray micro-computed tomography in addition to scanning and transmission electron microscopy [22][23][24][25][26][27], high-resolution 3D reconstructions of single

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• synthesis of Au-Cit, which takes place under hot conditions, the synthesis of Au-SiW9 is performed in the cold at 2 °C to prevent the isomerization of the POM. First, the sodium salt of SiW9 (Na10SiW9O34) was synthesized following a well-established protocol [34] and characterized by powder X-ray

• ) reflection of rGO [39]. The crystallite size of the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis using the Scherrer equation (Equation 1) below. The shape factor k, often referred to as the Scherrer constant, is influenced by several factors, including the crystallites’ shape

• , degree of size uniformity, and the nature of the diffraction peak. For nanoparticles with a spherical shape and cubic symmetry, a commonly adopted value for K is 0.94 [40]. D represents the average crystallite size, λ is the X-ray wavelength (0.1542 nm), β corresponds to the full width at half maximum

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• single crystals [3][20][21][22][23], utilising Raman spectroscopy to confirm the physical structure of the graphene [24][25][26] and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to confirm the sp2 bonding configuration [27][28]. However, there is typically little consideration given to possible chemical

• a pass energy of 40 eV for high resolution, narrow scan window spectra (100 meV step size, 500 ms dwell time), and 160 eV for wide scans (1000 meV step size, 200 ms dwell time), using a monochromated Al Kα X-ray source, with a photon energy of 1486.7 eV. Spectral peak fitting was carried out using

• of copper or copper oxide. However, as recent studies have shown through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping [30], there are significant other contaminants detectable on high-purity Cu foils that can influence graphene nucleation and can remain after growth [31]. A more detailed examination

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• cancer therapy and other clinical applications. 2.6 X-ray-responsive nanocarriers These systems offer innovative mechanisms for targeted drug delivery systems and enhanced therapeutic efficiency. These nanoparticles are designed to release therapeutic agents upon exposure to X-rays, which can generate

• nitrogen species, thereby improving treatment outcomes [60]. Additionally, an X-ray-activated nanoscale platform can produce significant quantities of ROS-enhancing PDT effects in cancer treatment by conjugating photosensitizers to these nanoparticles; the efficiency of ROS generation increases under X-ray

• -nitroimidazole and a PEG-modified lipid shell, enabling multifunctional X-ray-responsive therapy. Upon low-dose of X-ray irradiation, Hf4+ deposits radiation energy to induce DNA damage while 2-nitroimidazole releases NO to block DNA repair, relieve hypoxia, and produce reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• 100). XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was applied to determine the surface concentrations of chemical bonds. The equipment applied was a PHI VersaProbeII Scanning XPS system with monochromatic Al Kα (1486.6 eV) X-rays (100 μm spot focused). High-energy-resolution spectra were obtained with 46.95

• in the spectra. The data analysis was conducted using PHI MultiPak software (v.9.9.3); the background was removed using the Shirley method. Due to the geometry of the spectrometer, the information depth of this analysis can be estimated at about 5 nm. XRD X-ray diffraction was performed with

• PANalytical Empyrean diffractometer with a Cu Kα (1.540598 Å) X-ray source. Applied parameters were 45 kV and 40 A. Graphene paper samples were cut to fit the holders. The applied step angle was 0.026261°. Electrical properties characterization The electrical properties (sheet resistance and conductivity) of

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• collected by centrifugation (10,000 rpm, 10 min), washed twice with ethanol, and redispersed in toluene (10 mL) [7]. Characterization methods Structural characterization of the NPs was performed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) measurements. X-ray diffraction patterns of NPs (Figure S1, Supporting Information

• on a JEOL JEM-ARM 200F cold-FEG microscope operating at 200 kV and equipped with a spherical aberration probe corrector (Cs). The chemical compositions were determined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy The elemental maps were recorded on a SDD, Jeol DRY SD 30 GV X-ray spectrometer. NP shapes

• [dT/dt]t=0 is the derivative function of the temperature at t = 0 (K·s−1). Results and Discussion X-ray diffraction analysis The XRD pattern (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1) displays sharp and intense peaks characteristic of a well-crystallized material. The most intense peak is located at

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• measurements more difficult. There are other valuable methods for investigating transport in porous media such as gas-adsorption methods, X-ray tomography [24][25], neutron imaging techniques [26][27], optical imaging techniques [27][28], or impedance spectroscopy [29][30]. For all of them, it is difficult to

• aerogels. After deprotection, one obtains SH-AlaNHzoSIL; the data is given in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S8. In particular, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis proves the presence of sulfur and, thus, the successful incorporation of the thiophenyl groups. The value of the thiol groups

• using a Bruker AVANCE III spectrometer operating at 400 MHz equipped with a 4 mm PH MAS DVT 400W1 BL4 N-P/H CGR probe head with magic angle gradient. 1H NMR measurements were performed on a Bruker Ascend 400 MHz spectrometer. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• nanofibers The thermal properties and crystallinity of NF-PLA (monolithic), NF-HA/PLA, and NF-HA+NE2/PLA nanofibers were analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermal behavior and crystallinity of the nanofibers mats of βCp

• glass transition temperature (Tg) of PLA and related to enthalpic relaxations in the amorphous regions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was also performed to compare the crystallinity and characteristic peaks of the produced nanofibers. Figure 9 presents the diffractograms of the NF-PLA, NF-HA/PLA, and

• encapsulation within the PLA shell. An ATR-FTIR spectrometer (Frontier FT-IR/FIR, PerkinElmer, USA) was used to acquire spectra in the range of 4000–600 cm−1 with a resolution of 4 cm−1 and 60 scans. Samples analyzed included monolithic PLA nanofibers, HA/PLA, HA+NE2/PLA, and HA powder. X-ray diffraction XRD

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• resin (TEM samples) were used for the observation of cement gland secretory granules. All SEM images were acquired in low vacuum mode (50 Pa), with the backscattered electron detector. X-ray microanalysis and elemental mapping were performed using an Oxford X-MaxN energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS

• composition of cement cell granules, we used energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Elemental composition was measured on four secretory granules of both types of cement cells in the parathoracic part of worms embedded in Spurr resin (TEM blocks). Using the

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• new metal-organic precursors, in the form of supported thick layers, to the ion beam irradiation is studied through analysis of the chemical composition and morphology of the resulting structures. This is done using SEM backscattered electron/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy along with machine

• -dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX); focused ion beam (FIB); focused ion beam-induced deposition (FIBID); machine learning; scanning electron microscopy (SEM); Introduction A variety of nanomanufacturing techniques, such as optical and electron-beam lithography, nanoimprint lithography, atomic layer

• occurs throughout ion irradiation, this point marks the transition beyond which further irradiation leads primarily to material removal rather than the structure growth. The structures formed at “the optimal” ion fluence were examined by scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• = 36), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis, 34.69%; n = 35), and X-ray diffraction (XRD, 25.48%; n = 27). They are among the most commonly used techniques for the characterization of metallic nanoparticles synthesized via green routes due to their complementary abilities to elucidate key

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• . also confirmed that the reaction mechanisms of MPs and graphene oxide–chitosan sponges were electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and π–π interactions through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements [69]. Integrating different types of

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• of GO and PI. Elemental and structural changes induced by implantation were analyzed using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, elastic recoil detection analysis, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surface morphology was assessed via

• detection analysis (ERDA). The other analytical methods used were Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrical properties were investigated by the two-point method. The photocatalytic properties were tested in a dark chamber by

• detected profile. Surface chemical analysis by XPS Chemical groups and the concentration of chemical elements on the surfaces of GO and PI before and after 20 keV and 1.5 MeV Ag ion implantation were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS method specifically provides information from a

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• , Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden 10.3762/bjnano.16.118 Abstract Ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) has emerged as an important technique for investigating surface and interface chemistry under realistic conditions, overcoming the limitations of conventional XPS

• studies across a broad pressure range, enabling research in catalysis, corrosion, energy storage, and thin film growth. The high brilliance and small beam size of MAX IV’s synchrotron light are essential for pushing the time-resolution boundaries of APXPS, especially in the soft X-ray regime. We discuss

• heterogeneous catalysis, corrosion, and thin film growth. Given that surfaces are heavily influenced by their surroundings, it is essential to study them in situ, while exposed to realistic reaction conditions, or operando, when producing reaction products under realistic conditions. X-ray photoelectron

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• spectroscopy, TEM, DLS, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, revealing a polygonal or oval morphology. To evaluate the antitumor effects, cytotoxicity assays, cellular uptake assays, apoptosis detection, ROS production, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting for gene and protein

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and terahertz time domain spectroscopy. These modern approaches enhance both accuracy and efficiency of detection compared to conventional methods. Nonetheless, they often involve complex sample preparation steps, which may result in

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• ., inversely graded metamaterial, Figure 2I). Glass fiber content analysis X-ray microtomographic (μCT) scans were used to determine the glass fiber content along a linearly graded specimen with rectilinear interfaces and to estimate the heating effects of laser cutting at the specimen edges. Sections of about

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• (HRTEM) conducted with a JEM-2100 microscope (Jeol, Tokyo, Japan). Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) elemental mapping was performed using the FESEM system to examine the distribution of Ti and O on the carbon cloth substrate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were conducted using a SmartLab

• diffractometer (Rigaku Corporation) with Cu Kα radiation, operating at 40 kV and 35 mA. Raman spectra were obtained using an Alpha300R UV system (WITec, Germany) equipped with a TEM00 laser at a wavelength of 532 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterizations were conducted using a Kratos AXIS

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• structure of the formed NPs were analyzed by means of ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. Particle size and morphology

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• patterns were recorded on a Shimadzu 6100 X-ray diffractometer in a 2θ range of 10–80°, providing insights into the crystalline structure and phase composition of the CNTs before and after modification. UV–vis spectroscopy was used to monitor adsorption of metal ions by the interaction of dendrimerized

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• mechanism of NPs in PLAL has been investigated extensively, primarily through the use of laser-induced fluorescence analysis and shadowgraph analysis [17][18][19][20][21]. Use of small-angle X-ray scattering, wide-angle X-ray scattering, and X-ray imaging techniques has enabled a more comprehensive

• homogeneity, granular nature, and adhered well to the substrate. With just 50 μL of the solution of each sample spin-coated onto the substrate and dried afterwards, a uniform coating was obtained and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) also revealed compositional uniformity of Au and Ag throughout the

• ]. Figure 10d shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of CdS nanoropes. A comparison of spin coating and drop casting for film fabrication on graphene paper was made using Ni/NiO NPs synthesized by LAL. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry measurements revealed that the homogeneity of the NPs was

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• ± 20 nm) for various periods of time up to 72 h. The growth mechanism was investigated through ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy analyses, confirming the gradual transformation of spherical seeds into

• performed at an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. The structure of the AgNPrs was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Bruker D8 Advance instrument equipped with a Cu Kα radiation source (40 kV, 40 mA) at a scanning rate of 4°/min. SERS measurements The SERS properties of the AgNPs and AgNPrs were

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• complete as intended and these electrodes were discarded. A thin layer of copper deposition on the exposed platinum nanowire tip was further examined using SEM imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental composition analysis. Figure 2b presents an SEM image of the copper-coated