Vapor deposition routes to conformal polymer thin films

• Priya Moni,
• Ahmed Al-Obeidi and
• Karen K. Gleason

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 723–735, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.76

• cross section of the wire can reveal the conformal coating [26]. Imaging a series of cross sections can inform conformality along the length of the wire. Not all complex substrates are amenable to forming physical cross sections. In this case, ion or electron beam ablation can expose the substrate so

Graphene functionalised by laser-ablated V₂O₅ for a highly sensitive NH₃ sensor

• Margus Kodu,
• Artjom Berholts,
• Tauno Kahro,
• Mati Kook,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Helina Seemen,
• Tea Avarmaa,
• Harry Alles and
• Raivo Jaaniso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 571–578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.61

• response time, sensitivity and reversibility were essentially enhanced due to graphene functionalisation by laser deposited V2O5. This can be explained by an increased surface density of gas adsorption sites introduced by high energy atoms in laser ablation plasma and formation of nanophase boundaries

• ≈20 nm in diameter from the laser-deposited nanostructured material can be distinguished in the image. It is well known that gas phase species created by laser ablation of solids have a wide distribution of kinetic energy [17]. A considerable fraction of particles can have sufficient energy (≈100 eV

• pellet was used as an ablation target. The sensor substrate was held in place by a shadow mask through which V2O5 was deposited onto graphene. A KrF excimer laser (COMPexPro 205, Coherent; wavelength 248 nm, pulse width 25 ns) was used for deposition. For the PLD target, a fine microcrystalline powder of

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• sensitivity tests have been reported, provoking the question about whether a nanopowder could have be obtained from those colloidal suspensions. Laser ablation For the first time, Gottfried et al. [74] successfully produced RDX nanoparticles using laser ablation. A near-infrared, nanosecond pulsed laser was

• toward electrostatic discharge. Conclusion As displayed in Table 6, the smallest diameter of RDX is either obtained from wet techniques or from small-scale approaches which cannot be transferred to industry (PVD and laser ablation). Even if PVD has been successfully used in the semiconductor sector for

• our everyday electronic devices for decades, PVD applied on energetic materials will never be able to reach a production of several hundred of grams per hour. However, PVD is suitable for the current trend to create ”pyrotechnic integrated circuits”. Femtosecond laser ablation is used for nanoparticle

Laser irradiation in water for the novel, scalable synthesis of black TiO_x photocatalyst for environmental remediation

• Massimo Zimbone,
• Giuseppe Cacciato,
• Mohamed Boutinguiza,
• Vittorio Privitera and
• Maria Grazia Grimaldi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 196–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.21

• annealing treatment, according to the most common synthesis techniques [21]. Recently, we proposed laser ablation in water as a synthesis route for efficient TiO2-based catalysts by using a high energy 1064 nm wavelength laser [22][24][25]. In the present work, we focus our attention on the synthesis of a

• samples have a surface area of 0.7 cm2. The synthesis of platinum nanoparticles (PtNps) was performed by pulsed laser ablation in liquid by irradiating a Pt metal foil (Sigma Aldrich, purity 99%) with a Nd:YAG laser (Giant G790-30) at 1064 nm (10 ns pulse duration, 10 Hz repetition rate). The laser was

• ; (b) synthesis of Pt nanoparticles via laser ablation in water; (c) schematic representation of the black TiOx/Ti/PtNp multilayer structure after the deposition of the Pt nanoparticles on the rear side of the irradiated Ti foil. Left: Photograph of the irradiated sample. Middle: low-magnification SEM

Grazing-incidence optical magnetic recording with super-resolution

• Gunther Scheunert,
• Sidney. R. Cohen,
• René Kullock,
• Ryan McCarron,
• Katya Rechev,
• Ifat Kaplan-Ashiri,
• Ora Bitton,
• Paul Dawson,
• Bert Hecht and
• Dan Oron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 28–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.4

• recording layer, became paramagnetic. Polarization dependence of absorptivity (λ = 785 nm): p-polarized light is 3.5–4 times better absorbed than s-polarized light. Large powers damaged the sample irreversibly by laser ablation, leaving a topographical trench (not shown) and strong artefacts in the magnetic

Fundamental properties of high-quality carbon nanofoam: from low to high density

• Natalie Frese,
• Shelby Taylor Mitchell,
• Christof Neumann,
• Amanda Bowers,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Klaus Sattler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2065–2073, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.197

• sponges [17]. Carbon nanofoams have first been produced using pulsed laser ablation of glassy carbon in argon atmosphere [18] and later, as graphite in liquid nitrogen [19]. Pulsed-laser deposition has also been used for the fabrication of carbon nanofoam electrodes [20]. Carbon nanotube foam in the form

• addition, the hydrothermal technique leads directly to carbon nanofoam with no further treatment necessary. This is important since nanocarbon materials often need to be purified after synthesis. For example, production methods such as arc discharge [63] and laser ablation [64] may lead to carbon soot

Antitumor magnetic hyperthermia induced by RGD-functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, in an experimental model of colorectal liver metastases

• Oihane K. Arriortua,
• Eneko Garaio,
• Borja Herrero de la Parte,
• Maite Insausti,
• Luis Lezama,
• Fernando Plazaola,
• Jose Angel García,
• Jesús M. Aizpurua,
• Maialen Sagartzazu,
• Mireia Irazola,
• Nestor Etxebarria,
• Ignacio García-Alonso,
• Alberto Saiz-López and
• José Javier Echevarria-Uraga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1532–1542, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.147

• metastases are still a challenge for surgeons and oncologists. Though surgical removal of the metastases is currently the best therapeutic option, it is only indicated in less than 50% of the patients. Percutaneous ablation and arterial chemoembolization may be useful for those patients excluded from surgery

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• can be dissolved in HSO3Cl within minutes [36]. Synthesis There are three different methods for the production of CNTs: (1) arc discharge, (2) CVD, and (3) laser ablation. The size, shape, yield, structure and orientation of CNTs and MLG are largely dependent on the process variables. Therefore, fine

• currently highest volume and surface densities of 60–70 kg·m−3 and 1016 m−2, respectively [44]. Laser ablation: Laser ablation was employed to produce fullerene. It was later applied to produce SWNTs on metal particles as catalyst. The high price of CNTs limits their widespread application. This is mainly

• caused by limited mass production [130]. Laser ablation is capable of the production of SWNTs in large quantities with average diameters of about 1.2 nm [36]. Laser ablation produces refined CNT but at a lower yield. Composites Some of the processes to produce nanocomposites are described in Table 4. The

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in pure water and in chloride solution

• Brunella Perito,
• Emilia Giorgetti,
• Paolo Marsili and
• Maurizio Muniz-Miranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 465–473, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.40

• as antibacterial agents with applications in several fields due to their strong, broad-range antimicrobial properties. AgNP synthesis by pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) permits the preparation of stable Ag colloids in pure solvents without capping or stabilizing agents, producing AgNPs more

• suitable for biomedical applications than those prepared with common, wet chemical preparation techniques. To date, only a few investigations into the antimicrobial effect of AgNPs produced by PLAL have been performed. These have mainly been performed by ablation in water with nanosecond pulse widths. We

• also be affected by other parameters linked to the ablation conditions, such as the pulse width. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was evaluated for NPs obtained either by nanosecond (ns) or picosecond (ps) PLAL using a 1064 nm ablation wavelength, in pure water or in LiCl aqueous solution, with

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• application, different fullerenes are chosen according to their slight differences in properties. Historically, the first technique to synthesize fullerenes was based on laser ablation of graphite targets in a He gas; however, this does not produce large quantities of the material and is thus mostly used for

• metal catalyst such as cobalt [48]. The nanotubes are typically bound together by strong van der Waals interactions and form tight bundles. The second method, laser ablation, uses continuous wave [49] or pulsed [50] lasers to ablate a carbon target in a 1200 °C tube furnace. A laser beam evaporates a

• acid [53]. In both the arc discharge and laser ablation methods, bundles of MWNTs and SWNTs held together by van der Waals forces are generated by the condensation of carbon atoms generated from the evaporation of solid carbon sources. The third method, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), involves the

Green and energy-efficient methods for the production of metallic nanoparticles

• Mitra Naghdi,
• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• M. Verma,
• R. Y. Surampalli and
• J. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2354–2376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.243

• methods for production of NPs, such as lithography, laser ablation, aerosol techniques radiolysis, and photochemical reduction. Generally, these methods are costly, energy intensive or they can be harmful to human and environment [14][15]. For example, the production of nanomaterials through chemical

Au nanoparticle-based sensor for apomorphine detection in plasma

• Chiara Zanchi,
• Andrea Lucotti,
• Matteo Tommasini,
• Sebastiano Trusso,
• Ugo de Grazia,
• Emilio Ciusani and
• Paolo M. Ossi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2224–2232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.228

• colloids synthesized by laser ablation in liquids, suitably functionalized and tagged with Raman reporters, have effectively revealed specific biomolecules, even in chemically complex environments such as cells [9][10][11][12]. On the other hand, silver and gold colloids produced by chemical routes can be

• were synthesized by pulsed laser ablation of a metal target in inert gas at high pressure. With respect to free expansion in vacuum, the ambient gas modifies the expansion of the plasma plume, consisting of species ablated from the target surface. Depending on the nature of the gas and the pressure

• to avoid target surface cratering under repetitive ablation. The ablation was performed in an Ar atmosphere at a pressure of 100 Pa. The number of laser pulses was fixed at 10,000. The laser fluence was kept constant at 2.0 J/cm2. The sample morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy

Fabrication of hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds by incorporating ligand-free hydroxyapatite nanoparticles into biodegradable polymer scaffolds and release studies

• Balazs Farkas,
• Marina Rodio,
• Ilaria Romano,
• Alberto Diaspro,
• Romuald Intartaglia and
• Szabolcs Beke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2217–2223, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.227

• composite thin films of hydroxyapatite (HA) and biodegradable polymers by combining pulsed laser ablation in liquid and mask-projection excimer laser stereolithography (MPExSL). Ligand-free HA nanoparticles were prepared by ultrafast laser ablation of a HA target in a solvent, and then the nanoparticles

• gradual release of the hydroxyapatite nanoparticles over thin film biodegradation is reported. Keywords: biodegradable scaffolds; biodegradation; hydroxyapatite; laser ablation in liquid; stereolithography; Introduction Interfaces between osteochondral prosthetics and the surrounding bone tissue are of

• ], combustion preparation [11] and various wet chemistry techniques [12][13]. However, these routes have drawbacks regarding the synthesis attributed to the use of hazardous surfactants that are not suitable for biomedical applications [14]. Pulsed laser ablation of solid targets in liquids (PLAL) for the

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro effects of 7 nm alloyed silver–gold nanoparticles

• Simon Ristig,
• Svitlana Chernousova,
• Wolfgang Meyer-Zaika and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1212–1220, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.124

• ablation was reported [25][26][27]. Alloying of presynthesized silver core/gold shell nanoparticles by refluxing with oleylamine [28] or ultrasonication of separate gold and silver nanoparticles [29] was also described. Here, an aqueous co-reduction of silver nitrate and tetrachloroauric acid with a

Improved optical limiting performance of laser-ablation-generated metal nanoparticles due to silica-microsphere-induced local field enhancement

• Zheren Du,
• Lianwei Chen,
• Tsung-Sheng Kao,
• Mengxue Wu and
• Minghui Hong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1199–1204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.122

• nanomaterials have been found to exhibit optical limiting properties. Laser ablation offers the possibility of fabricating nanoparticles from a wide range of target materials. For practical use of these materials, their optical limiting performance, including optical limiting threshold and the ability to

• efficiently attenuate high intensity light, needs to be improved. In this paper, we fabricate nanoparticles of different metals by laser ablation in liquid. We study the optical nonlinear properties of the laser-generated nanoparticle dispersion. Silica microspheres are used to enhance the optical limiting

• the nanoparticle dispersion. Keywords: laser ablation; local field enhancement; microspheres; nanoparticles; optical limiting; Introduction Laser ablation in liquid (LAL) is a versatile technique to fabricate nanoparticles. Conventional synthesis of nanoparticles by chemical reactions is usually

Nanostructuring of GeTiO amorphous films by pulsed laser irradiation

• Valentin S. Teodorescu,
• Cornel Ghica,
• Adrian V. Maraloiu,
• Mihai Vlaicu,
• Andrei Kuncser,
• Magdalena L. Ciurea,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Ana M. Lepadatu,
• Nicu D. Scarisoreanu,
• Andreea Andrei,
• Valentin Ion and
• Maria Dinescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 893–900, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.92

• ], phase transformation and modification of physical properties of thin films [13][14][15][16]. The laser fluence values used for these applications are below the ablation threshold of the irradiated material in order to prevent a loss of material during laser processing. The absorption length of

Low-cost formation of bulk and localized polymer-derived carbon nanodomains from polydimethylsiloxane

• Juan Carlos Castro Alcántara,
• Mariana Cerda Zorrilla,
• Lucia Cabriales,
• Luis Manuel León Rossano and
• Mathieu Hautefeuille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 744–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.76

• Universitaria, D.F. México, México 10.3762/bjnano.6.76 Abstract We present two simple alternative methods to form polymer-derived carbon nanodomains in a controlled fashion and at low cost, using custom-made chemical vapour deposition and selective laser ablation with a commercial CD-DVD platform. Both

• characterization of the byproduct materials are reported. We demonstrate that CVD led to bulk production of graphitic nanocrystals and single-walled carbon nanotubes while direct laser ablation may be employed for the formation of localized fluorescent nanodots. In the latter case, graphitic nanodomains and multi

• -wall carbon nanotubes are left inside microchannels and preliminary results seem to indicate that laser ablation could offer a tuning control of the nature and optical properties of the nanodomains that are left inside micropatterns with on-demand geometries. These low-cost methods look particularly

Influence of gold, silver and gold–silver alloy nanoparticles on germ cell function and embryo development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 651–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.66

• where produced by laser ablation in liquids [52][53], which allows for the synthesis of highly pure particles free of any stabilisers or reducing agents which might exert a toxicological impact of their own. In addition, laser ablation of solid noble metal alloy targets in water results in homogenous

• small pilot study we compared the effects of silver nanoparticles, which are conjugated to BSA “in situ” and “ex situ” on oocyte maturation. In case of in situ bioconjugation silver nanoparticles are synthesized by laser ablation of a solid target in the presence of the biomolecule of choice [52][79

• ]. The ex situ method is an alternative approach where the ablation site is physically separated from bioconjugation [80]. To this end laser ablation is carried out in a flow through reactor, while biomolecules are added at specified time delays. Innate to the in situ bioconjugation method is a distinct

Raman spectroscopy as a tool to investigate the structure and electronic properties of carbon-atom wires

• Alberto Milani,
• Matteo Tommasini,
• Valeria Russo,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Andrea Lucotti,
• Franco Cataldo and
• Carlo S. Casari

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 480–491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.49

• (fs) laser irradiation of a graphite target [50]. fs laser pulses were used to produce amorphous carbon films containing sp, sp2 and sp3 fractions, however control over their relative quantities was not demonstrated [51]. Isolated wires can be produced by laser ablation (with both fs and ns pulses) of

Green preparation and spectroscopic characterization of plasmonic silver nanoparticles using fruits as reducing agents

• Jes Ærøe Hyllested,
• Marta Espina Palanco,
• Nicolai Hagen,
• Klaus Bo Mogensen and
• Katrin Kneipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 293–299, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.27

• can be mainly divided into top down and bottom up processes. Top down processes consist of physical processes where a solid is broken down into nanoparticles as it appears for example during laser ablation of nanoparticles from a macroscopic piece of metal [7][8]. Nanoparticles made by a physical

• process such as laser ablation have the advantage of being “chemically clean” with no impurities on their surfaces introduced by the chemical preparation process. In the bottom up approach, nanoparticles are created from even smaller structures such as silver ions, which are the outcome of a chemical

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of graphitic carbon nanomaterials doped with heteroatoms

• Toma Susi,
• Thomas Pichler and
• Paola Ayala

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 177–192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.17

• (N-SWCNT) synthesis was reported by Glerup et al. in 2004 by using arc discharge [111], later followed by laser ablation [112] and many different variations of chemical vapor deposition methods [113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125] (see also [33][34]). Nitrogen-doped

• configuration in graphene were reported by STM [32] and TEM/EELS [30]. The synthesis of boron-doped SWCNTs has mainly been successful through the use of high-temperature techniques, i.e., arc-discharge [23][179] and laser ablation [180]. Identification of dopants was initially mainly via TEM/EELS measurements

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes and their applications

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz,
• Ozlem Sen,
• Melis Emanet,
• Emine Kazanc and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 84–102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.9

• ][29], ball milling [30][31][32][33][34][35], laser ablation [36][37][38], and low temperature methods [39][40][41] were reported. The CVD and ball milling methods are currently the two most widely used methods for the synthesis of BNNTs. In this review, the most important BNNT synthesis methods are

• produced over the duration of a 50 h annealing step in the presence of N2 gas at 1100 °C. Laser ablation method The synthesis of single- or double-walled BNNTs can generally be achieved using laser ablation [36][37][38]. It was reported that the only way to synthesize single-walled BNNTs (SWBNNTs) was by

Properties of plasmonic arrays produced by pulsed-laser nanostructuring of thin Au films

• Katarzyna Grochowska,
• Katarzyna Siuzdak,
• Peter A. Atanasov,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Anna Dikovska,
• Nikolay N. Nedyalkov and
• Gerard Śliwiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2102–2112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.219

• mechanisms and final effect. Mechanisms relevant to the laser nanostructuring (LNS) of thin metal films are often discussed in the broader context of the non-equilibrium processes due to pulsed-laser interaction at time scales from micro- to femto-seconds and with nanofabrication by material ablation and

Carbon-based smart nanomaterials in biomedicine and neuroengineering

• Antonina M. Monaco and
• Michele Giugliano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1849–1863, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.196

• size of the nanomaterial itself [87][88][89], as well as on the presence of metal contaminants and the residues of the GO preparation method in graphene samples [90]. Biomedical applications of graphene and its derivatives range from photothermal tumour ablation therapy to biosensors, from gene therapy