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Search for "aggregation" in Full Text gives 481 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49
- five transduction modalities, including colourimetric/UV–vis LSPR, SERS, electrochemical, fluorometric, and gas sensing, covering a broad range of analytes considered as environmental pollutants. Key challenges, including nanoparticle aggregation, long-term colloidal instability, synthesis
- prevent aggregation [36]. The capping agents can be polymers, surfactants, and small and large biomolecules, providing colloidal nanoregime stability [37]. The size-controlled synthesis of AgNPs capped with ʟ-carnosine was developed for metal ion detection and nitrophenol removal [8]. Another study
- through their interactions with the surrounding medium. Zeta potential measurements are used to assess the surface charge and stability of silver nanoparticles; higher absolute values (>±30 mV) indicate better colloidal stability and resistance to aggregation [52]. This surface charge also validated the
Molecular engineering of individual dye-based nanoparticle photostability for ultrabright two-photon fluorescence
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 688–696, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.48
- kcounts·s−1·mW−2, respectively) and quartile ranges. Mean values were very high (427 and 436 kcounts·s−1·mW−2, respectively), which is attributed to the potential aggregation of nanoparticles, leading to a few very high signals. A t-test yielded a p-value of 0.90, indicating no significant difference
Protein-based custom-designed molecular nanotraps for biomedical applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 683–687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.47
- the secondary structure of these protein-based bioMIPs by circular dichroism showed non-ordered protein assemblies. It is worth considering that the selective ability of the bioMIPs is acquired upon the nanoscale aggregation of the protein building blocks around the target; hence, it is an emerging
Decontamination from water pollutants and pathogens by electrospun nanofibers doped with heavy-atom-free borafluorene-BODIPY photosensitizers
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 668–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.46
- fluorescence spectroscopy was used to check the possible aggregation of photosensitizer in PCL, as the emission behavior of BODIPY is sensitive to self-aggregation effects. The surface free energy value (SFE) was determined using the Kaelble–Owens–Wendt method, which accounts for both the polar component
- ). The higher activity of the former mat indicates triplet-state aggregation quenching at the higher dopant concentration. The observed activity of the 1@PCL mats was compared to electrospun PCL materials containing 2,6-dibrominated BF2-BODIPY at 0.05 wt % concentration studied by Cakmak and coworkers
- -radiative processes may be more efficient due to the possible aggregation effects. To further examine the performance of the electrospun photoactive fibers, we have conducted photocatalytic decontamination experiments involving two additional pharmaceutical agents, namely, ranitidine and propranolol. For
Cellulose as a photocatalyst support material: extraction, structural features, and environmental applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 635–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.44
- of functional groups enable it to act as an effective support matrix for photocatalysts such as ZnO, TiO2, Cu2O, and various hybrid nanocomposites. Through stabilizing nanoparticles, preventing their aggregation and contributing to pollutant adsorption, cellulose enhances the overall efficiency of
- photocatalysts Cellulose is the bulk, hierarchical material found in nature, containing a mix of crystalline and amorphous regions. CNCs are isolated by removing the amorphous regions, leaving only the highly ordered nanoscale crystals. Both prevent the aggregation of photoactive nanoparticles, keeping them
- dispersed so their active sites remain available [5]. Bulk cellulose functions primarily as a macroscopic structural support focused on easy handling, filtration, and recovery. CNCs function as a nanoscale active platform focused on maximizing surface area, preventing nano-catalyst aggregation, and actively
Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42
- -dimensional phases along the film’s thickness. The SnSe layer interacts with the surface low-dimensional phase, suppressing its disordered aggregation and promoting the gradual extension of the high-dimensional phase toward the bottom of the film, thereby creating a smooth transition from a high-bandgap, low
Electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin using a MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 541–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.35
- particles are dispersed on the wrinkled rGO sheets. The rGO sheets serve as a supporting scaffold, helping to separate the MIL-101 particles and reduce their aggregation to some extent. This structural characteristic benefits the dispersion of the MOF particles and enhances electron transfer within the
Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30
- nanoparticle aggregation. In addition, the hydrogel network acts as a steric barrier that limits nanoparticle mobility and reduces particle–particle contact during printing and drying. Previous studies have demonstrated the compatibility of SSE 3D printing with nanocarrier systems without significant loss of
Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27
- , nanoencapsulation strategies for PSs are being actively developed [7][8]. Encapsulation of hydrophobic PSs in nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, or micelles addresses solubility and stability, preventing aggregation [9]. Nanoparticles with sizes of 10–200 nm passively accumulate in tumor
- generation requires efficient excitation and minimal competing non-ROS-producing relaxation pathways. Low dark toxicity minimizes harm in the absence of light. High stability and low aggregation under physiological conditions are essential for maintaining photochemical activity [22]. A balanced
- ]. A membrane coverage of 50% and more enables cellular uptake of individual nanoparticles, while lower coverage requires aggregation for internalization [60]. Using cancer cell membranes (CCMs) with high coverage on BNPs ensures selective targeting through integrin-mediated homotypic binding
Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25
- -driven formation of catechol–quinone intermediates, followed by intramolecular cyclization and supramolecular aggregation [12][27]. Figure 1 summarizes the hypothetical steps of dopamine and tyrosine oxidation, illustrating how both monomers may converge toward heterocyclic structures and supramolecular
Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22
- gas aggregation are highly scalable and productive, though they typically require high temperatures or vacuum systems and may offer limited control over surface chemistry. Compared with these approaches, PLAL provides high-purity colloids with reduced impurities and byproducts, even allowing for
- mass in suspension. Incomplete solvent evaporation or residual organics can bias gravimetric results, making vacuum drying preferable. NP adhesion to container walls requires vessel washing, and aggregation during or after ablation may need sonication or size-separation steps. Overall, gravimetry
- ablation area is irradiated, which increases NP production. The higher colloidal concentration enhances aggregation, often resulting in larger mean particle sizes [143]. Furthermore, the precision of the focusing can play a crucial role in the physicochemical properties of the colloids. Ryabchikov et al
Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18
- /CBV-600 in Figure 2b, Cu/CBV-600 in Figure 2c, and Zn/CBV-600 in Figure 2d) were incorporated into the fabric, small, well-dispersed particles were observed on the textile surface. Panoramic micrographs of the functionalized fabrics showed varying degrees of nanomaterial aggregation: Ag/CBV-600 > Cu
- were found for Zn/CBV-600-bramante (Figure 2d) with uniform dispersion of nanomaterials on the fabric surface. Note, that the changes in the degree of aggregation may be attributed to the nature of the nanomaterial. The functionalization of fabrics with acrylic resin as a binder allowed for the
- effective fixation of nanomaterials onto the fabrics. It is known that the high concentration of the binder could affect the antimicrobial activity of the fabrics [30]. Neither aggregation of the acrylic resin (10% w/w) nor degradation of the fibers after functionalization was observed for the prepared
Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15
- tunability, making AuNPs highly versatile in catalytic applications [5][6]. Traditional ligands such as thiols and citrates are commonly used in the synthesis of AuNPs due to their ability to control particle size, prevent aggregation, and enhance stability in solution [7]. Also, polyoxometalates (POMs) have
- coated with strong ligands that provide initial stability over time, ligand desorption, ligand exchange, or environmental factors such as pH and ionic strength can weaken the protective layer, leading to nanoparticle aggregation or structural degradation [14][15]. An important aspect of expensive noble
- filtration and where the NPs are further stabilized against coalescence, aggregation, sintering, or Ostwald ripening under the catalytic reaction conditions. By anchoring AuNPs onto a solid support, such as metal oxides, polymers, or carbon-based materials, their stability is significantly enhanced
Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12
- relationship between the structural organization of the polymer side chains and temperature-induced optical changes. By combining experimental spectroscopic techniques with theoretical modeling, we demonstrate that the thermochromic response of PAZO films is strongly influenced by molecular aggregation, film
- thickness, and thermal treatment conditions. The observed changes in optical properties suggest that this response is governed by temperature-induced modulation of molecular ordering and aggregation state, which in turn alters the electronic transitions responsible for light absorption. Theoretical
- measuring the intensity of the emitted fluorescence light at another wavelength. Treating PAZO at 230 °C induced an increase in fluorescence intensity (≈400%) and a redshift (20 nm). Red shift can be induced by various factors, such as changes in the polymer structure, aggregation, or interactions with
From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10
- also induce cytotoxicity and rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system [18]. Moreover, surface charge influences aggregation behaviour, colloidal stability, and protein corona formation, directly impacting the therapeutic efficacy of nanocarriers. Optimising surface charge is essential for
Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9
- lipid structure of NLs, leading to AC leakage, while plasma protein adsorption may cause particle aggregation [7]. In this sense, the presence of proteins in the tissue environment can alter cellular uptake of both cationic and anionic carriers [8]. In short, our understanding of how nanodelivery
- expected. In this case, the increase was only observed in the upper size range. In this direction, the obtained results can be attributed to the fact that serum proteins can also stabilize nanocarriers, thus preventing their aggregation process [29]. Similar to NLb2, AF4 analysis showed that the particles
- analysis, it was shown that serum proteins present in the cell culture medium stabilize NLb0 in terms of preventing the process of aggregation. Additionally, unlike for NLb2, there was a decrease in the average diameter over the incubation time of 4 h, which is probably due to the dynamic process of PC
Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7
- for the nanoparticle stability to avoid aggregation. The results can be justified by the neutral pH in which these liposomes are dispersed, since in a more acidic medium, it is expected that the amines, present in the lipids, are protonated, decreasing the zeta potential [49]. The DL% rates of the
- surface, aggregation, or changes in surface charge [28]. In this study, liposomes and immunoliposomes containing or not 5-FU and R-PE were incubated in 10% bovine serum for up to 48 h, and the parameters of size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential were monitored. In general, conventional liposomes
Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6
- coating density and physical barrier performance (ZIF-8 helps prevent Ti3C2Tx aggregation and chemically cross-links with WPU, enhancing mechanical integrity). The final cross-linked coating had a water contact angle of about 154°, indicating high water repellency and self-cleaning capabilities. More
Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1
- are immobilized on supports like carbon-based materials or TiO2 to prevent aggregation and to maintain catalytic activity, strong adhesion is required [11]. To improve adhesion, Au NPs have been stabilized on SiO2 substrates by embedding them into an organometallic layer, effectively immobilizing the
- MiniLab 125 vacuum system equipped with a Nikalyte NL-UHV NP source, described in detail in a previous study [28]. The NP source is mounted at 45° angle to the deposition chamber and consists of two components, namely, the magnetron head and the aggregation zone with an attached quadrupole mass filter
- × 10−7 mbar. Ar was introduced as a sputtering gas, keeping a constant flow rate of 40 sccm. Sputtering was carried out at a constant current of 200 mA (≈70 W) applied to the target. The sputtered atoms start to form NPs and to grow in the aggregation zone, where the aggregation length was adjusted to
Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159
- ; however, the success of the coating is confirmed by the stable dispersion of UCNPs in water, which prevents aggregation. C. elegans culture and maintenance The nematodes used in our experiments, N2 wild-type C. elegans, were cultivated on nematode growth medium (NGM) plates previously seeded with E. coli
- and 2.5 mg·mL−1. Figure 4a presents the three-dimensional reconstruction of the UC fluorescence signal at 550 nm for the higher concentration (2.5 mg·mL−1) sample. The image reveals the characteristic aggregation of lipid-coated UCNPs, forming macroliposomes of approximately 30 µm diameter within the
Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157
- -capping agents, such as oleic acid, which is commonly used during synthesis to control particle size and prevent aggregation. The broad peak observed at ≈3400 cm−1 is linked to the O–H stretching vibrations of adsorbed water or hydroxy groups on the particle surface, which is a common feature for
- anisotropy energy barriers, leading to zero remanent magnetization when the applied field is removed. Superparamagnetism is a desirable property for biomedical applications, as it prevents particle aggregation in the absence of an external magnetic field. Magnetic hyperthermia analysis In Figure 6, the SAR
Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156
- disruption of the native gel morphology by avoiding aggregation or artefacts associated with high fluorophore loadings, an effect previously observed in such systems [26]. As illustrated in Figure 3A,B, the DPP-BC-containing gels exhibited a robust network of interconnected fibres and bundles across the CLSM
Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B12 analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153
- AuNP suspensions is substantially influenced by their particle size and dispersion speed. 10–20 nm AuNPs with a narrow size distribution tend to absorb light from the blue-green spectrum and reflect red light. In contrast, their aggregation leads to a light absorption shift to longer wavelengths
- , resulting in reflecting light ranging from pale blue to purple [75][76]. Selvakumar and Thakur developed a colorimetric sensor for detecting VB12 using AuNPs and a stable modified RNA aptamer. The RNA aptamer, which attaches to VB12, triggers the aggregation of AuNPs, resulting in a color shift from red to
Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151
- either case the NPs will expand. We will, however, demonstrate the role of the ligand conformation. We obtained detailed spatial characterization by SEM, to measure size and shape, and to detect aggregation upon adsorption on surfaces of different hydrophilicity (see Supporting Information File 1
- size average of the dimanno-AuNPs is 30.4 ± 1.1 nm (PDI = 0.29) with a peak at 16.8 ± 0.9 nm. This indicates that the dimannoside coating results in reduced nanoparticle aggregation. Hence, a small number of multimers of the NPs is present in the solution (i.e., stronger particle association). DLS is
- inherently sensitive to the hydrodynamic radius, and therefore to aggregation, even when the core sizes are similar. A more hydrated surface is typically associated with higher colloidal stability and lower aggregation, which is consistent with the smaller hydrodynamic size observed by DLS for the dimanno
Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148
- also seen in research in the Beas catchment, where MPs in low areas are transported upwards into sensitive ecosystems [25]. Such connectivity of the routes and sources is apparent in Figure 2, which presents the wide ecological extent and conveyance of MPs in water bodies. To allow aggregation of
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