Ultrasonic irradiation in the synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite: a chemically friendly technique for improving hemocompatibility and antibiofilm applications

• Juan Mendoza Turmero,
• Cristina Parra Pantoja,
• Marcos Sabino Gutiérrez,
• Milagro Fernández-Delgado,
• Claudia Alvarado-Castillo,
• Damarys Soto Gil,
• María E. Gomes Gomes,
• Yony Gutiérrez Barrios and
• Daniel Suárez Arteaga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 991–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.68

• hemotoxicity (hemolysis < 2%), and did not affect platelet ADP aggregation processes. Microbiological assays showed a significant reduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biomass production (p < 0.05) after 24 h, particularly for nHA synthesized with the W/ETOH mixture. There was also a less bacterial colonization

• previously, supports the highly promising and non-disruptive preliminary profile of the synthesized nanostructures. When assessing the hemotoxicity of a biomaterial, platelet aggregation must also be studied. This process is crucial for preventing many circulation-related diseases and pathologies, such as

• platelets must be studied since they participate in the first events that lead to the formation of blood clots, which are associated with the development of strokes and heart attacks [90]. Therefore, to evaluate the effect of nHA synthesized in W/THF on platelets, in vitro platelet aggregation tests were

Development of Protium heptaphyllum essential oil-loaded nanocapsules: experimental design and biological activity

• Debora Freitas Silva,
• Kaidy Giselle Orellana,
• Allessya Lara Dantas Formiga,
• Jin Wang,
• Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade,
• Aline Collares Valente Pinheiro,
• Maria Izabel de Jesus,
• Francisco Canindé Ferreira de Luna,
• Wallax Augusto Silva Ferreira,
• Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira,
• Francisco Humberto Xavier Junior,
• Emmanuel Abraham Ho and
• Marcele Fonseca Passos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 974–990, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.67

• performance of the formulation [42]. The sustained low PDI values throughout the entire period further confirm the absence of aggregation or coalescence, thereby preserving the structural integrity of the nanocapsules [43][44]. The observed stability may be attributed to the physicochemical characteristics of

Nanocarrier strategies to overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance in cancer therapy

• Andreina Quevedo-Enríquez,
• Katty Yi Zhang,
• Denisse Yajaira Enriquez,
• Byron Raul Inapanta,
• Roxana Noemí Peroni and
• Christian Rafael Quijia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 882–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.64

Supramolecular one-dimensional conducting nanofibers from a C₃-symmetric tetrathiafulvalene derivative

• Yoko Tatewaki,
• Fumiya Hirose,
• Sadafumi Nishihara,
• Tomoyuki Akutagawa,
• Takayoshi Nakamura and
• Tsuyoshi Minami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 872–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.63

• nanorod-like structures with a width of 100 nm, a height of 30 nm, and a length of 3 μm (Figure 1). These nanorods were observed to be distributed across the substrate without significant aggregation, suggesting that the self-assembly process proceeds in a controlled manner under these conditions. The

• differences may originate from variations in molecular organization, intermolecular interactions, and molecular packing during the self-assembly process. In other words, variations in solvent conditions lead to a competition between one-dimensional anisotropic growth and disordered aggregation, resulting in

Nanoparticle delivery systems for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): advances and challenges

• Sonia Zahara and
• Björn M. Reinhard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 839–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.60

• efficacy of LBNPs can be limited by relatively low drug loading capacity and physical instability related to fusion, aggregation, or leakage during storage. Burst release and low encapsulation of certain ARVs, particularly hydrophilic drugs, can also compromise sustained efficacy [67]. Despite these issues

Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends

• Soni Prajapati,
• Akash Kumar and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49

• five transduction modalities, including colourimetric/UV–vis LSPR, SERS, electrochemical, fluorometric, and gas sensing, covering a broad range of analytes considered as environmental pollutants. Key challenges, including nanoparticle aggregation, long-term colloidal instability, synthesis

• prevent aggregation [36]. The capping agents can be polymers, surfactants, and small and large biomolecules, providing colloidal nanoregime stability [37]. The size-controlled synthesis of AgNPs capped with ʟ-carnosine was developed for metal ion detection and nitrophenol removal [8]. Another study

• through their interactions with the surrounding medium. Zeta potential measurements are used to assess the surface charge and stability of silver nanoparticles; higher absolute values (>±30 mV) indicate better colloidal stability and resistance to aggregation [52]. This surface charge also validated the

Molecular engineering of individual dye-based nanoparticle photostability for ultrabright two-photon fluorescence

• Eleonore Kurek,
• Sasha Cooper,
• Alexandre Clausolles,
• Karen Perronet,
• Jonathan Daniel,
• Mireille Blanchard-Desce and
• François Marquier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 688–696, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.48

• kcounts·s−1·mW−2, respectively) and quartile ranges. Mean values were very high (427 and 436 kcounts·s−1·mW−2, respectively), which is attributed to the potential aggregation of nanoparticles, leading to a few very high signals. A t-test yielded a p-value of 0.90, indicating no significant difference

Protein-based custom-designed molecular nanotraps for biomedical applications

• Devid Maniglio,
• Alice Marinangeli and
• Alessandra Maria Bossi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 683–687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.47

• the secondary structure of these protein-based bioMIPs by circular dichroism showed non-ordered protein assemblies. It is worth considering that the selective ability of the bioMIPs is acquired upon the nanoscale aggregation of the protein building blocks around the target; hence, it is an emerging

Decontamination from water pollutants and pathogens by electrospun nanofibers doped with heavy-atom-free borafluorene-BODIPY photosensitizers

• Angelika Zaszczyńska,
• Paulina H. Marek-Urban,
• Karolina Wrochna,
• Agnieszka E. Kuklewska,
• Kacper Kręgielewski,
• Marta Grodzik,
• Dawid R. Natkowski,
• Jolanta Mierzejewska,
• Ewa Iwanek,
• Agata Blacha-Grzechnik,
• Paweł Sajkiewicz and
• Krzysztof Durka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 668–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.46

• fluorescence spectroscopy was used to check the possible aggregation of photosensitizer in PCL, as the emission behavior of BODIPY is sensitive to self-aggregation effects. The surface free energy value (SFE) was determined using the Kaelble–Owens–Wendt method, which accounts for both the polar component

• ). The higher activity of the former mat indicates triplet-state aggregation quenching at the higher dopant concentration. The observed activity of the 1@PCL mats was compared to electrospun PCL materials containing 2,6-dibrominated BF2-BODIPY at 0.05 wt % concentration studied by Cakmak and coworkers

• -radiative processes may be more efficient due to the possible aggregation effects. To further examine the performance of the electrospun photoactive fibers, we have conducted photocatalytic decontamination experiments involving two additional pharmaceutical agents, namely, ranitidine and propranolol. For

Cellulose as a photocatalyst support material: extraction, structural features, and environmental applications

• Yee Teng Lim,
• Nur Farhana Jaafar,
• Azizul Hakim Lahuri and
• Endang Tri Wahyuni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 635–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.44

• of functional groups enable it to act as an effective support matrix for photocatalysts such as ZnO, TiO2, Cu2O, and various hybrid nanocomposites. Through stabilizing nanoparticles, preventing their aggregation and contributing to pollutant adsorption, cellulose enhances the overall efficiency of

• photocatalysts Cellulose is the bulk, hierarchical material found in nature, containing a mix of crystalline and amorphous regions. CNCs are isolated by removing the amorphous regions, leaving only the highly ordered nanoscale crystals. Both prevent the aggregation of photoactive nanoparticles, keeping them

• dispersed so their active sites remain available [5]. Bulk cellulose functions primarily as a macroscopic structural support focused on easy handling, filtration, and recovery. CNCs function as a nanoscale active platform focused on maximizing surface area, preventing nano-catalyst aggregation, and actively

Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering

• Tong Xiao and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42

• -dimensional phases along the film’s thickness. The SnSe layer interacts with the surface low-dimensional phase, suppressing its disordered aggregation and promoting the gradual extension of the high-dimensional phase toward the bottom of the film, thereby creating a smooth transition from a high-bandgap, low

Electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin using a MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Nguyen Ngoc Nghia,
• Nguyen Vinh Phu,
• Vo Thi Khanh Ly,
• Le Lam Son,
• Pham Khac Lieu,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Nguyen Dinh Luyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 541–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.35

• particles are dispersed on the wrinkled rGO sheets. The rGO sheets serve as a supporting scaffold, helping to separate the MIL-101 particles and reduce their aggregation to some extent. This structural characteristic benefits the dispersion of the MOF particles and enhances electron transfer within the

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• nanoparticle aggregation. In addition, the hydrogel network acts as a steric barrier that limits nanoparticle mobility and reduces particle–particle contact during printing and drying. Previous studies have demonstrated the compatibility of SSE 3D printing with nanocarrier systems without significant loss of

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• , nanoencapsulation strategies for PSs are being actively developed [7][8]. Encapsulation of hydrophobic PSs in nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, or micelles addresses solubility and stability, preventing aggregation [9]. Nanoparticles with sizes of 10–200 nm passively accumulate in tumor

• generation requires efficient excitation and minimal competing non-ROS-producing relaxation pathways. Low dark toxicity minimizes harm in the absence of light. High stability and low aggregation under physiological conditions are essential for maintaining photochemical activity [22]. A balanced

• ]. A membrane coverage of 50% and more enables cellular uptake of individual nanoparticles, while lower coverage requires aggregation for internalization [60]. Using cancer cell membranes (CCMs) with high coverage on BNPs ensures selective targeting through integrin-mediated homotypic binding

Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• -driven formation of catechol–quinone intermediates, followed by intramolecular cyclization and supramolecular aggregation [12][27]. Figure 1 summarizes the hypothetical steps of dopamine and tyrosine oxidation, illustrating how both monomers may converge toward heterocyclic structures and supramolecular

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• gas aggregation are highly scalable and productive, though they typically require high temperatures or vacuum systems and may offer limited control over surface chemistry. Compared with these approaches, PLAL provides high-purity colloids with reduced impurities and byproducts, even allowing for

• mass in suspension. Incomplete solvent evaporation or residual organics can bias gravimetric results, making vacuum drying preferable. NP adhesion to container walls requires vessel washing, and aggregation during or after ablation may need sonication or size-separation steps. Overall, gravimetry

• ablation area is irradiated, which increases NP production. The higher colloidal concentration enhances aggregation, often resulting in larger mean particle sizes [143]. Furthermore, the precision of the focusing can play a crucial role in the physicochemical properties of the colloids. Ryabchikov et al

Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• /CBV-600 in Figure 2b, Cu/CBV-600 in Figure 2c, and Zn/CBV-600 in Figure 2d) were incorporated into the fabric, small, well-dispersed particles were observed on the textile surface. Panoramic micrographs of the functionalized fabrics showed varying degrees of nanomaterial aggregation: Ag/CBV-600 > Cu

• were found for Zn/CBV-600-bramante (Figure 2d) with uniform dispersion of nanomaterials on the fabric surface. Note, that the changes in the degree of aggregation may be attributed to the nature of the nanomaterial. The functionalization of fabrics with acrylic resin as a binder allowed for the

• effective fixation of nanomaterials onto the fabrics. It is known that the high concentration of the binder could affect the antimicrobial activity of the fabrics [30]. Neither aggregation of the acrylic resin (10% w/w) nor degradation of the fibers after functionalization was observed for the prepared

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• tunability, making AuNPs highly versatile in catalytic applications [5][6]. Traditional ligands such as thiols and citrates are commonly used in the synthesis of AuNPs due to their ability to control particle size, prevent aggregation, and enhance stability in solution [7]. Also, polyoxometalates (POMs) have

• coated with strong ligands that provide initial stability over time, ligand desorption, ligand exchange, or environmental factors such as pH and ionic strength can weaken the protective layer, leading to nanoparticle aggregation or structural degradation [14][15]. An important aspect of expensive noble

• filtration and where the NPs are further stabilized against coalescence, aggregation, sintering, or Ostwald ripening under the catalytic reaction conditions. By anchoring AuNPs onto a solid support, such as metal oxides, polymers, or carbon-based materials, their stability is significantly enhanced

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• relationship between the structural organization of the polymer side chains and temperature-induced optical changes. By combining experimental spectroscopic techniques with theoretical modeling, we demonstrate that the thermochromic response of PAZO films is strongly influenced by molecular aggregation, film

• thickness, and thermal treatment conditions. The observed changes in optical properties suggest that this response is governed by temperature-induced modulation of molecular ordering and aggregation state, which in turn alters the electronic transitions responsible for light absorption. Theoretical

• measuring the intensity of the emitted fluorescence light at another wavelength. Treating PAZO at 230 °C induced an increase in fluorescence intensity (≈400%) and a redshift (20 nm). Red shift can be induced by various factors, such as changes in the polymer structure, aggregation, or interactions with

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• also induce cytotoxicity and rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system [18]. Moreover, surface charge influences aggregation behaviour, colloidal stability, and protein corona formation, directly impacting the therapeutic efficacy of nanocarriers. Optimising surface charge is essential for

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• lipid structure of NLs, leading to AC leakage, while plasma protein adsorption may cause particle aggregation [7]. In this sense, the presence of proteins in the tissue environment can alter cellular uptake of both cationic and anionic carriers [8]. In short, our understanding of how nanodelivery

• expected. In this case, the increase was only observed in the upper size range. In this direction, the obtained results can be attributed to the fact that serum proteins can also stabilize nanocarriers, thus preventing their aggregation process [29]. Similar to NLb2, AF4 analysis showed that the particles

• analysis, it was shown that serum proteins present in the cell culture medium stabilize NLb0 in terms of preventing the process of aggregation. Additionally, unlike for NLb2, there was a decrease in the average diameter over the incubation time of 4 h, which is probably due to the dynamic process of PC

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• for the nanoparticle stability to avoid aggregation. The results can be justified by the neutral pH in which these liposomes are dispersed, since in a more acidic medium, it is expected that the amines, present in the lipids, are protonated, decreasing the zeta potential [49]. The DL% rates of the

• surface, aggregation, or changes in surface charge [28]. In this study, liposomes and immunoliposomes containing or not 5-FU and R-PE were incubated in 10% bovine serum for up to 48 h, and the parameters of size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential were monitored. In general, conventional liposomes

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• coating density and physical barrier performance (ZIF-8 helps prevent Ti3C2Tx aggregation and chemically cross-links with WPU, enhancing mechanical integrity). The final cross-linked coating had a water contact angle of about 154°, indicating high water repellency and self-cleaning capabilities. More

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• are immobilized on supports like carbon-based materials or TiO2 to prevent aggregation and to maintain catalytic activity, strong adhesion is required [11]. To improve adhesion, Au NPs have been stabilized on SiO2 substrates by embedding them into an organometallic layer, effectively immobilizing the

• MiniLab 125 vacuum system equipped with a Nikalyte NL-UHV NP source, described in detail in a previous study [28]. The NP source is mounted at 45° angle to the deposition chamber and consists of two components, namely, the magnetron head and the aggregation zone with an attached quadrupole mass filter

• × 10−7 mbar. Ar was introduced as a sputtering gas, keeping a constant flow rate of 40 sccm. Sputtering was carried out at a constant current of 200 mA (≈70 W) applied to the target. The sputtered atoms start to form NPs and to grow in the aggregation zone, where the aggregation length was adjusted to

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• ; however, the success of the coating is confirmed by the stable dispersion of UCNPs in water, which prevents aggregation. C. elegans culture and maintenance The nematodes used in our experiments, N2 wild-type C. elegans, were cultivated on nematode growth medium (NGM) plates previously seeded with E. coli

• and 2.5 mg·mL−1. Figure 4a presents the three-dimensional reconstruction of the UC fluorescence signal at 550 nm for the higher concentration (2.5 mg·mL−1) sample. The image reveals the characteristic aggregation of lipid-coated UCNPs, forming macroliposomes of approximately 30 µm diameter within the