Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• organ of the human body and acts as a great protective barrier against the entry of suspicious microbial species and foreign materials. This functional barrier is a result of the highly hydrophobic nature and compact feature of the outermost skin layer with a broad pH range from pH 4.0 to pH 7.0 [40

• dissolves and is loaded into the blood reaching systemic circulation. Notably, the first step is the key barrier for an efficient drug delivery. In this study, the application of Franz diffusion cells, a standard procedure of transdermal in vitro testing in the USP-NF<725>, helps us to test the penetration

• of drugs. Aqueous solution or mixed emulsion solution of DCS were not appropriate formulations for penetrating the Franz diffusion system due to their high hydrophilicity. We found a suitable hydrophobic composition to overcome this barrier. In addition, it has been reported that nanoparticles with a

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• retraction (I↑) current data, albeit with a smaller width of the hysteresis loop. The onset of deviations of I↓ from a uniform exponential increase, marked Δzc in the inset to Figure 5f, signals the collapse of the tunneling barrier and the formation of a chemical bond between the tip and the surface [32][36

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• because most drugs cannot cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) [115][116]. Besides, the accumulation of drugs at damaged areas of the BBB can lead to an unprotected, disrupted BBB and to disturbances of the brain microenvironment. In contrast, the integrity of the BBB can decrease the accumulation of drugs

• an effective solution because of their ability to overcome the physical and chemical barriers in the gastrointestinal tract. Such barriers are the intestinal mucosal barrier, acidic conditions in the stomach, and selectively permeable membranes of enterocytes. Moreover, natural compounds delivered by

• , the largest organ, and the first barrier protecting our body against toxic elements, infections, and dehydration, which makes it vulnerable. A major skin injury can cause severe problems to human health such as increased risk of infections, dehydration, and immune system disorders [145][146]. Wound

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• surface, it may lose its energy in the following ways. If the ion has enough energy to cross the repulsive potential energy barrier of target atoms at the surface, it will pass through the solid. A collision cascade is created within the target atoms during the slowing-down course. The impinging ion

Ultrasensitive and ultrastretchable metal crack strain sensor based on helical polydimethylsiloxane

• Shangbi Chen,
• Dewen Liu,
• Weiwei Chen,
• Huajiang Chen,
• Jiawei Li and
• Jinfang Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 270–278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.25

• strain, can be described by the following formula: When the strain ε is small, we can formulate: where X is the tunneling barrier height-dependent function. Figure 2b shows the good linearity between measured resistance and strain; the curves fit quite well to the analytical solution. When the helical

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• ]. The crystal structure of Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be tailored to allow for precise control, and these nanostructures find utility in various production processes. Magnetite nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetic behavior due to the negligible energy barrier in the hysteresis of the particles

• phenomenon lies in the thickness of the PDA coating. It is plausible to consider that as the PDA layer becomes thicker, it may pose a barrier to efficient heating of the Fe3O4 core. This could result in a delayed release compared to formulations with a thinner PDA layer. Moreover, it’s worth noting that a

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

• Leo Sala,
• Agnes Zerolová,
• Violaine Vizcaino,
• Alain Mery,
• Alicja Domaracka,
• Hermann Rothard,
• Philippe Boduch,
• Dominik Pinkas and
• Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

• . Preparation of dry samples and AFM imaging Silicon wafers were cut into ∼7 × 7 mm2 chips and were then plasma-cleaned in air using a Roplass RPS40+ plasma cleaner, which generates a thin layer of plasma by diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge [35]. The Si surface is exposed to the thin plasma layer for

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• -center distance, and ≈30 nm pore diameter corresponded well to the expected results of using anodization in 0.3 M oxalic acid electrolyte and 40 V voltage [24][25]. PAAO is not a homogeneous material; instead, it consists of a porous layer and the barrier layer on top of the Al substrate (Figure 1b). To

• layer, several samples were mapped via SE. Instead of a single-layer alumina with effective RI neff, the model for SE measurements (Figure 1c) consisted of a barrier layer (phase 1) and a porous alumina layer (phase 2). As can be seen in Figure 4a–e, the thickness variation of the total alumina film was

• the differences in effective RI values and the inclusion of the barrier layer in the SE model. The obtained barrier layer thickness was constant (approximately 30 nm) for all samples (Figure 4). This is similar to values of 30–40 nm reported in other studies using the same 0.3 M oxalic acid

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• ]. The core/shell nanofiber structure can also prolong the drug release since the polymer shell plays a role as a rate-control barrier [15]. On the other hand, the nanofiber scaffolds fabricated using suitable hydrophilic or water-soluble polymers are used to improve the dissolution profile and

Measurements of dichroic bow-tie antenna arrays with integrated cold-electron bolometers using YBCO oscillators

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Viktor O. Zbrozhek,
• Andrey V. Samartsev,
• Anastasia N. Orlova,
• Dmitry V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Victoria Yu. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Leonid S. Kuzmin,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko,
• Silvia Masi and
• Paolo de Bernardis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 26–36, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.3

• than we had expected. Mainly because of the high resistance of the DC lines as well as the imperfection of the process of creating a barrier. Therefore, two more designs were created with an expansion of the DC lines in order to reduce the resistance. Also, adjustments were made to the oxidation

• process. In the future, it is planned to carry out a set of works to improve the barrier properties of aluminum oxide. The quality of the barrier largely depends on the roughness of aluminum. It can be critically large during electron beam deposition, which in turn affects the thickness of the barrier and

• the leakage resistance. We now test various ways to reduce the aluminum roughness. Also, the roughness strongly depends on the deposition rate. The oxidation process affects the barrier properties as well; perhaps with dynamic oxidation [26] (with constant pumping) one can try to achieve better

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• barriers besides cellular membranes need to be addressed. A few examples of these barriers are penetration in or permeation through mucus, skin penetration, overcoming the blood brain barrier, or extravasation from blood vessels. Another challenge is the accumulation of particulate drug delivery systems in

• particle elasticity to overcome the mucosal barrier Mucus covers a large area of our body and is an important barrier for many drugs as it covers common application routes such as the intestines, the lungs, nose, and vagina. Regarding the penetration through mucus, Lenzini et al. demonstrated in a study

A visible-light photodetector based on heterojunctions between CuO nanoparticles and ZnO nanorods

• Doan Nhat Giang,
• Nhat Minh Nguyen,
• Duc Anh Ngo,
• Thanh Trang Tran,
• Le Thai Duy,
• Cong Khanh Tran,
• Thi Thanh Van Tran,
• Phan Phuong Ha La and
• Vinh Quang Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1018–1027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.84

• , a potential barrier forms because the CB and VB levels of CuO NPs (−4.96 and −3.26 eV vs absolute vacuum scale (AVS), respectively), are higher than those of ZnO NRs (−4.19 and −0.99 eV vs AVS) [62]. It is vital to prevent the recombination of the electron–hole pairs. The electrons are gathered by

Isolation of cubic Si₃P₄ in the form of nanocrystals

• Polina K. Nikiforova,
• Sergei S. Bubenov,
• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Andrey S. Kumskov,
• Nikolay N. Kononov,
• Tatyana A. Kuznetsova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 971–979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.80

• . The rationale behind such functionalization is that fatty alcohols will form ether bonds with surface silicon atoms upon alcoholysis, and bulky alyphatic chains will provide a steric barrier and deter further surface reactions. In this example, the obtained sols showed no signs of particle

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• -containing media, which confirmed protein corona formation. The protein corona establishes a barrier between the ligand and the target, significantly reducing the NP targeting efficiency as compared to bare NPs [79]. Salvati et al. developed transferrin (Tf)-modified fluorescent silica NPs to evaluate the

• smaller when proteins were bound to NPs [81]. Xiao et al. functionalized Tf onto the surface of PEGylated polystyrene NPs to evaluate the effect of the protein corona on blood–brain barrier transcytosis, endocytosis, and intracellular trafficking. They demonstrated that Tf-NPs completely lost their

• or elimination of NP targeting capability by shielding or completely covering relevant functional groups. To block the adhesion of corona proteins on NP surfaces, various strategies have been established using surface barrier layers, such as polymer, protein, or biomimetic coatings, with the ultimate

Cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy on III–V epitaxial multilayer stacks: challenges and perspectives

• Mattia da Lisca,
• José Alvarez,
• James P. Connolly,
• Nicolas Vaissiere,
• Karim Mekhazni,
• Jean Decobert and
• Jean-Paul Kleider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 725–737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.59

• defects is responsible for reducing the carrier lifetime, or by the lack of a true ohmic contact between the sample holder and the n-type InP substrate during the KPFM measurement. In the second case, a potential barrier would be present at the metal contact/n-InP substrate interface, which could reduce

Current-induced mechanical torque in chiral molecular rotors

• Richard Korytár and
• Ferdinand Evers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 711–721, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.57

• potential barrier V(ϑ), we find that the mass current needs to overcome a threshold for the wire to rotate. The resulting time-averaged angular velocity is time-independent and directional for all supercritical currents. Finally, we consider a situation where the net torque exerted by the transmitted

• following specific conditions: (1) Equation 16 comes from the SA, demanding that the impact velocity is large enough (see Equation 13). (2) The time between collisions should be much smaller than T in order to silence the restoring torque: I−1 ≪ T. (3) The time required to overcome the potential barrier

• velocity must be corrected due to energy transfer, which yields a term of the second order in μ. Switching in the SA The condition for switching is that the energy gain of the path, Equation 6, must overcome the potential barrier. In the limit of large velocities, the kinetic term (due to angular momentum

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

• 100 nm are the main choice for the design of electrochemical sensors. These characteristics all combine to improve the electrochemical process. A sensing or working electrode that acts as a transducer, an electrolyte, a diffusion barrier, and a reference counter electrode are the common components of

Thermal transport in kinked nanowires through simulation

• Alexander N. Robillard,
• Graham W. Gibson and
• Ralf Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 586–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.49

• kinked systems specifically, the kinks further limit those paths through a form of phonon blocking [23]. Introducing a bend in the wire provides a barrier to direct ballistic transit, as there are fewer and fewer straight paths through the system as the bend angle increases. Theoretical insight on the

• effects of this barrier can be obtained through a simple analysis of the LoS. Park et al. [30] categorized systems into blocked LoS systems, where there are no direct paths for transit from one end to the other, and continuous (or unblocked) LoS systems, where there are direct lines through the system

Observation of multiple bulk bound states in the continuum modes in a photonic crystal cavity

• Rui Chen,
• Yi Zheng,
• Xingyu Huang,
• Qiaoling Lin,
• Chaochao Ye,
• Meng Xiong,
• Martijn Wubs,
• Yungui Ma,
• Minhao Pu and
• Sanshui Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 544–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.45

• . Light blocking by region B could be easily observed for the lower-order modes whose indices are lower than (3,3). For higher-order modes, large mode profiles need a larger size in region B to build a higher potential barrier to confine the light. Due to C4 symmetry of the structure, all Mpq and Mqp

Carbon nanotube-cellulose ink for rapid solvent identification

• Tiago Amarante,
• Thiago H. R. Cunha,
• Claudio Laudares,
• Ana P. M. Barboza,
• Ana Carolina dos Santos,
• Cíntia L. Pereira,
• Vinicius Ornelas,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• André S. Ferlauto and
• Rodrigo G. Lacerda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 535–543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.44

• constant of the solvent as shown in Figure 4b. This result suggests that, when the liquid soaks the composite, it swells the material, creating a liquid dielectric barrier between the conductive clusters. Thus, it changes the tunneling process proportionally to the dielectric constant of the liquid. Hence

Specific absorption rate of randomly oriented magnetic nanoparticles in a static magnetic field

• Ruslan A. Rytov and
• Nikolai A. Usov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.39

• = 300 K. As Figure 3a shows, in the absence of a dc field, Hdc = 0, the unit magnetization vector of the particle fluctuates near the bottom of the potential well, αx ≈ 1, αz ≈ 0. However, according to Figure 3b, as the dc field increases to Hdc = 200 Oe, due to a change in particle energy barrier, the

• , Hac = 200 Oe. Obviously, at Hdc = 0, the potential wells of the nanoparticle located at θ = 0 and θ = π are separated by a high potential barrier, which is independent of the angle φ. However, if the perpendicular dc magnetic field increases to Hdc = 200 Oe, a saddle trajectory appears on the barrier

• at φ = π (see Figure 4c). As a result, the height of the energy barrier between the potential wells decreases significantly. This leads to an increase in the probability of magnetization reversal of nanoparticles of large diameters, D = 30–50 nm. At Hdc = 200 Oe, this gives an almost rectangular

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

Quercetin- and caffeic acid-functionalized chitosan-capped colloidal silver nanoparticles: one-pot synthesis, characterization, and anticancer and antibacterial activities

• Akif Hakan Kurt,
• Elif Berna Olutas,
• Fatma Avcioglu,
• Hamza Karakuş,
• Mehmet Ali Sungur,
• Cansu Kara Oztabag and
• Muhammet Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 362–376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.31

• conventional treatments. This resistance is mostly due to the blood–brain barrier, which is the most important obstacle to drug distribution. Since nanoparticles can penetrate through the blood–brain barrier, they are a preferred medicine in brain and nervous system diseases. In glioblastoma multiforme

The steep road to nonviral nanomedicines: Frequent challenges and culprits in designing nanoparticles for gene therapy

• Yao Yao,
• Yeongun Ko,
• Grant Grasman,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 351–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.30

• gathering significant attention as highlighted by the broad clinical acceptance of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. A significant barrier to progress in this emerging area is the wild variability of approaches reported in published literature regarding nanoparticle characterizations. Here, we provide a brief

Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

• Santiago Grijalvo and
• Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

• , nanocarriers need to be engineered to add functionalities, both in their cores and at their surfaces. This includes therapeutic drugs and genes, targeting moieties, performance enhancers (e.g., for barrier penetration and to avoid opsonization), and imaging agents [2][3]. Core and matrix of the nanoparticles

• low-energy methods (also called thermodynamic methods [5]) overcome this energy barrier by producing low interfacial tensions, changes in the surfactant layer curvature, or gradients of chemical potential between the phases. Herein, we focus on nanoemulsification by low-energy methods. The two main

• showed that the PLGA nanoparticles functionalized with 8D3 antibody were able to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) as demonstrated by the analgesic effect of encapsulated loperamide on mice. PLGA nanoparticles prepared using Polysorbate 80 with the same formulation discussed above (diameter ca. 27 nm