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Search for "barrier" in Full Text gives 541 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149
- technological domains. Thus, a key barrier to the commercialization of nanomaterial-based products is the absence of globally harmonized standards and coherent regulatory frameworks. A few countries actively engaged in nanotechnology have introduced nation-level regulations, but these are often not recognized
Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147
- sandwiched between conductive materials such as graphene, graphite, and gold. The authors fabricated vertical tunnel junctions with h-BN barriers ranging from one to four atomic layers and demonstrated that the tunneling current decreases exponentially with barrier thickness, confirming quantum mechanical
Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146
- ]. This range is considerably favorable for topical formulations, as lower surface tension enhances spreadability and promotes interaction with the stratum corneum and its lipidic barrier. Due to instrumental limitations associated with the high viscosity resulting from NaCMC addition, the surface tension
Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS2 nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145
- act as a barrier, reducing the uptake of antimicrobial agents, thus, increasing the required inhibitory concentrations. Similar results have been observed for silver, ZnO, and other metal chalcogenide nanoparticles, which show higher MIC/MBC values for E. coli compared to S. aureus [41]. In size
Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144
- patient safety. Shortcomings in standardisation Lack of standardised evaluation Standardising the evaluation of CNM-based nanocarriers for targeted anticancer drug delivery remains a major barrier to clinical translation. The diversity of CNM structures, variability in drug-loading strategies, and
Quantum circuits with SINIS structures
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134
- layers and ensures ease of manufacturing a tunnel barrier, in contrast to Nb-based technology, which requires the formation of an artificial anodic oxide or an additional insulating layer to prevent short circuits, as well as an additional Al layer to form an AlOx or AlN tunnel barrier. Results NIS
- tunnel junction In tunnel structures, the barrier is a dielectric layer between two metal films (often the oxide layer on the surface of the first metal layer is used as a dielectric). The first experimental study of a tunnel junction was carried out in 1960 [21] for an aluminum–aluminum oxide–lead
- created. The process of electron energy relaxation continues until their characteristic times reach the tunneling time determined by the parameters of the SIN transition, that is, the transparency of the barrier, the thickness of the normal metal film, and the diffusion rate of electrons in it. For
PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133
- ]. PEG’s hydrophilic and steric properties are instrumental in reducing the adsorption of proteins onto LNP surfaces. By creating a hydrated barrier, PEG minimizes nonspecific binding, leading to a “stealth” effect that prolongs circulation time and reduces recognition by the mononuclear phagocytic system
- [24]. However, the effectiveness of this barrier depends on PEG density, molecular weight, and chain configuration. The previously mentioned high-density PEG layers in a “brush” conformation are particularly effective at repelling proteins compared to lower-density “mushroom” configurations, which may
- growing body of evidence, while PEG lipids have long been used to maintain LNP stability and reduce nonspecific interactions, their immunogenic liabilities may pose a critical barrier to safe and effective repeated dosing in clinical applications. Therefore, it is important to develop and evaluate
Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132
Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131
- incident soliton propagates through it unimpeded, and the entire line returns to its initial physical state. However, increasing the inductance to L/LJ = 2 (see Figure 2b) switches the system to the Close mode. In this mode, the KICK serve as a significant barrier; when the soliton arrives, the large
- soliton’s energy is large enough to overcome any potential barrier presented by the KICK, ensuring transmission regardless of the inductance value. This results in a universal Open mode at high rates. Crucially, this high-energy passage is not inert; if the KICK is in a bistable regime (such as the T-Mode
- critical current of the specific junction connecting nodes 15 and 16 to (i.e., to 1 in normalized units). The effect of this asymmetric potential barrier is that a soliton initiated in the forward direction (from node 1) successfully overcomes it and is transmitted along the entire line. In contrast, a
Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126
- formulation parameters – such as drug miscibility with the oil phase, droplet size, and size uniformity – have been directly correlated with permeation efficiency across the skin barrier [32][33]. Specifically, the encapsulation of lipophilic compounds like phytol in finely dispersed droplets within oil-in
Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122
- anionic glycoprotein that plays a pivotal role in determining the thickness and structure of the mucus layer. Consequently, its barrier function and permeability to drugs are also influenced. As a consequence, positively charged substances are attracted to mucin by electrostatic forces and retained within
- the mucus layer which acts as a barrier that must be overcome in the oral administration of drugs [7]. Another intrinsic physical barrier of the GIT is the intestinal epithelium (Figure 1), which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells, including enterocytes and secretory cells. Drug passage
- , and maintaining homeostasis within the GIT. The diverse cells of the intestinal epithelium can be explored as therapeutic targets for oral absorption, given the significant roles they play in the epithelial barrier [9]. Nanotechnology is a field that focuses on the study and production of nanometric
Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115
- barrier to aggregation and support long-term colloidal stability [14][37]. The protein release study of venom-loaded PLA cationic nanoparticles occurred in two stages. In the first stage, a burst release effect was due to surface-adsorbed proteins, followed by the diffusion through the external swollen
Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114
- barrier, while MPs of 20 μm can reach internal organs. Exposure occurs through inhalation, posing risks to adults, while children face dangers from MPs in contaminated drinking water. Once inside the body, MPs can trigger neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, immune response, metabolic disruption
Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109
- highly dependent on environmental factors such as pH, temperature, and ionic concentration [81]. To maintain functional performance over the intended period, a common strategy is to apply an encapsulation layer over the active components of the device. This encapsulation serves as a temporary barrier
- the mechanical and crystalline properties of such natural waxes, blended composite materials (e.g., candelilla/beeswax or candelilla/PBTPA mixtures) have been investigated for their potential use as barrier coatings [86]. A 300 μm thick edge-encapsulated mixture film was found to protect a 300 nm
- of organic displays, are known for their superior water resistance due to their densely packed atomic structures. However, even these films are susceptible to defects formed during deposition, which compromise their barrier function. To overcome this, display technologies have utilized techniques
Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104
Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98
- receptors and ligands, as well as the number of interactions necessary to overcome the energy barrier for cellular uptake. Properly balancing these factors ensures efficient binding and internalization of the nanoparticles by the target cells [50][51]. For example, nanoparticles can be engineered to
Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92
- among the white blood cells [35]. Neutrophils are the first to appear at the site of inflammation and easily cross different biological barriers such as blood–tissue barrier, blood–brain barrier (BBB) or blood–tumor barrier (BTB). Therefore, neutrophil membrane-coated nanoparticles have been
- , where drug delivery is limited by the blood–pancreas barrier. The nanoparticles successfully crossed the barrier, accumulated selectively in pancreatic cancer cells, inhibited tumor growth and its metastasis to the liver [36]. Similarly, neutrophil membrane-coated PLGA nanoparticles were used for the
Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91
- exhibits good heat-resistance, mechanical, and water-barrier properties. At an emulsion concentration as low as 10% (v/w) in the casting solution, high UV absorbance capacity (up to 100% UVC), high antibacterial activity (92.4% Escherichia coli inhibition), and good antioxidative properties (up to 43% DPPH
- radical scavenging) were observed. These bioactive properties and the inherent moisture barrier property of the packaging material are utilized for strawberry preservation with a significant preservation time of 21 days compared to control samples that start to grow a white fungus on day 11. This
- applications, influencing barrier properties against moisture transmission. The results show that adding CEO reduces WVP values compared to the control. At 4% (v/w) PE-CEO, WVP decreases by approximately 23.5%, reaching 4.12 × 10−12 g·m−1·s−1·Pa−1 due to increased hydrophobicity and reduced polymer chain
Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90
- delivery Topical drug delivery is a challenging issue, notably due to the barrier function of the skin, which is mainly exerted by its outermost layer, the stratum corneum (SC) [169][170]. The skin barrier is based on the specific content and composition of the SC and, in particular, on the exceptional
Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88
- roles in protecting the epithelium, facilitating digestion, and acting as a barrier against pathogens and toxic compounds [30][31]. Similar responses have been documented in previous studies, where resistant Ae. aegypti strains exposed to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) produced abundant PM
- barrier disruption, or the presence of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) [34][35]. Melanization serves as a fundamental defense mechanism in arthropods, contributing to the encapsulation of damaged tissues and neutralization of harmful agents, including ROS and foreign particles [36]. It is
Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76
- strength, thermal stability, and biodegradability. However, to broaden its range of applications, certain properties require enhancement, including mechanical performance, thermal and electrical conductivity, biodegradation rate, and barrier properties [1][2][3][4][5]. The limited biodegradability of PBS
- packaging, which typically require elongation at break in the range of 100–600% and Young’s modulus between 200 and 700 MPa [25]. Potential applications include stretch sleeves, flexible lids, and barrier films, where controlled deformation and improved wear resistance are desired. Rheological analysis
Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67
- sp3 hybridization is a metastable material. A significant activation barrier hampers its relaxation into sp2 graphitic carbon, and this transformation occurs during vacuum heating in the temperature range of 1500–1800 °C [9]. According to molecular dynamics simulations, graphitization of nonterminated
Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS2 layers coated with pyrolytic carbon
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64
- capacity and cycle life of SIBs. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has a layered structure and a high theoretical capacity of 669 mAh·g−1, so it is considered as a promising anode material for SIBs [1][2]. The large sodium ion can diffuse with a low energy barrier between the S−Mo−S layers due to the interlayer
- retained in the carbon layers. The horizontally oriented graphitic layers act as a barrier and prevent sodium from penetrating into the underlaying MoS2 film. In the PyC-MoS2 hybrid, sodium accumulation occurs more on the MoS2 surface or at the interface between MoS2 and PyC, than in the bulk of MoS2
Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63
- smaller energy barrier for water electrolysis to produce hydrogen. These outcomes indicate that Ni/NiO/SS-10 shows the highest HER efficiency among the investigated electrodes. Its overpotential is comparable with Ni-based nanomaterials in the literature, as depicted in Table 2 [40][41][42][43][44][45][46
Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59
- dissolve first. (The dissolution of the calcium alginate was proved by the XPS studies, and it will be presented and comment in section XPS results and analysis.) The next step is the dissolution of sucrose; whose molecules are polar, thus, they are not a barrier for saline. Without the sucrose shell, the
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