Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• breast cancers. Its small molecular weight and good aqueous solubility facilitate encapsulation in diverse DDSs, while its instability and short half-life, due to rapid deamination and phosphorylation, highlight the need for protective nanocarriers to improve bioavailability. These features make

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• stability and bioavailability [35] of the compound and enable its incorporation into nanofibers. In this study, a Box–Behnken design was applied to develop an optimized βCp nanoemulsion (NE-βCp). This experimental design employed ultrasonication as the manufacturing method with the oil: βCp ratio (0–80

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• biomedical applications. These include: (a) superior stability during storage compared to that of macroemulsions, attributed to their small droplet size, which prevents flocculation, creaming, and sedimentation; (b) enhanced bioavailability and improved aqueous solubility of lipophilic molecules; (c

• after 24 hours. Morphological analysis revealed significant damage to the larvae, such as cuticular deformations, especially in the anal segment. The rapid release of the essential oil (91.68% in 48 hours) indicated high bioavailability, contributing to the efficacy of the nanoemulsion. Bosly et al

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• significantly reduces the generation of toxic waste, occupational risks, and environmental impacts [13][14][15]. Furthermore, green-synthesized nanoparticles demonstrate enhanced biocompatibility, improved bioavailability, and reduced cytotoxicity, which broadens their applicability in fields such as dental

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• pharmaceutical application by reducing bioavailability [18]. To overcome these limitations, the incorporation of phytol into nanostructured delivery systems, has been proposed to improve its solubility, stability, and intracellular delivery efficiency [19]. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems that

• agents such as surfactants and co-surfactants, forming a kinetically stable system. With droplet sizes ranging from 20 to 500 nm, NEs can significantly enhance drug permeability and bioavailability [24][25][26][27]. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a nanoemulsion containing phytol, produced

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• in the application of polymers as oral nanocarriers, emphasizing key natural and synthetic polymers that enhance stability, bioavailability, and release. The physicochemical properties, biodegradability, and chemical modifications of these polymers, which promote mucoadhesion and epithelial

• products intended for human use [1]. Despite their advantages, drug candidates for oral administration face several limitations, as shown in Figure 1, including chemical instability caused by the gastric environment, low bioavailability, and poor permeability across barriers in the gastrointestinal tract

• bioavailability enhancement are discussed. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive theoretical foundation for employing polymers as nanocarriers in oral drug delivery. 2 Polymeric nanoparticles: a viable option for oral administration The biocompatibility and biodegradability of polymers have

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• . Pegaptanib and Avacincaptad pegol can be administered topically by intravitreal injection, easily achieving ideal bioavailability. However, the clinical utility of aptamer-based therapeutics remains limited. Developing new aptamers for esophageal cancer therapy presents multiple challenges, such as lack of

• threshold (30–50 kDa), thereby prolonging circulation half-life and enhancing stability. These strategies collectively improve drug bioavailability while reducing off-target toxicity, offering versatile solutions for aptamer applications in precision medicine. The following sections give a summary of the

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• Freire 01, Cidade Universitária, 50740-540, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil 10.3762/bjnano.16.120 Abstract The treatment of dry eye disease (DED) often requires frequent use of artificial tear products. Because of their low permeability and limited ocular bioavailability, repeated applications are required

• as rapid elimination by the precorneal layer and low retention of the ocular surface [7]. As a result, topical administration remains the primary treatment method despite its drawbacks, such as low bioavailability and the need for frequent applications [8][9]. Studies show that only a tiny fraction

• bioavailability after topical ocular instillation, offering several benefits such as reducing the administration frequency, optimizing pharmacokinetic parameters, protecting against enzymatic degradation, and enhancing the stability of bioactive molecules [14][17][18][19]. Currently, three ophthalmic products

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• system activation and tumor growth inhibition [14]. Nevertheless, challenges like low bioavailability, chemical instability, and difficulty in targeting specific tissues hinder their effective clinical application [15]. Nanotechnology has emerged as an innovative solution to overcome the limitations of

• pharmacokinetic properties, increasing bioavailability, protecting them from degradation, and allowing for site-specific delivery [24]. Consequently, this combination addresses both the limitations of natural products and the complex challenges of cancer therapy [25]. Unlike conventional literature reviews, this

• factors such as bioavailability and stability, while also reducing toxicity [27]. China (CN) leads the ranking of published inventions with 14 documents, followed by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WO), the Republic of Korea (KR), and the United States of America (USA), each with one patent

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• metalloantibiotics to reach clinical application [21]. One of the main characteristics of metallodrugs is their low aqueous solubility; this, combined with their typically short in vivo half-lives, results in inadequate bioavailability and low accumulation at the therapeutic site [22]. Another limiting factor is the

• and bioavailability [71]. They are formulated from lipids that are generally recognized as safe, making them highly biocompatible and low in toxicity [72]. Moreover, the solid lipid matrix slows down drug diffusion and lipid degradation, enabling a controlled, long-lasting release of the encapsulated

• during storage [83][84]. Their surfaces can be modified for targeted delivery, improving the bioavailability of therapeutic agents and allowing for their use in a variety of medical applications. Despite these advantages, challenges such as particle aggregation and potential toxicity continue to persist

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• liposomes were prepared by Gai et al. to co-load metallothionein 1D pseudogene (MT1DP) and erastin (E/M@FA-LPs) to improve the bioavailability and efficacy of the drug/gene mixture. The characterization tests revealed that E/M@FA-LP had a spherical shape, a diameter of about 154 nm and a zeta potential of

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• emulsified systems loaded with plant extracts have better pharmacological activity than extracts when used naturally [22]. For example, plant oil-loaded nanoemulsions exhibit high water solubility, improved permeability, and enhanced bioavailability [23]. This contrasts with the limited solubility and poor

• bioavailability of natural oil through different routes of administration [24][25][26][27]. The possibility of developing nanotechnological products with potent pharmacological activity was considered to add more value to the oil obtained from bocaiúva pulp, which contains phenols and carotenoids. Therefore, the

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• systems [1][2]. Cancer treatment has been revolutionized, yet cancer is treated with traditional methods, that is, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical intervention, accompanied by several lethal implications along with low solubility, poor bioavailability, and fatal off-target effects [3][4]. In

• chemotherapeutics and their delivery vehicles has received great attention. The delivery strategies can significantly improve chemotherapeutics efficacy and significantly overcome poor bioavailability, adverse effects, and resistance. Nevertheless, drug delivery is still facing many challenges, including non

• -DOX to target the glioma cells by homologous targeting and enhanced glioma cells apoptosis [141]. To improve the antitumor efficacy and bioavailability of chemotherapeutics, Gao et al. exploited albumin-mediated transportation and developed a biomimetic prodrug by modifying camptothecin with different

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• PSs have their hydrophobicity as drawback, which can lead to the formation of aggregates in aqueous solutions, compromising bioavailability and photodynamic activity [5]. The aggregation of the PS decreases its photoactive properties since, for its action, it must be in the monomeric form, in which

• its bioavailability and light absorption capacity will be increased [5]. To overcome this problem, the development of drug delivery systems, such as poloxamer-based ones, has played an important role on the delivery of dyes for PDT [8][9][10]. Poloxamers are triblock copolymers with thermosensitive

• aggregation, and improve bioavailability in aqueous media [5][16]. Additionally, at high concentrations, P407 can transition into more complex nanostructured systems, such as hydrogels and lyotropic liquid crystals, providing additional control over drug release and stability. The thermosensitive and self

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• goes along with an elevated specific surface area that improves solubility and bioavailability of these nutraceuticals. Consequently, the amount of degradation products per generated surface area within one laser passage is a particularly interesting assessment criterion for process efficiency

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• release (98.89% ± 4.11%) in PBS (pH 7.4) and followed the Higuchi release model (with exponent n = 0.542), indicating non-Fickian diffusion (anomalous transport). The maximum concentration of drug in plasma and the bioavailability of optimal formulation APT-CD-NP4 were higher than those of pure APT

• . Therefore, the optimal SLN formulation APT-CD-NP4 is a promising tool for oral administration with sustained release to improve the bioavailability of the BCS class-IV drug APT. Keywords: aprepitant; β-cyclodextrin; pharmacokinetic study; poloxamer; solid lipid nanoparticles; Introduction Cancer is a

• solitary tract in the brain. APT is equally effective in the prevention of pre/postoperative nausea and as rescue antiemetic, offering better control of vomiting after 24 and 48 h compared with conventional therapies [6]. APT has an oral bioavailability of 60–65%. The maximum concentration of drug in

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• after in vivo administration [8]. Among these systems, microemulsions (MEs) stand out for their ability to increase the solubility, absorption, and bioavailability of lipophilic compounds such as EOs. MEs are transparent, thermodynamically stable, low-viscosity systems containing oil and water

• of MEs is advantageous when taken orally as it facilitates oral application and dose adjustment; it also improves absorption and bioavailability. Additionally, MEs can be administered to humans as self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDSs) delivered in soft gelatin capsules as they are low

• such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. The microemulsion likely enhances the bioavailability of key phytoconstituents such as citral, thereby potentiating their biological activity. To strengthen this interpretation, we included comparisons with prior studies involving lemongrass essential oil and

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• , Parikh et al. developed a curcumin-loaded self-nanomicellizing solid dispersion system (Cur-SNSDS) to significantly enhance the in vivo bioavailability of curcumin. This novel NP system demonstrated superior safety and efficacy in mitigating Aβ42 oligomer-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y695 APP human

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• . Additionally, the attachment of hydrophobic moieties, amino acids, and small peptides to linear and branched PEI has been explored as an alternative to improve the biostability and bioavailability of cationic polyplexes while offering a targeted delivery with reduced cytotoxicity that is frequently associated

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• prepared using a wet-milling method with zirconium balls to enhance bioavailability and expand potential applications. The particle size and physicochemical properties of the BerNPs were analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier

• . It also exhibits antifungal activity against Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida, and Cryptococcus [10]. While having several benefits, berberine has limited therapeutic usage since it is poorly soluble in water, absorbs poorly through the intestinal wall, and has a very low bioavailability (about 5

• materials with novel properties. The development of substances and methods with enhanced water dispersibility and bioavailability from materials such as berberine and curcumin is a current trend. Several studies on the nanofabrication of berberine aimed at improving its bioavailability and evaluating its

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• a matter of increasing importance in the field of neurology, neuro-oncology, and neuropharmacology. This is because of their specific intrinsic physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, and pharmacological properties such as good bioavailability, relatively low toxicity, low weight and large surface area

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• penetration and deposition [163]. Moreover, common ocular drug delivery methods have disadvantages such as short intraocular retention time, low drug accumulation, and low bioavailability [164]. Because of the transparency of the cornea and crystalline lens, the eye allows various wavelengths of light to

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• to enhance drug delivery, improve bioavailability, and target specific cells makes them valuable tools for managing conditions affecting these organs. Figure 1 illustrates these approaches within a pathological context. 6.1 Targeting liver diseases The liver, a key organ in metabolic processes, is an

• expressed on KCs have also been targeted using molecules like phosphatidylserine (PS), which serves as a recognition signal for the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. In a study by Wang et al., PS-modified lipid carriers loaded with curcumin (Cur–mNLCs) demonstrated improved retention time, bioavailability

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• bioavailability and drug delivery. Additionally, the capacity of these nanocarriers to react with reactive oxygen species at inflammation sites offers an anti-inflammatory response, reducing tissue damage [76][77]. Within this scope, manganese dioxide nanocarriers have been studied to address a challenge in

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• adverse reactions. The toxicity of MNPs depends on various factors such as size, shape, structure, surface modification, concentration, dosage, biodistribution, bioavailability, solubility, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetics [23][24]. Their use in some clinical applications is limited by low solubility

• obtained results is explained by the ability of Fe3O4 NPs to increase the bioavailability and intracellular concentration of the associated compounds, thereby reducing their therapeutic dose and altering the profile of dose-dependent effects. Additionally, both Fe3O4 NPs and their composites are presumed