A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• ]. The first one is the top-down approach where particles are produced from the bulk material, and the second one is the bottom-up approach where nucleation sites are formed and finally grow into a nanometer-sized particle. The first approach consists of a set of techniques also known as “physical

• method is primarily used for large-scale production in a short amount of time [137]. The bottom-up approach, however, mostly relies on the use of reducing agents for the production of silver nanoparticles. This approach is also categorized into two distinguishable, but not completely disparate, set of

• currently among the most widely used approaches [104][166]. The second category in bottom-up synthesis methods consists of a set of techniques that incorporate the use of non-chemical reagents for the synthesis of silver nanostructures. Those techniques rely on the use of biological agents or bio-extracted

Optically and electrically driven nanoantennas

• Monika Fleischer,
• Dai Zhang and
• Alfred J. Meixner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1542–1545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.136

• top-down approaches such as thin film deposition and nanopatterning, as well as bottom-up approaches such as chemical synthesis and self-assembly [38]. Gap sizes may range from a few tens of nanometers down to sub-nanometer tunnel junctions, where the classical description of the plasmonic behavior

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• nanoparticles were used to locally etch the silicon substrate. This work demonstrates a bottom-up self-assembly approach for noble metal nanoparticle formation and the subsequent silicon wet etching. The macroscopic wafer patterning has been done by using a poly(methyl methacrylate) masking layer. Different

• with a reflectance below 0.3%. The demonstrated technology can be integrated into common fabrication processes for microelectromechanical systems. Keywords: black silicon; bottom-up; metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE); nanowires; wafer-level integration; Introduction Silicon nanostructures

• significantly boost the performance of modern sensors, energy storage devices, or energy harvesters and have become essential in their development. These structures can either be well-defined regular structures fabricated in a top-down process, or self-assembled random structures from bottom-up processes. These

Analysis of catalyst surface wetting: the early stage of epitaxial germanium nanowire growth

• Owen C. Ernst,
• Felix Lange,
• David Uebel,
• Thomas Teubner and
• Torsten Boeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1371–1380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.121

• dewetting process, since the name of the resulting structures are nanoparticles or clusters but rarely droplets. Nevertheless, the origin of these structures from fluid-like states offers the opportunity for novel bottom-up techniques to produce precursor materials for functional materials, such as

3D superconducting hollow nanowires with tailored diameters grown by focused He⁺ beam direct writing

• Rosa Córdoba,
• Alfonso Ibarra,
• Dominique Mailly,
• Isabel Guillamón,
• Hermann Suderow and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1198–1206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.104

• . The presented methodology yields an advanced bottom-up approach for the fabrication of innovative 3D nano-architectures, in which nano-superconductivity may provide an advantage, for future electronic components, particularly for sensors, energy-storage components, and quantum computing. Experimental

Revealing the local crystallinity of single silicon core–shell nanowires using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Marius van den Berg,
• Ardeshir Moeinian,
• Arne Kobald,
• Yu-Ting Chen,
• Anke Horneber,
• Steffen Strehle,
• Alfred J. Meixner and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1147–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.99

• standing topics of various investigations because silicon is still the most widely used semiconductor material for a broad range of micro- and nano-electromechanical systems, microelectronics, and photovoltaics [1][2]. Silicon nanostructures, such as bottom-up-grown nanowires [3], were also synthesized

• to chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and enables direct nanowire growth in a bottom-up manner. The nanowire composition, in particular the doping concentration, can be controlled by an adequate adjustment of the synthesis gas mixture, e.g., by setting the SiH4/B2H6 ratio during the synthesis of boron

Light–matter interactions in two-dimensional layered WSe₂ for gauging evolution of phonon dynamics

• Avra S. Bandyopadhyay,
• Chandan Biswas and
• Anupama B. Kaul

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 782–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.63

• , grown from bottom-up processes akin to graphene. While graphene is comprised of a single element on the periodic table, i.e., carbon, TMDCs are binary compounds which makes their lattice dynamics more complex compared to multilayer (ML) graphene [6]. The symmetry, force constants, and frequency

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• -temperature annealing. Both methods can be categorized as top-down methods in contrast to bottom-up methods. The PL characteristics of the CDs produced by both methods are analyzed, and the PL mechanisms of the CDs are discussed. The strategies developed in this work offer simple and effective means for

Nanoarchitectonics: bottom-up creation of functional materials and systems

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 450–452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.36

• Katsuhiko Ariga WPI-MANA, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan 10.3762/bjnano.11.36 Keywords: bottom-up

• high efficiency and specificity in their functions. For this general demand, the bottom-up creation of functional materials and systems from nanometer-scale and molecular units using nanotechnology principles is necessary. This can be accomplished by the conceptual fusion of nanotechnology with the

• [14][15], sensing [16][17], catalysis [18], energy [19], environmental [20], devices [21][22], and bio-related [23][24] applications. Accordingly, the goal of the thematic issue “Nanoarchitectonics: bottom-up creation of functional materials and systems” was to collect leading research examples that

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

• short oligonucleotides are inexpensive to synthesize in-house or commercially available, and their coassembly with SFMs assures to generate novel nanoarchitectures with functional properties and applications. Although the field of classical DNA nanotechnology exploited the supramolecular bottom-up self

• -dependent pathway, while the rigid and sharp-edged features bestow the thermal and enzymatic stability. The construction of a DNA tetrahedron was first attempted by Turberfield and co-workers, wherein short oligonucleotide sequences were used for the bottom-up assembly process [66]. In addition to short

Integration of sharp silicon nitride tips into high-speed SU8 cantilevers in a batch fabrication process

• Nahid Hosseini,
• Matthias Neuenschwander,
• Oliver Peric,
• Santiago H. Andany,
• Jonathan D. Adams and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2357–2363, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.226

• fabrication yield and an easy bottom-up recipe. Genolet et al. have shown AFM images of DNA-plasmid molecules using SU8 cantilevers [21]. SU8-based Hall effect sensor cantilevers have also been presented by Mouaziz and co-workers [22]. In addition, SU8 cantilevers have shown a performance of high-speed

Review of advanced sensor devices employing nanoarchitectonics concepts

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Tatsuyuki Makita,
• Masato Ito,
• Taizo Mori,
• Shun Watanabe and
• Jun Takeya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2014–2030, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.198

• be process integration of top down microfabrication and bottom up self-organization to bridge materials and systems over a wide scale range. To combine all of these techniques and functional materials, the concept of nanoarchitectonics becomes a crucial bridge in this roadmap. Outline of the

Nanostructured and oriented metal–organic framework films enabling extreme surface wetting properties

• Andre Mähringer,
• Julian M. Rotter and
• Dana D. Medina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1994–2003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.196

• development of a straightforward and versatile bottom-up synthesis scheme enabling tunable surface morphologies for controlled wetting properties is still challenging and highly desired. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous, crystalline materials featuring a great structural and chemical diversity [40

• of experiments establishes the pillar-like nanostructured Ni-CAT-1 films as highly efficient, antifog coatings featuring additional desired properties such as light absorbance. Furthermore, it underlines the power of VAC in enabling controlled bottom-up fabrication of MOF films with well-defined

• demonstrate that on-surface alteration of the MOF film morphology by versatile solution-based bottom-up methods such as VAC is a powerful tool for realizing the potential of MOFs in surface-based technologies such as oil–water separation systems, antioil coatings, or self-cleaning surfaces. Furthermore, the

Toxicity and safety study of silver and gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteine and glutathione

• Barbara Pem,
• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Lea Ulm,
• Ivan Pavičić,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ljubojević,
• Adela Krivohlavek and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1802–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.175

• uses. Results and Discussion Synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles For the synthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs, a common bottom-up approach was applied using sodium borohydride as an agent to reduce Ag+ and Au3+, respectively. The optimization of the synthetic protocol was achieved by a series of

Biocatalytic oligomerization-induced self-assembly of crystalline cellulose oligomers into nanoribbon networks assisted by organic solvents

• Yuuki Hata,
• Yuka Fukaya,
• Toshiki Sawada,
• Masahito Nishiura and
• Takeshi Serizawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1778–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.173

• ; nanoribbon networks; oligomerization-induced self-assembly; organic solvent; Introduction Nanoarchitectonics is an emerging concept based on nanotechnology and other scientific fields, such as supramolecular chemistry, for constructing functional materials and systems in a bottom-up manner with the

Precise local control of liquid crystal pretilt on polymer layers by focused ion beam nanopatterning

• Maxim V. Gorkunov,
• Irina V. Kasyanova,
• Vladimir V. Artemov,
• Alena V. Mamonova and
• Serguei P. Palto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1691–1697, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.164

• ) through the value of 2π (above broad stripe 12, counted from the bottom) up to a value close to 4π (above the top broad stripe 16). By adding a Berek compensator to the PLM setup we measure the phase retardation Γp at the same wavelength of 546 nm separately above each broad stripe. Remarkably, the

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan 10.3762/bjnano.10.153 Abstract Much attention has been paid to the synthesis of low-dimensional materials from small units such as functional molecules. Bottom-up approaches to create new low-dimensional materials with various functional units can be realized with the

• examples using bottom-up approaches [62]. In bottom-up approaches low-dimensional materials are constructed from small precursors such as functional molecules in order to obtain novel low-dimensional materials with various functional units [63][64][65][66][67][68]. The essential processes within these

• bottom-up approaches are self-assembly and self-organization based on supramolecular chemistry [69]. These supramolecular mechanisms can be widely observed in various species including small molecules, nanomaterials, and biomolecules [70][71][72][73][74][75]. Despite this generality, there are still many

Hierarchically structured 3D carbon nanotube electrodes for electrocatalytic applications

• Pei Wang,
• Katarzyna Kulp and
• Michael Bron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1475–1487, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.146

• , bottom-up synthesis approaches have been suggested, including branching or hierarchical structuring of carbon-based catalyst supports. In these approaches, one-dimensional (1D, e.g., CNTs or nano-/microfibers) or two-dimensional carbon materials (2D, e.g., graphene) are transformed into three-dimensional

• electrocatalysts. The bottom-up synthesis of these nanocomposites was monitored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy, and it is demonstrated that the hierarchical structures can be tuned with respect to thickness, length, and density of the CNTs. The activity of the Pt-CNT/CNT/GC

Playing with covalent triazine framework tiles for improved CO₂ adsorption properties and catalytic performance

• Giulia Tuci,
• Andree Iemhoff,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Lapo Luconi,
• Andrea Rossin,
• Vasiliki Papaefthimiou,
• Regina Palkovits,
• Jens Artz,
• Cuong Pham-Huu and
• Giuliano Giambastiani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1217–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.121

• . Conclusion The rational combination of highly N-rich building blocks for the bottom-up synthesis of highly porous organic polymers with improved CO2 adsorption properties has prompted us to explore the generation of mixed covalent triazine frameworks. The ionothermal synthesis of mixed CTFs from equimolar

Biomimetic synthesis of Ag-coated glasswing butterfly arrays as ultra-sensitive SERS substrates for efficient trace detection of pesticides

• Guochao Shi,
• Mingli Wang,
• Yanying Zhu,
• Yuhong Wang,
• Xiaoya Yan,
• Xin Sun,
• Haijun Xu and
• Wanli Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 578–588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.59

• and homogeneous plasmonic nanostructures. These physical methods, unfortunately, are limited by their high cost and time-consuming experimental processes. By using chemical methods (“bottom-up” techniques), Au or Ag nanoparticles were prepared to develop two- and three-dimensional nanostructures

Study of silica-based intrinsically emitting nanoparticles produced by an excimer laser

• Imène Reghioua,
• Mattia Fanetti,
• Sylvain Girard,
• Diego Di Francesca,
• Simonpietro Agnello,
• Layla Martin-Samos,
• Marco Cannas,
• Matjaz Valant,
• Melanie Raine,
• Marc Gaillardin,
• Nicolas Richard,
• Philippe Paillet,
• Aziz Boukenter,
• Youcef Ouerdane and
• Antonino Alessi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 211–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.19

• nanoparticles can be performed using both top-down and bottom-up procedures [12]. In the first case, the procedure starts from bulk materials to obtain nanoparticles, whereas in the second case, the procedure starts from atoms and often follows a chemical procedure to build up the nanomaterial. In this paper

Femtosecond laser-assisted fabrication of chalcopyrite micro-concentrator photovoltaics

• Franziska Ringleb,
• Stefan Andree,
• Berit Heidmann,
• Jörn Bonse,
• Katharina Eylers,
• Owen Ernst,
• Torsten Boeck,
• Martina Schmid and
• Jörg Krüger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3025–3038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.281

• enhance the efficiency of planar-cell technologies while saving absorber material. Here, two laser-based bottom-up processes for the fabrication of regular arrays of CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 microabsorber islands are presented, namely one approach based on nucleation and one based on laser-induced forward

• efficiency potential of the micro-concentrator concept for CIGSe solar cells, the aspect of material saving was not considered in the chosen top-down approaches. Recently, bottom-up approaches were developed to locally deposit metallic precursors for CIGSe microabsorbers. By means of electrodeposition, the

• 1.4% for CIGSe islands from the nucleation approach and of 0.15% for CIGSe islands from the LIFT approach was demonstrated. Planar reference cells were fabricated in a sequential process as well, and the precursor stacks were designed according to the bottom-up growth process. This means the same

Charged particle single nanometre manufacturing

• Philip D. Prewett,
• Cornelis W. Hagen,
• Claudia Lenk,
• Steve Lenk,
• Marcus Kaestner,
• Tzvetan Ivanov,
• Ahmad Ahmad,
• Ivo W. Rangelow,
• Xiaoqing Shi,
• Stuart A. Boden,
• Alex P. G. Robinson,
• Dongxu Yang,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Marijke Scotuzzi and
• Ejaz Huq

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2855–2882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.266

• structuring techniques are required. Among several candidates, molecular self-assembly and self-organization of structures represent the so-called bottom-up approach. Nanoindentation, thermal scanning probe lithography, local oxidation lithography, dip-pen lithography, extreme UV lithography or X-ray

Comparative biological effects of spherical noble metal nanoparticles (Rh, Pd, Ag, Pt, Au) with 4–8 nm diameter

• Alexander Rostek,
• Marina Breisch,
• Kevin Pappert,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Marc Heggen,
• Manfred Köller,
• Christina Sengstock and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2763–2774, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.258

• reduction with sodium borohydride leads to small palladium nanoparticles (<10 nm) [65]. Silver nanoparticles can be synthesized in many different ways [66][67]. A bottom-up synthesis of silver nanoparticles can be performed either in organic solvents like ethylene glycol (EG), oleylamin (cis-1-amino-9

Silencing the second harmonic generation from plasmonic nanodimers: A comprehensive discussion

• Jérémy Butet,
• Gabriel D. Bernasconi and
• Olivier J. F. Martin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2674–2683, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.250

• gap of a few nanometers [6]. Several methods have been developed for the fabrication of these nanoantennas, including both top-down and bottom-up approaches [7]. The challenge of loading the interstice between the two arms with different materials, including single molecules [8], quantum dots [9], and