A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• predominant PEMs [13]. Zhang et al. developed nanohybrid PVDF membranes by incorporating zeolite with enhanced thermal and electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries [14]. ENHs have also been used as a heterogeneous catalyst in indole synthesis by Savva et al. by incorporating gold nanoparticles

Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review

• Viet Van Pham,
• Hong-Huy Tran,
• Thao Kim Truong and
• Thi Minh Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 96–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.7

• −, similarly holes react with water to form hydroxyl radicals). Free radicals and strong oxidizing agents react with NOx to produce NO3−, deposited on the photocatalyst surface. The NO3− product formed on the surface of the catalyst can be easily separated for further treatment by washing with water due [11

• , surface engineering, heterojunction construction, co-catalyst, which will be thoroughly outlined in this review. Structure and bandgap SnO2 has a crystal structure similar to that of rutile TiO2 [41][42]. The unit cell parameters of rutile SnO2 are a = b = 0.47374 nm and c = 0.31864 nm [43]. In one unit

• resulting heterojunction photocatalytically removed 40% NO (initial concentration of 500 ppb) and showed excellent photostability under visible light. The NO2 production from the photocatalytic reaction was also negligible. The good photocatalytic NO degradation of the 2D/0D g-C3N4/SnO2 catalyst is due to

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

Measurement of polarization effects in dual-phase ceria-based oxygen permeation membranes using Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Kerstin Neuhaus,
• Christina Schmidt,
• Liudmila Fischer,
• Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
• Ke Ran,
• Joachim Mayer and
• Stefan Baumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.102

• permeation membrane, as oxygen sensor material, or for the use in solid oxide fuel cell components [1][5][6]. Apart from this, ceria is also widely employed as a catalyst in the middle- to low-temperature regime (20–400 °C) [7][8][9], making ceria-based dual-phase materials with a second electron-conductive

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• of ZnO dendrites and single-crystal ZnO dendrites up to the macroscale [77]. These were synthesized via a vapor-phase transport method at 930 °C using a copper catalyst. Figure 16a and Figure 16b show, respectively, a schematic and a SEM image of the ZnO dendrite gas sensor device. The ZnO dendrites

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• . Many researchers focus on the active material, that is, the catalyst, which enhances the ORR, and many promising systems have been reported and extensively reviewed [5]. The electrode scaffold receives far less attention. Only few reports elaborate on the importance of the electrode architecture for

• active sites, that is, triple-phase contact points. These contact points of air, solid catalyst, and liquid electrolyte, need to be high in number or area. This entails a partial wetting of the electrode to ensure accessibility of the sites for gaseous oxygen. From a more industrial perspective

• electrospinning are a convenient and promising material for air electrodes in metal–air batteries. These studies used the cobalt-enhanced fibre material either as a bottom-up catalyst material in aqueous alkaline systems [21][22] or as free-standing electrodes in non-aqueous systems with a lab-scale geometric

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• biological organisms and are mainly governed by cytochrome P450, which acts as a strong catalyst for oxidation. Hence, the gold nanoparticles can alter the cell metabolism, leading to toxicity. In vitro studies also confirmed that isotropic gold nanoparticles with core sizes of greater than 5 nm were less

• application. For example, Gutiérrez et al. synthesized porous carbon using p-toluenesulfonic acid and choline chloride in a molar ratio of 1:1 [88]. The DES used served as solvent and catalyst for the condensation of furfuryl alcohol, followed by carbonization resulting in the formation of pores. Oh et al

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• probe microscopy [74], has emerged in the past decade as a catalyst for a better understanding of data and exploitation of the experimental tools we have at hand. The literature referred to above, and in the rest of this manuscript, points to some of the major developments and hopefully captures some of

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• of surface to bulk is of great importance in promoting catalytic activity. Therefore, 3D growth (agglomeration) is essential when creating a supported metal catalyst [44][45][46][47]. In this work we aim to determine the atomic-scale interactions that control the stability of small Con and Run

• results, there are some concerns how the transfer of S atoms from the ML to Con would affect the purity of the interconnect. Ru on MoS2 might be better suited as a catalyst. However further studies involving larger Run structures are needed to determine if the overall strength of the interaction between

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• has been used to induce the growth of semiconductor nanowires [97]. In this study by Aramesh, gold catalyst nanoparticles were distributed onto GaAs and InAs substrates and upon irradiating selected regions with helium ions, semiconductor nanowires grew from the gold nucleation sites. By increasing

Nanoporous and nonporous conjugated donor–acceptor polymer semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production

• Zhao-Qi Sheng,
• Yu-Qin Xing,
• Yan Chen,
• Guang Zhang,
• Shi-Yong Liu and
• Long Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 607–623, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.50

• , studies regarding the long-term stability of CPs are still needed. (Left) Schematic diagram of the mechanism of semiconducting catalyst-mediated photocatalytic hydrogen production (CB: conduction band, VB: valence band, SED: sacrificial electron donors). (Right) Charge separation in a CP-based

Stability and activity of platinum nanoparticles in the oxygen electroreduction reaction: is size or uniformity of primary importance?

• Kirill O. Paperzh,
• Anastasia A. Alekseenko,
• Vadim A. Volochaev,
• Ilya V. Pankov,
• Olga A. Safronenko and
• Vladimir E. Guterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.49

• composition and structure of the catalytic layers, and the catalysts themselves [9]. Platinum–carbon catalysts, whose composition and structure determine their functional characteristics, are the key components of MEA catalytic layers. Of particular importance is the study of the catalyst electrochemical

• behavior in the ORR, since it is at the cathode that strong polarization and pronounced degradation of the catalyst take place. Such а degradation occurs as a result of both the operation at high anodic potentials and the effect of aggressive oxygen-containing intermediates, which are formed during the

• . Kinoshita was one of the first researchers to obtain such results [12]. As a first approximation, the specific activity of platinum in the catalyst, being referred to the unit mass of the metal Imass (mass activity), is determined as a product of the electrochemically active surface area (ESA) and the

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• exposed to during preparation may contribute to the dissolution rate difference. Industrially formed nanoceria is often calcined, that is, exposed to temperatures of 400 °C and more. This is appropriate for nanoceria used as a combustion catalyst, as the calcined surface can become quite active when

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• pairs, (iv) improved photogenerated charge transport and separation, and (v) higher reducing ability of the photogenerated electrons. The above factors affected the 4.4-fold enhancement of the photocatalytic efficiency in hydrogen evolution in comparison to the pristine catalyst. Keywords: chlorine

• structure allows for the catalyst to have a higher specific surface area and more active sites, which can simultaneously promote mass transfer and charge separation in nanodomains, thus optimizing the π-conjugated system for photochemical applications [40][41]. Furthermore, elemental mapping of nitrogen

• the H2 evolution rate after three cycles, indicating the stability of the catalyst. Table 4 presents a comparative study of Cl-PCN with catalysts doped with Cl and other elements which have been reported in the literature. The table presents a broad range of the enhancement factor of the hydrogen

Spontaneous shape transition of Mn_xGe_1−x islands to long nanowires

• S. Javad Rezvani,
• Luc Favre,
• Gabriele Giuli,
• Yiming Wubulikasimu,
• Isabelle Berbezier,
• Augusto Marcelli,
• Luca Boarino and
• Nicola Pinto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 366–374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.30

• obtained via chemical methods [28][29] or via vapor–solid–liquid (VLS) and, less frequently, vapor–solid–solid (VSS) mechanisms. A metallic droplet (liquid or solid) acts as a catalyst, in chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or as a seed, in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), for the NW growth [7][30][31]. By

• using these techniques, NWs are grown away from the substrate, usually in a tilted direction, and size distribution and geometry strongly depend on the growth dynamics [32][33]. Furthermore, it is known that the catalyst introduces uncontrolled and unwanted contamination inside the crystal lattice of

• the wires. For instance, Au, generally used as catalyst for the growth of various semiconductor NWs, acts as a deep-level trap in germanium bulk and NWs, modifying the electronic transport properties [5]. Strain-induced elongation is a mechanism [34] that can lead to either epitaxial or endotaxial

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• ) carbon, (e) manganese, (f) iron, (g) nickel (the source of Ni is the original MWCNTs used as catalyst), and (h) overlays of MnFe2O4/MWCNTs. The arrows in (a) and (b) are pointing at MWCNTs layers, which are coating the partially encapsulated nanoparticles. (i–l) The majority of the MnFe2O4 nanoparticles

Towards 3D self-assembled rolled multiwall carbon nanotube structures by spontaneous peel off

• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1865–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.168

• smaller inner diameter [16]. Thus, the size of a catalyst to grow a N-MWCNT is larger than that to grow an undoped C-MWCNT. This size is determined by the experimental conditions, such as the presence or absence of N atoms. This is related to the fact that smaller nanoparticles are more difficult to be

• . For the synthesis performed, a size increase is relatively easy to be achieved since ferrocene, source of the iron atoms, is constantly provided (see Experimental section). However, a size decrease is possible mainly by a size change of the catalyst nanoparticle and by some “loss” of the catalyst (e.g

• is suggested (Figure 5). This schematic representation is based on the experimental results of a confirmed root-growth mechanism, on the relationship between the size of the catalyst particle, and on the diameter of MWCNTs and N-MWCNTs. In addition, it is in agreement with [6][12][16][20][21][24][26

Unravelling the interfacial interaction in mesoporous SiO₂@nickel phyllosilicate/TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic activity

• Bridget K. Mutuma,
• Xiluva Mathebula,
• Isaac Nongwe,
• Bonakele P. Mtolo,
• Boitumelo J. Matsoso,
• Rudolph Erasmus,
• Zikhona Tetana and
• Neil J. Coville

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1834–1846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.165

• [24][25]. One method to maximize the SiO2–TiO2 interaction is via the synthesis of core–shell nanostructures or nanocomposites [18][19][26][27]. Ikeda et al. [26] reported an improved photodecomposition of acetic acid by using a titania core@hollow silica shell nanostructured catalyst. Similarly, Ren

• surface [23]. Thus, silica-based core–shell nanocomposites offer added advantages of manipulating the pore structure, surface area, morphology, and catalyst reactivity [28]. Unlike the metal oxide–metal oxide composites, the use of metal oxide core@metal nanocomposites as dopants for titania

• NiPS with a sheet-like morphology, which was then used as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of styrene. More recently, Ghiat et al. [39] reported on the photocatalytic properties of nickel phyllosilicates for hydrogen production. Their nickel phyllosilicate, displaying a surface area of 95 m2·g−1, was

Nanocasting synthesis of BiFeO₃ nanoparticles with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Thomas Cadenbach,
• Maria J. Benitez,
• A. Lucia Morales,
• Cesar Costa Vera,
• Luis Lascano,
• Francisco Quiroz,
• Alexis Debut and
• Karla Vizuete

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1822–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.164

• photocatalytic activity [20]. Since the photocatalytic degradation of organic molecules using a metal oxide photocatalyst is a heterogeneous process, it is obvious that efficiency and overall catalytic performance are strongly correlated to the number of active sites on the catalyst surface area and, thus, to

• = 5 mg/L) was mixed with 50 mg of the BiFeO3 sample. The mixture was stirred for 60 min in darkness to ensure an adsorption–desorption equilibrium between the catalyst and the dye solution. After irradiation, aliquots were taken every 30 min and centrifuged in darkness at 5000 rpm for 3 min to

• separate the catalyst powder from the solution. The absorbance of each sample during photocatalysis was measured at the maximum absorption peak of RhB. Characterization techniques and equipment The structure and phase purity of the nanomaterials synthesized here were characterized using powder X-ray

Self-standing heterostructured NiC_x-NiFe-NC/biochar as a highly efficient cathode for lithium–oxygen batteries

• Shengyu Jing,
• Xu Gong,
• Shan Ji,
• Linhui Jia,
• Bruno G. Pollet,
• Sheng Yan and
• Huagen Liang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1809–1821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.163

• [26]. For instance, molybdenum/tungsten carbide with a well-defined nanostructure was synthesized via a hydrothermal method, and the obtained metal carbide catalyst yielded a high capacity in lithium–oxygen batteries [15]. Also, titanium carbide was synthesized by Bruce et al. as cathode material for

• PANalytical B.V. Empyean X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å). The surface morphology of the film catalyst was studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on a Carl Zeiss Ultra Plus scanning electron microscope. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM), and

• surface of the catalyst particles. These undecomposed Li2O2 might be attributed to the formation of crystalline Li2O2, which is probably the main reason for the observed decline in the specific capacity (Figure 6c). To identify the product formed on the surface of NiFe-PBA/PP-900 after charge and

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• were afterwards conjugated with PEG and PEI. The typical procedure is as follows: An amount of 100 mg of CNTs-COOH was redispersed in 50 mL of distilled water and ultrasonically treated for 1 h. EDC·HCl (500 mg) and NHS (500 mg), used as catalyst, were added into the mixture under stirring at 45 °C

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• stabilizer or protective agent [42]. Occasionally, a catalyst can be added to accelerate the reaction, as well as a solvent, which can favor the interaction of the chemicals. As an example, we highlight the work of Wang et al. in which well-dispersed spherical nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 20 to 80

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• fabrication uses cost-efficient subprocesses and omits expensive processes such as nanopatterning with high-resolution lithography. One low-cost method for the fabrication of such high aspect ratio templates and structures is metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE). This process uses a noble metal catalyst

• comparably as catalyst [23]. Chartier et al. [13] reported the etching mechanisms of the MACE process. The cathodic reaction is the reduction of H2O2 at the noble metal interface within an acidic solution. This reduction transfers an electron to the H+ ion and produces a hole (an electron vacancy) h+: The

• analysed by Fazio et al. [1]. It is mainly based on multiple light scattering at the silicon nanowires. Figure 4 shows SEM images of an etched wafer using Au nanoparticles as etching catalyst. This wafer has been etched with 50 mmol/L H2O2 for 10 min. The SEM images show cross sections of the wafer centre

One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• agglomeration (i.e., highly porous supports) [16]. After years of development, conventional synthesis methods still have problems meeting the requirements for scalability of the synthesis and long-term stability of the resulting catalyst. In this work, we report on a novel one-step synthesis approach that not

• , and Pt-NPs with a mean particle diameter less than 3 nm and a narrow particle size distribution (PSD) with a geometric standard deviation of 1.24–1.3 can be achieved. Furthermore, the NP immobilization within the carbon support significantly improves the long-term stability of the catalyst, as shown

• Supporting Information File 1, Table S2). In principle, a higher degree of oxidation of the catalyst could also be realized by introducing additional oxygen to the plasma via gas injection; however, oxygen is also known to influence the resulting CNW morphology [18][19]. At moderate Pt loading (7.6 wt