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Search for "cells" in Full Text gives 1092 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30
- to test our central hypothesis that multilayer printing can provide enhanced bioadhesion and light protection. However, they will be crucial for future optimisation and translation, including in vitro release testing using Franz diffusion cells as well as skin permeation studies. Conclusion In this
First-principles study on elastic properties of Cu, (Cu1−x,Nix)3Sn and interfacial mechanical properties of (Cu1−x,Nix)3Sn/Cu in the lead-free solder joint
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 428–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.29
- calculated the energy increments of the deformed cells. Via quadratic fits of the relation between the energy increments and the strains, the elastic constants C11, C12, and C44 for Cu and C11, C22, C33, C12, C13, C23, C44, C55, and C66 for (CuxNi1−x)3Sn were extracted. Based on the calculated elastic
Nanoinformatics: spanning scales, systems and solutions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 423–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.28
- of cancerous cells, also offering insights for potential nano-based cancer therapeutics [6]. Focusing on one specific MeOx nanomaterial, nano-TiO2, and a kidney epithelial cell – human renal cortex proximal tubule epithelial (HK-2) – Roy and Roy explored the potential for the nano-TiO2 to act as a
- carrier for other heavy metals such as Cd, Zn, Pb, Co or Ni into the cells – a so-called Trojan Horse mechanism. Using an ensemble learning approach that implements gradient boosting and bagging algorithms, four models were developed (i.e., a random forest, AdaBoost, Gradient Boost, and Extreme Gradient
- classification, random forest, support vector classifier, and linear discriminant analysis) applied to multiple cell types (pancreatic cancer cells (PaCa2), human endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human macrophage cells (U937)). The best model for each cell type was identified, and the structural fingerprints
Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27
- reduced systemic toxicity [1]. Among emerging treatments, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has garnered considerable attention due to its minimally invasive nature, spatiotemporal control, and ability to selectively destroy tumor tissues while sparing healthy cells [2]. PDT operates through a unique mechanism
- involving three key components: a photosensitizer (PS), light of a specific wavelength, and molecular oxygen [3]. Upon light activation, the PS transitions to an excited state and transfers energy to surrounding oxygen molecules, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can eradicate tumor cells. While
- circulation by the organs and the cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), primarily the liver and spleen, and (ii) ineffective overcoming of biological barriers, that is, nanoparticles have to overcome numerous biological barriers to reach the target tissue, including extravasation from the
Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25
- thin, expandable struts. However, bare SS 316L stents exhibit limited hemocompatibility and are susceptible to in-stent restenosis and thrombosis [6][7]. Early and complete endothelialization plays a crucial protective role in preventing these complications, as endothelial cells restore vascular
- with native cells promotes their integration and mitigates inflammatory processes, the coatings on long-term metallic implants must fulfil some essential requirements. Such coatings must (i) provide corrosion protection, (ii) maintain mechanical integrity, (iii) support cell–material interactions, and
- biggest –NH2 amount. It must be noted that the coating thickness does not determine the –NH2 content available for reaction with methyl orange since the reaction happens on the material surface. Cytotoxicity towards L929 cells According to ISO 10993-5, materials are non-cytotoxic if their cytotoxicity
Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22
- efficiency, throughput, and colloid stability. Therefore, optimising ablation conditions (e.g., using high-repetition-rate lasers, flow-through cells, and improved cavitation management) will be critical for enabling commercially viable production [94]. One promising strategy to overcome these limitations
Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19
- polymers can be selectively oxidized to create hydrophilic regions or chemically reactive sites, enabling controlled interactions with proteins, cells, or other biomolecules. However, challenges remain in ensuring that the LAO process does not degrade the material’s biocompatibility or structural integrity
Comparative study on 3D morphologies of delignified, single tracheids and fibers of five wood species
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 239–250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.16
- ]. They are especially important in gymnosperms, where they serve as primary conduits for water transport, whereas in angiosperms, they function alongside vessel elements, contributing to both axial and lateral water movement by providing strength of the tissue [3][4]. Tracheids are specialized cells that
- part of the membrane (torus) that is slightly larger than the pit aperture [4][7]. Similar to other plant cells, fibers and tracheids have a primary wall (P) composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin that are formed during cell growth [8][9]. Once fully grown, they develop two secondary walls
- connections between neighboring cells. This knowledge is valuable for optimizing wood processing techniques, developing new wood-based materials and improving the understanding of wood anatomy and its biological function. By removing lignin, it is now possible to obtain high-resolution 3D models of separated
Micro- and nanoscale effects in biological and bioinspired materials and surfaces
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 214–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.14
- composition of the secreting cells and its cement product, providing a strong basis for further research on the assembly of biological and bioinspired adhesives. Sawant et al. [15] focused on the cement of a barnacle and experimentally investigated a specific key cement protein and its self-assembly under
Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11
- enabled targeted therapies for cancer, minimizing side effects while enhancing therapeutic efficacy [1][2]. In the energy sector, nanostructured materials have enhanced the performance and energy density of batteries and solar cells, providing more sustainable and efficient solutions [3]. Additionally
From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10
- Cancer remains a foremost global health challenge, characterized by uncontrolled cellular proliferation and the ability to invade and metastasize to distant sites. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells bypass regulatory mechanisms to form tumours and spread via lymphatic or circulatory systems, such as
- malignant breast epithelial cells metastasizing to axillary lymph nodes [1]. Leukaemias and other haematological malignancies spread differently, affecting the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the blood [2]. According to the latest GLOBOCAN and World Health Organization data, cancer ranks as the leading cause
- , primarily aim to eliminate rapidly dividing cancer cells. However, these conventional approaches often face limitations in specificity and long-term efficacy [4][5][6]. In recent years, significant advancements have transformed the therapeutic landscape with the introduction of gene therapy, stem cell
Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9
- /D3) and neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) under different conditions. The results obtained from comparative in vitro cell uptake studies on both cell culture lines after treatment with three different concentrations of fluorescently labelled NLs (5, 10, and 100 μg/mL) over a period of 1, 2, and 4 h
- showed a time- and concentration-dependent internalization pattern, with high impact of the surface characteristics of the different formulations. In addition, transport studies on hCMEC/D3/SH-SY5Y co-cultures confirmed the successful transport of NLs across the BBB cells and their subsequent uptake by
- true dynamics of NLs and drug absorption or trafficking within brain cells. Finally, optimized experimental conditions help reduce variability between cell uptake experiments and ensure that results are consistent across different cell passages, laboratories, or research conditions which is
Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8
- design of superconducting electronics components. Keywords: adiabatic superconductor cells; inductance extraction; Josephson interferometers; multilayer niobium technology; superconductivity; Introduction This article is devoted to one of the issues related to the design of adiabatic superconducting
- , that is, a matrix for interactions between mesh cells and a Galerkin matrix for solution of integro-differential equations. Filling the matrices needs O(N2) operations, and the solution procedure needs O(N3) operations, where N is the number of mesh nodes. These two operations basically define the
- . Calculations are performed on a highly graded mesh of triangular cells (see inset on Figure 8a) based on two mesh step parameters. The first parameter, ah, defines the size of triangular cells inside the superconducting film far enough from the nearest boundary. The other parameter, ahb, is related to the cell
Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7
- . These systems are formed by monoclonal antibodies linked to the lipid bilayer, allowing the nanoparticle to recognize and specifically bind to receptors overexpressed in the membrane of tumor cells. This active functionalization expands the therapeutic potential of liposomes by promoting greater
- tumor cells, enhancing the internalization of the system and promoting greater cytotoxic activity compared to conventional therapies [10]. By combining selective cytotoxicity with the potential to label cancer tissue using an imaging probe, EGFR-targeted immunoliposomes represent an integrated approach
- potential application in cancer treatment, ranging from in vitro cell programmed death induction in the liver, lung, and gastric cancer cells [12] to in vivo reduction in nodule number and liver weight in rats [13]. In addition, R-PE also has a photosensitizing role that can be explored in photodynamic
Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3
- electrode material in lithium-ion cells. Mildly reduced graphene oxide paper underwent further thermal reduction steps. The structural and chemical properties of the obtained materials were determined using Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopies and elemental combustion analysis. The morphology
- of rGO paper regarding its application as an electrode material in lithium-ion batteries. Considering the possible implementation of this material as an electrode in secondary cells, its additional advantages in terms of the production process are also worth mentioning. The applied method of
- measurements. Galvanostatic charge–discharge tests The prototype cells (Swagelok-type with stainless steel current collectors) for the galvanostatic charge–discharge tests were prepared in an argon-filled glovebox (MBraun). The materials were tested in a two-electrode configuration in a full-cell setup for
Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159
- obtained. For instance, Vetrone et al. [36] used UCNP@PEI as nanothermometers for two-dimensional (2D) temperature mapping inside Hella cells. Similarly, Piñol and co-workers [20] used the FIR of Ln3+ (Sm, Eu)-bearing polymeric micelles to achieve real-time 2D temperature maps of breast metastatic
- adenocarcinoma cells. Di et al. [45] used functionalized UCNPs to monitor mitochondrial thermal dynamics in HeLa cells, and Wang et al. [37] used core–shell UCNPs to monitor temperature and imaging inside and outside onion cells simultaneously. These studies underscore the versatility and potential of UCNP-based
- the entire volume. The C. elegans intestine is a simple, tubular organ composed of 20 epithelial cells arranged into nine rings (int1–int9), spanning approximately 80% of the worm’s body length. The lumen, located centrally within these rings, is lined with microvilli that facilitate nutrient uptake
Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157
- heating capability, a critical requirement for hyperthermia applications. The temperature increases of 6.5 and 9.6 °C under 536 and 796 kHz, respectively, surpass the thermal threshold required to induce apoptosis in cancer cells (42–46 °C). The fast heating kinetics observed here are comparable to those
Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156
- selective incorporation of fluorophores, it is possible to highlight different components of the hydrogel or embedded cells, facilitating 3D reconstruction of the microarchitecture [10]. However, the achievable resolution in conventional confocal microscopy is still restricted to over one hundred nanometres
Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155
- lines in Figure 1. For numerical simulations, we used a discretized lattice model with a system size of 128 unit cells along the z-direction (the principal axis of the NS transition) and 64 unit cells in the perpendicular x-direction. A total of twelve different geometries were modeled by varying η in
Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B12 analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153
- ]. Nevertheless, proteases present in the duodenum are capable of breaking down the VB12–HC complex under alkaline conditions, allowing the liberated VB12 to easily link to the IF that is secreted from the stomach’s parietal cells [12][44][47][48]. The VB12–IF complex moves to the distal ileum, the primary
- bloodstream and delivery to target cells [47][53][54]. The VB12–TC-II complex is absorbed by cells through receptor-specific endocytosis. Once inside, it undergoes degradation in the lysosomes, resulting in the release of VB12. This vitamin inside the target cell is transformed into its two active coenzyme
- showed potential for bioimaging Escherichia coli cells due to its fluorescence response when exposed to Co2+ [81]. A new fluorescent–colorimetric chemosensor was designed based on 1,8-bis{2-{N-[2′-(8′-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinon-1-yloxy) ethyl] benzimidazoliumyl} ethoxy}-9′,10′ anthraquinone
Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152
- of SRRs in providing a stronger magnetic resonance and greater field concentration within the capacitive gaps where the CEBs are located. Our investigation of the scaling of the metamaterial array revealed a critical design trade-off. While reducing the dimensions of the SRR unit cells effectively
Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151
- transmission of influenza [11][12][15] or SARS-CoV-2 [14] via aerosols. These viruses are enveloped (by glycosylated lipid bilayers) and display very large multimers of nanoscale glycoproteins (i.e., spikes), which control virus attachment and fusion to the host cells [16]. Glycosylation, often with mannosides
Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148
- smaller molecules [48]. Biofilms adhering to the plastic surfaces are required for biological degradation since they secrete enzymes that degrade polymers outside cells [49]. As noted by Rai et al., biofilms can speed up the breakdown of MPs, even though such a process is prone to interference from
- fluctuations release toxic byproducts and nanoplastics, which are more bioavailable and more easily taken up by cells [118][119]. These collective mechanisms of toxicity are a threat to freshwater biodiversity and human health. Their activity is particularly vital to individuals relying on such water for
Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147
- for the electron transport through graphene with one to six layers, compared to h-BN with one to six layers, are summarized in Figure 4, Table 1, Figure 5, and Table 2. Those junctions correspond to 0.5–3.0 nm thickness. The junctions in Figure 4 and Figure 5 are prepared from optimized unit cells of
- Pt(111) surface, graphene, and h-BH using the QuantumWise ATK interface builder. The process involves strain minimization in the lattice mismatch by symmetry multiplication of the unit cells. The junctions shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5 have 1.06% distributed strain over Pt and graphene or h-BN. The
- distance between graphene or h-BN and the Pt surface is set to 3.2 Å. The central region includes six layers of the source electrode and six layers of the drain electrode. The electrode supercells are 3 × 3 × 3 Pt unit cells. The (I/V) curves are computed using the methodology described in Equations 2–10
Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146
- assays demonstrated high cell viability for ME at concentrations below 2 mg/mL in RAW 264.7 macrophages and 0.5 mg/mL in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Overall, this work presents a promising nanotechnology-based topical delivery platform for P. setacea seed oil, employing quality by design
- lines relevant to wound healing and topical application: murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (Figure 11). According to ISO 10993-13 guidelines, the base ME was considered cytocompatible up to concentrations of 2 mg/mL for RAW cells and 0.5 mg/mL for HUVECs
- . The observed cytotoxicity at higher concentrations is likely due to the increase proportion of surfactants in the formulation. Additionally, under certain experimental conditions, fatty acids may induce lipid peroxidation and trigger pro-inflammatory responses in endothelial cells such as HUVECs
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